Handbook of Disability Studies

Cover......Page 1
Handbook of Disability Studies......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 10
Introduction The Formation of Disability Studies......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 20
I THE SHAPING OF DISABILITY STUDIES AS A FIELD......Page 22
Impairment and Disability......Page 24
Overview of the Chapter......Page 25
Prehistory......Page 26
The Old Testament......Page 27
Ancient Greece and Rome......Page 28
Demonology......Page 30
Compassion and Support......Page 31
Residential Institutions Emerge......Page 32
Renaissance and the Scientific Method......Page 34
Poverty and Disability......Page 35
Philosophical Enlightenment......Page 36
Distinguishing between Intellectual Disability and Mental Illness......Page 37
Developments in the American Colonies and Early United States......Page 38
Schools for Deaf and Blind Persons Opened in Europe......Page 41
Educational Developments......Page 42
First North American Mental Hospitals and Residential Schools......Page 44
Overcrowding and the Demise of the Moral Treatment......Page 46
Deaf Community Organizing......Page 48
From Training Schools to Custodial Asylums......Page 49
Freak Shows......Page 50
Threat of the Eugenicists......Page 51
Segregation and Expansion of the Institutional Model......Page 52
Developments for Persons with Physical Disabilities......Page 55
Emergence of Family, Community, and Consumer Models......Page 56
Organizational Developments......Page 57
Political Activism and the Right to Treatment......Page 58
Independent Living and Self-Advocacy......Page 61
International Disability Rights Initiatives......Page 63
CONCLUSION......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 67
OVERVIEW......Page 82
Why Measure Disability?......Page 83
An Overview of the Major Disability Perspectives......Page 85
A Note on Terminology and Concepts......Page 86
An Overview of the Major Forms of Disability Data Systems......Page 87
THE DEMOGRAPHY OF DISABLEMENT......Page 90
The Magnitude of Disablement......Page 91
Demography of Activity Limitations......Page 93
Demography of External Determinants: Environment and Context......Page 98
The Epidemiology of Disablement......Page 100
Causes of Restricted Activity......Page 101
The Global Burden of Disease Study......Page 103
THE LIMITS AND PROMISE OF DISABILITY STATISTICS......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 106
3 Disability Definitions, Models, Classification Schemes, and Applications......Page 110
Programmatic Definitions......Page 111
Clinical Definitions......Page 112
CONCEPTS, MODELS, AND MEASURES......Page 113
BASIC CONCEPTUAL COMPONENTS......Page 114
First Components......Page 115
Second Components......Page 117
Third Components......Page 119
Fourth Components......Page 121
Discussion of Concepts......Page 123
Purposes of Models......Page 124
Nagi Symbolic Model......Page 125
IOM Symbolic Model......Page 126
WHO Symbolic Models......Page 128
Defining Disability from the Models......Page 129
The Models as Tools for Research......Page 130
NOTES......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
4 Theorizing Disability......Page 136
BIOMEDICAL DEFINITIONS......Page 138
Reframing Disability......Page 140
Definitions and Classifications......Page 141
MEANING AND INTERACTION......Page 142
THEORIZING BODILY EXPERIENCE......Page 144
THEORIES IN NARRATIVES......Page 145
SOCIAL OPPRESSION......Page 147
POLYPHONY OR CACOPHONY?......Page 150
CONCLUSION......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 154
5 Methodological Paradigms That Shape Disability Research......Page 158
Quantitative Methodological Paradigms......Page 160
Qualitative Methodological Paradigms......Page 161
Blending the Paradigms......Page 162
Edward Miner Gallaudet's Study of Teaching Methods......Page 163
The Philadelphia Negro......Page 164
Public Health Paradigm Changes......Page 165
Disability Paradigm Concept of "Normal"......Page 166
Disability Paradigm Changes and Policy......Page 167
Implications of Changes for Research......Page 168
Association of Research and Disability Paradigms......Page 170
Criteria for Evaluation......Page 171
Participatory Action Research......Page 173
Ethical Issues......Page 175
Understanding the Interactive Issue of Access......Page 176
Diversity......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
6 DisabilityAn Interactive Person-Environment Social Creation......Page 184
PART I: EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT WITHIN DIVERSE GENERIC APPROACHES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH......Page 185
Toward a Better Understanding of the Variables Involved in the Disability Process......Page 188
The ICIDH Conceptual Framework and Its Reception at an International Level......Page 189
Revision of the 1980 ICIDH-1......Page 191
Presentation of the Disability Creation Process (DCP)......Page 192
Beta-2 Draft of the ICIDH-2......Page 197
Critical Analysis of the Beta-2 Draft of the ICIDH-2......Page 198
Environmental Relationships with Three Conceptual Dimensions......Page 200
Is the Environment the Key?......Page 202
CONCLUSION......Page 203
NOTES......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
INTRODUCTION: THE UNEASY HOME OF REPRESENTATION......Page 208
NEGATIVE IMAGERY......Page 209
SOCIAL REALIST DISABILITY......Page 212
NEW HISTORICISM......Page 214
BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM......Page 218
TRANSGRESSIVE RESIGNIFICATIONS......Page 221
CONCLUSION: THE NECESSITY OF REPRESENTATION (AND ITS DISCONTENTS)......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 228
8 Philosophical Issues in the Definition and Social Response to Disability......Page 232
OVERVIEW: HOW IS PHILOSOPHY RELEVANT TO DISABILITY POLICY?......Page 233
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO CLASSIFY A PHYSICAL OR MENTAL CONDITION AS AN IMPAIRMENT?......Page 235
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO CLAIM THAT AN IMPAIRMENT IS THE CAUSE OR A CAUSE OF THE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL LIMITATIONS WITH WHICH IT IS ASSOCIATED?......Page 238
WHAT, IF ANYTHING, IS BAD ABOUT IMPAIRMENTS? DO IMPAIRMENTS DETRACT FROM WELL-BEING?......Page 242
HOW ARE IMPAIRMENTS RELEVANT TO SOCIAL AND POLITICAL JUSTICE?......Page 247
Can Distributive Justice Encompass Claims for Environmental Adaptation?......Page 250
Can Justice for People with Impairments Be Achieved by Eliminating Discrimination against Them or, More Broadly, by Eliminating Oppression and Subordination?......Page 253
Is an Account of Equality as Equal Citizenship Adequate for Disability Policy?......Page 255
NOTES......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 261
INTRODUCTION: TWO SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS......Page 265
IMPAIRMENT AND DISABILITY......Page 270
Embodiment, Self, and Society in Western Cultures......Page 271
BODY AND TIME......Page 273
CONCLUSION: VULNERABILITY AND RIGHTS......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 277
10 Intellectual Disabilities—Quo Vadis?......Page 280
THE PLACE OF A PERSON WITH AN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY IN SOCIETY......Page 281
A Prescientific Era......Page 282
The Age of Enlightenment......Page 283
An Institutionalization Era......Page 284
Assessment and Classification......Page 285
The Menace of the Feebleminded......Page 286
Results of Longitudinal Studies......Page 287
Population Explosion in the Institutions......Page 288
The Normalization Principle......Page 289
Wolfensberger's Formulation......Page 290
The Deinstitutionalization and Community Living Movement......Page 291
The Contribution of Science......Page 292
Formation of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Mental Deficiency......Page 293
Integration of Biological and Behavioral Sciences......Page 294
Prevention......Page 295
Advances in Technology......Page 296
Summary of Scientific Endeavors......Page 297
Limitations of the Rights Discourse......Page 298
The Dominance of Market Ideology and Globalization of the World Economies......Page 300
Individualism......Page 301
Development of an Ethical Community......Page 302
CONCLUSION......Page 303
NOTES......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
11 Disability, Bioethics, and Human Rights......Page 310
DESCRIBING BIOETHICS: CONVERGENCE AND CONTRAST WITH DISABILITY RIGHTS......Page 311
HEALTH, NORMALITY, DISABILITY, AND QUALITY OF LIFE......Page 313
The Case of Newborns with Impairments......Page 315
Prenatal Testing and Selective Abortion......Page 319
Making Life-or-Death Decisions for Others......Page 322
DECIDING ABOUT LIFE AND DEATH: DISABLED PEOPLE AS DECISION MAKERS......Page 324
EMERGING ISSUES AND NECESSARY DIALOGUES......Page 328
Stigma, Quality of Life, and Access to Health Care......Page 329
Human Variation......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 334
BURGEONING ELECTRONIC INFORMATION......Page 340
INFORMATION FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES......Page 341
LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD......Page 343
DISTRIBUTION OR DISSEMINATION?......Page 345
INVOLVING USERS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS......Page 346
THE "DIGITAL DIVIDE"......Page 347
GLOBAL READINESS......Page 349
BELLS, WHISTLES, AND ACCESSIBILITY......Page 350
CYBERTALK AND SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 351
CHANGING TERRAIN OF INFORMATION ACCESS AND RESOURCES......Page 353
EVALUATING WEB-BASED INFORMATION......Page 354
DISABILITY, ELECTRONIC INFORMATION, AND THE FUTURE......Page 356
ELECTRONIC INFORMATION DISSEMINATION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
II EXPERIENCING DISABILITY......Page 362
13 Divided UnderstandingsThe Social Experience of Disability......Page 364
THE DILEMMA: "MY DISABILITY IS HOW PEOPLE RESPOND TO MY DISABILITY"......Page 365
Beatrice Wright and Value Transformation......Page 366
Stigma, Deviance, and Social Role Learning......Page 368
Disability Adjustment as Adaptation to Loss......Page 370
Robert Murphy and the Theory of Liminality......Page 371
Evidence of the Divide......Page 372
Responding to the Divide......Page 373
Nonperson Status and Other Ascribed Identities......Page 374
Transformation of Values......Page 376
DISCUSSION OF THE EVIDENCE......Page 377
Differences from Other Minority Groups......Page 378
Subjectivity......Page 379
Positive Relationships......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
14 Mapping the FamilyDisability Studies and the Exploration of Parental Response to Disability......Page 386
MAPPING THE PAST: A HISTORY OF PROFESSIONAL PROFILES OF FAMILIES AND DISABILITY......Page 388
The Nineteenth Century......Page 389
A Shift in Blame: 1920 to 1980......Page 391
MAPPING THE MAPS: A CONCEPTUAL MATRIX OF PROFESSIONAL INTERPRETATIONS OF FAMILIES......Page 392
The Psychodynamic Approach: The Neurotic Parent......Page 393
The Behavioral Approach: The Dysfunctional Parent......Page 395
The Sociopolitical Approach: The Powerless Parent......Page 396
THE EMERGENCE OF THE ADAPTATIONAL CONTEXT......Page 397
The Adaptive Family......Page 398
Finding a Pattern......Page 399
The Evolving Family......Page 400
A Summary of Findings......Page 401
A Need for Family Narratives......Page 402
Cross-Cultural Competence and Family Diversity......Page 403
REFERENCES......Page 404
15 Disability and CommunityA Sociological Approach......Page 409
LIFE-WORLDS, COMMUNITY, AND THE DIVISION OF LABOR......Page 410
THE SELF AND THE BODY......Page 413
SELF IN THE WORLD: SELF AGAINST THE WORLD......Page 415
HOMO FABER AND THE DIVISION OF LABOR......Page 417
The Division of Labor and Work in the Contemporary World......Page 418
CONCLUSION......Page 421
REFERENCES......Page 422
16 Welfare States and Disabled People......Page 425
THE EMERGENCE OF STATE WELFARE......Page 426
DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE EARLY WELFARE STATE......Page 427
MODERN STATE WELFARE......Page 428
WELFARE AND CITIZENSHIP: A CLASH OF PRINCIPLES?......Page 430
SEMANTIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTEXTS OF WELFARE......Page 431
Economic Consequences......Page 432
Social and Environmental Outcomes......Page 433
Location and Domicile......Page 434
Political Implications......Page 435
CONCLUSION......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 438
DISABILITY AND POLITICAL ACTION......Page 443
THE SOCIAL BASIS FOR COLLECTIVE POLITICAL ACTION......Page 445
ELECTORAL POLITICS: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AS VOTERS......Page 446
PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES AS CANDIDATES AND ELECTED OFFICIALS......Page 448
LOBBYING AND PRESSURE GROUPS......Page 449
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES......Page 450
CONTENTIOUS ACTIONS IN THE AMERICAN DISABILITY COMMUNITY: A CASE STUDY......Page 452
ORGANIZATIONAL INVOLVEMENT......Page 455
CHANGES IN ORGANIZATIONAL TYPE......Page 456
CONCLUSION: A RESEARCH AGENDA ON DISABILITY POLITICS......Page 458
NOTES......Page 459
REFERENCES......Page 460
MY STARTING POINT......Page 463
TRAINING HEALTH PROFESSIONALS......Page 464
WHY DOES THIS MATTER?......Page 465
DECISIONS MADE AT A "PATIENT LEVEL"......Page 467
ALLOCATION DECISIONS MADE AT A "POPULATION LEVEL"......Page 469
MY TRANSFORMATION, OR CROSSING THE DIVIDE......Page 471
INDEPENDENT LIVING......Page 472
SELF-IDENTIFICATION AS DISABLED......Page 474
CONCLUSION......Page 475
REFERENCES......Page 477
19 The Role of Social Networks in the Lives of Persons with Disabilities......Page 481
THE BASIC PREMISE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS RESEARCH AND ITS ROLE IN HEALTH AND DISABILITY STUDIES......Page 482
External and Internal Social Networks......Page 485
The Basic Tenets of a Social Network Perspective......Page 487
INTRODUCING SOCIAL NETWORKS INTO THE STUDY OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS: THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION STRATEGY FRAMEWORK AND THE NETWORK EPISODE MODEL......Page 488
WHAT WE KNOW: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN RECOGNIZING AND DEALING WITH THE ONSET OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT......Page 492
WHAT WE KNOW: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN "TREATMENT"—RECEIVING CARE FOR DISABILITIES WITHIN THE MEDICAL SYSTEM......Page 493
WHAT WE KNOW: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN MAINTENANCE AND OUTCOMES......Page 495
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE: QUESTIONS AND METHODS FOR FUTURE DISABILITY STUDIES......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 497
20 Inclusion/ExclusionAn Analysis of Historical and Cultural Meanings......Page 503
Mechanical Inclusion, Organic Inclusion......Page 504
Early Societies......Page 505
Modern Societies......Page 506
The Normalization Process......Page 507
The Assimilation Model......Page 508
Contradictions......Page 509
When the Social Bond Is Broken......Page 510
Identity Traps......Page 511
The Differentiation Model......Page 512
A DRAFT TYPOLOGY OF THE DIVERSE FORMS OF EXCLUSION AND INCLUSION WITH REFERENCE TO THE SOCIAL TREATMENT OF DISABILITY......Page 514
Exclusion through Elimination......Page 515
Exclusion through Abandonment......Page 516
Exclusion through Segregation or Differentiated Inclusion......Page 517
Exclusion through Assistance or Conditional Inclusion......Page 518
Exclusion through Marginalization or Inclusion through Normalization......Page 519
Exclusion through Discrimination or Progressive Inclusion......Page 520
A CHALLENGE TO DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES......Page 521
REFERENCES......Page 524
III DISABILITY IN CONTEXT......Page 526
ANALYZING CULTURE......Page 528
CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF DISABILITY......Page 530
DISABILITY CULTURE......Page 535
IDENTITY POLITICS......Page 537
DEAF CULTURE......Page 539
DISABILITY ARTS......Page 541
CONCLUSION......Page 544
REFERENCES......Page 545
22 Identity Politics, Disability, and Culture......Page 548
NOTES......Page 557
REFERENCES......Page 558
23 Making the DifferenceDisability, Politics, and Recognition......Page 559
MOBILIZING......Page 562
REPRESENTING......Page 566
THEORIZING......Page 570
CONCLUSION......Page 573
REFERENCES......Page 575
THE HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH TO DISABILITY POLICY......Page 578
Antidiscrimination Legislation......Page 581
Constitutional Guarantee of Equality......Page 583
Specific Entitlement Programs......Page 584
Voluntary Human Rights Manifestos......Page 585
Enforceable or Voluntary?......Page 587
Antidiscrimination as a Human Rights Objective......Page 588
Distributive Justice as a Human Rights Objective......Page 591
Universal Disability Policy: Integrated Entitlements......Page 592
CONCLUSION......Page 594
REFERENCES......Page 595
25 The Political Economy of the Disability Marketplace......Page 598
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DISABILITY......Page 599
THE NATURE AND GROWTH OF THE DISABILITY BUSINESS......Page 603
INTERNATIONAL DISABILITY MARKETS......Page 609
RISK AND ACCOUNTABILITY......Page 610
MORAL AND ETHICAL CHOICES......Page 613
THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN UNDERSTANDING DISABILITY POLICY......Page 616
REFERENCES......Page 619
26 Disability and Health PolicyThe Role of Markets in the Delivery of Health Services......Page 623
PURPOSE AND SCOPE......Page 624
HEALTH CARE NEEDS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES......Page 625
FROM AVERSION TO ENGAGEMENT IN HEALTH CARE ISSUES......Page 627
FOUR CROSS-NATIONAL PHENOMENA......Page 630
THEORY OF MANAGED COMPETITION......Page 631
The Theory's Impact in the United States......Page 632
The Theory's Impact in the United Kingdom......Page 633
Managed Competition and Individuals with Disabilities......Page 634
Access......Page 636
Medical Paternalism versus Consumer Choice and Self-Determination......Page 637
Framework for Assessment......Page 638
U.S. System (Systems D and E)......Page 640
OVERALL ASSESSMENT......Page 642
NOTE......Page 643
REFERENCES......Page 644
THE DISABILITY PROGRAMS AND THEIR BACKGROUND......Page 646
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE EUROPEAN PROGRAMS......Page 647
THE GROWTH IN THE PROGRAMS......Page 648
EARLY INTERVENTION AND GRADUAL RETURN TO WORK......Page 649
THE HEALTH INSURANCE ISSUE......Page 651
A MORE RADICAL REFORM......Page 652
REFERENCES......Page 653
28 A Disability Studies Perspective on Employment Issues and Policies for Disabled PeopleAn International View......Page 655
WHO IS DISABLED?......Page 656
EMPLOYMENT ISSUES FACING PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES......Page 657
Culture......Page 659
Public Policy......Page 660
Impairments......Page 661
Commonalities in European and American Approaches......Page 662
Disability Policy in the Majority World......Page 663
Rehabilitation Past and Present......Page 664
What Should a Transformative Rehabilitation Practice Be?......Page 666
TRANSFORMATIVE REHABILITATION PRACTICE IN THE POLITICAL SPHERE......Page 669
TRANSFORMATIVE REHABILITATION PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 670
MAKING CHANGE: THE CHALLENGES OF POLITICS AND CULTURE......Page 671
CONCLUSION......Page 672
NOTES......Page 673
REFERENCES......Page 674
29 Science and Technology PolicyIs Disability a Missing Factor?......Page 676
Definitions......Page 677
Three Approaches: Ideology, History, and Public Policy......Page 678
Equity Issues......Page 679
Positivism and Mechanism versus a Social Approach......Page 680
The Expert Model and the Social Model......Page 681
Gender, Culture, and Class......Page 682
Emancipatory Research......Page 684
Researchers and Participation......Page 685
Technically Trained People Who Are Disabled......Page 686
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 687
United States......Page 688
Europe and Japan......Page 689
General Trends......Page 690
Independent Living, Participation, and Freedom......Page 691
International Issues......Page 692
General Trends......Page 693
Human Rights......Page 694
The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research......Page 695
Applied Research and Development in the European Union......Page 696
Applied Research and Development in Japan......Page 697
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY......Page 698
Technical Standards......Page 699
FUTURE AGENDA AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 700
Historical Approach......Page 701
Public Policy and Markets......Page 702
REFERENCES......Page 703
30 Disability, Education, and InclusionCross-Cultural Issues and Dilemmas......Page 706
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS AND DILEMMAS......Page 707
GLOBALIZATION AND COMMONALITY OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PRACTICE......Page 711
DEMOCRACY, DISABILITY, AND EDUCATION......Page 713
DISABLING BARRIERS......Page 716
THE STRUGGLE FOR INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS......Page 717
CONCLUSION......Page 720
REFERENCES......Page 721
31 Support SystemsThe Interface between Individuals and Environments......Page 724
Personal Assistance Services......Page 726
Assistive Technology and Tools......Page 729
Will Technology Replace Assistance?......Page 732
Interaction and Interrelatedness of Support System Elements......Page 733
Embedding of Disability-Specific Supports within the Support System for All Human Accomplishment......Page 734
Dynamics of Support Systems......Page 737
CONSUMER CONTROL IN CHOICE OF SUPPORTS......Page 738
Criteria for Making Choices......Page 739
CONCLUSION......Page 741
REFERENCES......Page 744
32 The Relationship between Disabled People and Health and Welfare Professionals......Page 747
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL POWER......Page 748
PROFESSIONAL POWER: DISABLED PEOPLE'S EXPERIENCES......Page 751
CASE STUDY: A GP PRACTICE......Page 754
DISABLED PROFESSIONALS......Page 757
DISABLED PEOPLE POWER......Page 758
CASE STUDY: DERBYSHIRE CENTRE FOR INTEGRATED LIVING......Page 760
CHANGING PROFESSIONAL-DISABLED PEOPLE RELATIONS......Page 762
REFERENCES......Page 764
33 Public Health Trends in DisabilityPast, Present, and Future......Page 767
THE PUBLIC HEALTH MODEL......Page 768
MAJOR WORKS: DATA......Page 769
Developmental Disabilities Data......Page 770
Chronic Disease Data......Page 771
Proposed Data Framework......Page 772
Secondary Conditions......Page 773
INTERVENTION......Page 774
Secondary Conditions Activities......Page 775
Societal Interventions......Page 776
OUTCOMES......Page 777
RESEARCH ISSUES......Page 778
Unifying Framework......Page 779
Public Health Perceptions......Page 780
Healthy People with Disabilities......Page 781
REFERENCES......Page 782
34 Disability in the Developing World......Page 785
THE PROBLEM OF SURVEYS......Page 786
THE ISSUE OF ATTITUDES......Page 787
What We Know About Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavior5......Page 788
REHABILITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 790
The Role of Wars......Page 791
The United Nations and Community-Based Rehabilitation......Page 792
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 794
The Present......Page 795
The Case of Botswana......Page 796
The Case of Zimbabwe......Page 797
Palestine......Page 799
Eritrea......Page 800
THE FUTURE......Page 801
NOTES......Page 803
REFERENCES......Page 804
Author Index......Page 806
Subject Index......Page 826
About the Contributors......Page 856