Handbook of Complex Occupational Disability Claims: Early Risk Identification, Intervention, and Prevention

Cover......Page 1
Contributors......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Introduction......Page 14
I - CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN PREDICTION OF DISABILITY......Page 17
INTRODUCTION: EMERGING TRENDS IN DISABILITY......Page 18
DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIC......Page 20
DEFINITION OF DISABILITY......Page 24
THE COST OF DISABILITY The Employer’s Point of View......Page 26
The Government’s Point of View......Page 27
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 31
DEFINITIONS OF DISABILITY......Page 36
DISSECTING AND INTEGRATING CONCEPTS OF DISABILITY......Page 39
Confusing Impairment and Disability......Page 42
Excessive Reliance on Impairment Evaluation While Neglecting Workplace Environment......Page 43
Multiple Definitions of Occupational Disability......Page 44
IMPAIRMENT AND WORK DISABILITY IN CONTEXT: BRIDGING THE GAP......Page 45
TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE: FROM THEORY TO RESEARCH AND FROM RESEARCH TO PRACTICE......Page 47
CONCLUSIONS......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 51
3. Models of Diagnosis and Rehabilitation in Musculoskeletal Pain-Related Occupational Disability......Page 53
Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Compensation......Page 54
PSYCHIATRIC MODEL Tenets and Values......Page 55
Clinical Limitations and Their Relationship to Compensation......Page 60
INSURANCE MODEL Tenets and Values......Page 61
Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Compensation......Page 62
Scope of Applicability......Page 63
THE LABOR RELATIONS MODEL Tenets and Values......Page 64
Clinical Limitations and Their Relationship to Compensation......Page 65
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL Tenets and Values......Page 66
Implications for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Compensation......Page 68
DISCUSSION......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 73
INTRODUCTION......Page 76
Maintenance......Page 79
THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER......Page 81
Decisional Balance......Page 82
Self-Efficacy......Page 83
Change Processes......Page 84
THE WORKPLACE......Page 85
Decisional Balance......Page 86
Self-Efficacy and Change Processes......Page 87
THE INSURER AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 88
Decisional Balance......Page 89
THE READINESS FOR RETURN-TO-WORK MODEL AND THE PHASE MODEL OF OCCUPATIONAL DISABILITY: LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTHS......Page 91
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH The Interface of the Phase Model of Disability and the Readiness for Return-to-Work......Page 92
Impact on Intervention and Risk Factor Studies......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
INTRODUCTION......Page 101
THE DEPARTURE FROM THE MEDICAL MODEL......Page 102
The Workplace......Page 104
The Healthcare Provider......Page 109
The Worker: Physical and Psychological Factors......Page 110
The Insurer......Page 113
DEFINING RETURN-TO-WORK OUTCOMES Levels of Return-to-Work......Page 114
The Challenge of Sustainability of Return-to-Work......Page 115
Expanding Return-to-Work Outcomes......Page 116
CONCLUSIONS......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
BACKGROUND......Page 125
STAGE ONE: CAUSE......Page 126
The Overexertion Theory......Page 127
The Biomedical Model......Page 128
The Psychiatric Model......Page 129
The Insurance Model......Page 130
The Labor Relations Model......Page 131
The Biopsychosocial Model......Page 132
The Sociomedical Model: The Disablement Process......Page 134
The Readiness for Change Model......Page 135
The Readiness for Return-to-Work Model......Page 136
Providers......Page 137
Employers......Page 139
Patients......Page 140
Society......Page 141
CONCLUSION......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 144
SELF-REPORT MEASURES......Page 148
Depression......Page 149
Physical and Emotional Well-Being......Page 150
BEHAVIORAL MEASURES......Page 151
Outcome Measures......Page 152
FUNCTIONAL AND PHYSICAL MEASURES......Page 153
Functional Measures......Page 154
CONCLUSIONS......Page 155
REFERENCES......Page 156
INTRODUCTION......Page 158
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND PAIN......Page 159
Psychopathology and Pain......Page 160
The Relationship between Pain and Psychopathology: Cause or Effect?......Page 162
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF PAIN......Page 163
OTHER FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Chronic Pain on Disability......Page 164
Catastrophizing......Page 165
Psychosocial Profiles......Page 166
Stages of Change Model......Page 167
REFERENCES......Page 169
II - PREDICTION OF DISABILITY IN PAIN-RELATED AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS......Page 173
INTRODUCTION......Page 174
METHODS The Literature Search......Page 175
Methodological Standards Applied to Prognostic Studies......Page 176
Description of Samples Included in the Review......Page 177
Outcomes......Page 183
RESULTS......Page 187
DISCUSSION......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 190
Methodological Assessment Criteria......Page 194
INTRODUCTION......Page 195
METHODS......Page 196
Study Design......Page 197
RESULTS Sampling Frame and Demographic Factors......Page 198
Demographics......Page 199
Workplace......Page 200
DISCUSSION......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 204
INTRODUCTION......Page 207
NATURAL HISTORY OF WHIPLASH......Page 209
SYMPTOMS OF WHIPLASH Pain......Page 210
Psychological Disorders and Whiplash......Page 211
Facet Joint Pain......Page 215
PREDICTORS OF PROLONGED RECOVERY: CHRONIC WHIPLASH AND WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED DISORDERS Potential Predictors of Outcome......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 218
CURRENT CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA......Page 221
POSSIBLE MECHANISMS......Page 223
PHENOMENOLOGY OF FMS......Page 225
WORK DISABILITY......Page 226
FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY......Page 227
OBSERVED VERSUS PERCEIVED DISABILITY: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES......Page 228
SUMMARY: RISK FACTORS FOR DISABILITY IN FMS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
INTRODUCTION......Page 234
OPPORTUNITIES FOR REDUCING DISABILITY......Page 236
Physicians......Page 237
Employers, Employees, and Case Managers......Page 238
REVIEWING DISABILITY TERMS......Page 239
STEPS FOR THE PHYSICIAN......Page 240
UNDERSTANDING THE INJURED WORKER......Page 242
THE BENEFITS OF RETURN TO WORK......Page 243
RETURN TO WORK......Page 244
EXAMPLES OF BENEFITS......Page 246
PREDICTIVE FACTORS FOR RETURN TO WORK......Page 247
1. Job or Task Demands......Page 249
2. Organizational Structure......Page 250
SUMMARY......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM......Page 258
General Predictors......Page 261
Predictors......Page 262
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 270
DEFINITION......Page 276
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE......Page 277
DIAGNOSIS OF MTBI......Page 279
CLINICAL PREDICTION OF OUTCOME......Page 281
ISSUES RELATED TO OUTCOME STUDIES Inclusion of Key Variables......Page 285
Methodological Considerations......Page 287
Outcome Measures......Page 291
Issues Related to Predicting Employment Status......Page 293
Outcomes and Employment for MTBI......Page 295
Identifying the Miserable Minority......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 298
16. Prediction of Vocational Functioning from Neuropsychological Data......Page 305
DETERMINING INJURY SEVERITY......Page 306
PREDICTING RETURN TO WORK The Complexities of Work Prediction......Page 307
Injury Severity and Demographic Variables......Page 308
The Association between Neuropsychological Testing and Employability......Page 309
Limitations of Neuropsychological Testing in Predicting Employment......Page 312
SUMMARY......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
INTRODUCTION......Page 317
Models in Popular Culture and Mental Health Practice......Page 318
A. Epidemiology: The Prevalence of TE Exposure and PTSD Response......Page 319
Intentionality of the Event......Page 320
Summary of Epidemiological Data......Page 321
B. Individual Traits of Personality and Abilities Affect Response......Page 322
C. Individual Beliefs about Self, Emotions, and the World Affect Response......Page 324
D. Personal History Factors: Events, Behavior, and Mental Disorder......Page 325
E. Implications for Diagnosis of PTSD, for Case Management, and for Rehabilitation......Page 327
SUMMARY......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
EFFECTS OF PTSD ON INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT......Page 335
PATHWAYS BETWEEN PTSD AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY......Page 337
Domains of Work Disability......Page 338
RECOMMENDED ASSESSMENT METHODS Mobility Deficits Secondary to Fear......Page 340
Lowered Stress Tolerance......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER......Page 344
Role of Dissociation......Page 345
CASE EXAMPLE......Page 346
Historical Background......Page 347
Is Exposure to a Traumatic Event Sufficient to Produce PTSD?......Page 348
Risk Factors......Page 349
Comorbidity of PTSD with Other Psychiatric Disorders......Page 351
Physiological/Endocrinological Studies......Page 352
Neurological/Brain Imaging Studies......Page 353
Neuropsychological Investigations of PTSD Patients......Page 355
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES Can PTSD Develop if the Patient Is Amnestic for the Traumatic Event?......Page 356
DISABILITY FOLLOWING POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER......Page 360
PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF PTSD......Page 362
SUMMARY......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 364
INTRODUCTION......Page 371
LEVELS OF EVIDENCE......Page 373
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 374
PREDICTORS Individual Mental Disorders......Page 375
Comorbid Mental Disorders......Page 377
Co-occurring Physical Disorders......Page 378
Work Environment and Organization......Page 379
Sociodemographic Factors......Page 380
IMPLICATIONS FOR SCREENING AND EARLY DETECTION......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 382
III - APPLICATION OF DISABILITY PREDICTION IN COMPENSATION, HEALTH CARE, AND OCCUPATIONAL CONTEXTS......Page 385
INTRODUCTION......Page 386
THE EMERGENCE OF SECONDARY PREVENTION......Page 387
The Concept of “Red Flags”......Page 388
A Cautionary Note: Distinguishing Yellow from Orange Flags......Page 389
EARLY BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PRACTICE......Page 390
THE OCCUPATIONAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 391
Summary of the Key Psychological Obstacles......Page 392
Obstacles to Recovery or Opportunities for Change?......Page 393
Key Components of the Wales Health-Work Partnership (WHWP) Report......Page 395
Conclusions from Consensus Conference......Page 396
The Survey of Employers......Page 398
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 399
Tackling Black Flags......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 401
INTRODUCTION......Page 404
SCOPE AND IMPACT......Page 405
MEDICOLEGAL ISSUES IN DISABILITY COMPENSATION CLAIMS......Page 407
RELATING TO THE INSURER The Decision to Support a Claim for Disability......Page 409
Competence to Assess Functional Capacity......Page 410
Communicating with the Insurer......Page 411
Responding to Inquiries......Page 413
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 415
REFERENCES......Page 416
23. Secondary Gains and Losses in the Medicolegal Setting......Page 419
MALINGERING......Page 420
FACTITIOUS DISORDER......Page 421
COMPENSATION AND LITIGATION NEUROSIS......Page 422
SYMPTOM MAGNIFICATION SYNDROME AND CHRONIC DISABILITY SYNDROME......Page 424
ABNORMAL ILLNESS BEHAVIORS......Page 425
SECONDARY GAIN: CURRENT THEORETICAL AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES......Page 427
The Work of Fishbain......Page 429
SECONDARY LOSSES......Page 430
TERTIARY GAIN AND LOSS......Page 431
ECONOMY OF GAINS AND LOSSES......Page 432
SECONDARY GAIN: A CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 434
CONCLUSIONS: CAN SECONDARY GAINS/LOSSES BE MANAGED?......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 436
INTRODUCTION......Page 440
BARRIERS TO KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN EARLY INTERVENTION WITH BACK PAIN DISABILITY......Page 441
Study Design and Comparison Group......Page 442
System-Based Barriers......Page 443
Multimodal and Multidisciplinary Intervention Model......Page 444
Evidence-Based Medical Care......Page 445
SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF EARLY INTERVENTION WITH BACK INJURED WORKERS......Page 446
Coordination between Treating Physician and Workers’ Compensation Medical Team......Page 447
Return to Normal Activities......Page 448
Education......Page 449
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Problem Solving......Page 450
COMPENSATION CONTEXT AND BEST PRACTICES......Page 451
CONCLUSIONS......Page 453
REFERENCES......Page 454
IV - EARLY INTERVENTION WITH AT-RISK GROUPS......Page 458
PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS DESERVE PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS......Page 459
THE OREBRO MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 461
Providing Feedback......Page 462
Identifying Target Behaviors......Page 463
EARLY PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS......Page 464
First Consultation......Page 465
Interventions for At Risk Patients......Page 466
EFFECTIVENESS......Page 468
Individualized Intervention......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 471
INTRODUCTION......Page 475
Description of the Sherbrooke Model......Page 476
Costs (Loisel et al., 2002)......Page 478
Evidence Emerging from the Sherbrooke Model......Page 479
Implementation of the Sherbrooke Model......Page 481
CONCLUSION......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 483
27. An Early Screening and Intervention Model for Acute and Subacute Low Back Pain......Page 485
REVIEW OF INITIAL STUDIES......Page 487
Socioeconomic Outcome Results......Page 488
Cost-Comparison Savings Results......Page 489
Overall Results......Page 490
OBSTACLES TO RETURN-TO-WORK CONNECTED WITH THE WORKPLACE......Page 491
Workplace Accommodation Research......Page 492
Assessing Return-to-Work Obstacles......Page 493
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 494
REFERENCES......Page 495
THE MESSAGE......Page 498
INTRODUCTION......Page 499
UNDERSTANDING RISK......Page 501
Individual Risk Factors......Page 502
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS ERGONOMICS PROGRAM Successful Ergonomic Programs......Page 503
Risk Assessment Instruments......Page 504
THE EVIDENCE Occupational Management of Current Employees......Page 505
MSDs Prevention in New Staff Modified by Job Requirements......Page 506
MSDs Prevention for New Staff......Page 508
Workplace Intervention Program......Page 509
Impact of Workplace Screening......Page 510
SUMMARY......Page 511
REFERENCES......Page 512
V - WHERE ARE WE NOW AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED?......Page 516
INTRODUCTION......Page 517
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN DISABILITY PREDICTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION......Page 518
MEASUREMENT AND RESEARCH ISSUES......Page 520
COMMON THEMES IN PREDICTION OF DISABILITY......Page 523
EMERGING THEMES IN EARLY INTERVENTION......Page 524
CLINICAL APPLICATION ISSUES......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 530
Index......Page 534