Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Nanocomposites : Science and Fundamentals

Content: Cover
 Title Page
 Copyright Page
 Dedication
 Contents
 Preface
 1 Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials (Cellulose, Lignin, and Silica) from Renewable (Lignocellulosic) Resources
 1.1 Introduction
 1.1.1 Cellulose and Nanocellulose
 1.1.1.1 Types of Nanocellulose
 1.1.2 Lignin and Nanolignin
 1.1.3 Silica and Nanosilica
 1.2 Preparation of Nanomaterials
 1.2.1 Nanocellulose from Lignocellulosic Materials
 1.2.1.1 Mechanical Shearing and Grinding
 1.2.1.2 Steam Explosion/High-Pressure Homogenization 1.2.1.3 Chemical Methods (Acid Hydrolysis, Alkaline Treatment and Bleaching)1.2.1.4 Ultrasonication
 1.2.1.5 Other Methods
 1.2.1.6 Functionalized Nanocellulose from Fibers
 1.2.2 Nanolignin
 1.2.2.1 Precipitation Method
 1.2.2.2 Chemical Modification
 1.2.2.3 Electro Spinning Followed by Surface Modification
 1.2.2.4 Freeze Drying Followed by Thermal Stabilization and Carbonization
 1.2.2.5 Supercritical Antisolvent Technology
 1.2.2.6 Chemomechanical Methods
 1.2.2.7 Nanolignin by Self-Assembly
 1.2.2.8 Lignin Nanocontainers by Miniemulsion Method
 1.2.2.9 Template-Mediated Synthesis 1.2.3 Nanosilica1.2.3.1 Nanosilica Obtained from Plants
 1.2.3.2 Enzymatic Crystallization of Amorphous Nanosilica
 1.3 Characterization of Nanomaterials
 1.3.1 Characterization of Nanocellulose
 1.3.1.1 Structure and Morphology of NC
 1.3.1.2 Physical Properties (Dimensions, Density, Electrical, Crystallinity, and Any Other)
 1.3.1.3 Mechanical Properties
 1.3.2 Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles
 1.3.2.1 Morphology of Lignin Nanoparticles
 1.3.2.2 Thermal Analysis
 1.3.3 Other Methods
 1.3.4 Characterization of Nanosilica
 1.4 Applications and Market Aspects
 1.4.1 Nanocellulose 1.4.1.1 Biomedical Applications1.4.1.2 Dielectric Materials
 1.4.1.3 In Composite Manufacturing for Various Applications
 1.4.1.4 Advanced Functional Materials
 1.4.2 Nanolignin
 1.4.3 Nanosilica
 1.4.3.1 In Composites
 1.4.3.2 Nanosilica in Nacre Composite
 1.4.3.3 Encapsulation of Living Cells by Nanosilica
 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Challenges Ahead
 Acknowledgments
 References
 2 Hydrogels and its Nanocomposites from Renewable Resources: Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications
 2.1 Introduction
 2.2 Hydrogels from Renewable Resources
 2.3 Hydrogel Technical Features 2.4 Nanocomposite Hydrogels2.4.1 Polymer-Clay-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels
 2.4.2 Poly(ethylene Oxide)-Silicate Nanocomposite Hydrogels
 2.4.3 Poly(acryl Amide) and Poly(vinyl Alcohol)-Silicate-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels
 2.5 Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Natural Polymers
 2.6 Classifications of Hydrogels
 2.7 Applications of Hydrogels as Biomaterials
 2.7.1 Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications
 2.7.2 Hydrogels for Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds
 2.7.3 Hydrogels for Contact Lens
 2.7.4 Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation
 2.7.5 Artificial Muscles and Nerve Regeneration
 2.8 Conclusions