Handbook of Communication for Development and Social Change

Introduction
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
About the Associate Editors
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	1 Terms and Definitions in Communication for Development and Social Change
		1.1 Development Communication
		1.2 Communication
		1.3 Development and Social Change
		1.4 Policies
		1.5 Culture
		1.6 Ideology and Power
		1.7 Identity
		1.8 Sustainability and Resilience
		1.9 Communication for Development and Social Change
		References
	2 Communication for Development and Social Change: In Search of a New Paradigm
		2.1 Three Paradigms on Communication for Development
		2.2 Two Communication Models
		2.3 The Policy Options of the Three Paradigms
		2.4 Globalization and Localization
		2.5 The Right to Communicate
		2.6 The Constraints of the Framework Under Study
		2.7 Conclusion
		References
	3 Key Concepts, Disciplines, and Fields in Communication for Development and Social Change
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Key Concepts and Practices
			3.2.1 Normative Concepts
			3.2.2 Contextual Concepts
			3.2.3 Strategies and Methodologies
			3.2.4 Methods, Techniques, and Tools
			3.2.5 Advocacy and Impact Assessment
		3.3 Sub-disciplines
			3.3.1 Strategic Communication and Participatory Communication
			3.3.2 Crisis Communication and Risk Communication
			3.3.3 Journalism and International Communication
		3.4 Thematic Sub-disciplines
			3.4.1 Health Communication
			3.4.2 Agricultural Extension and Rural Communication
			3.4.3 Environmental Communication
		3.5 Fields and Areas
			3.5.1 Right to Communicate
			3.5.2 Education and Learning
			3.5.3 Innovation, Science, and Technology
			3.5.4 Natural Resource Management
			3.5.5 Food Security
			3.5.6 Inequality and Poverty Reduction
			3.5.7 Peace and Conflict
			3.5.8 Children and Youth, Women, and Senior Citizens
			3.5.9 Tourism
		3.6 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Historic Cluster
	4 Communication for Development and Social Change: Three Development Paradigms, Two Communication Models, and Many Application...
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 What Is Communication for Development and Social Change (CDSC)?
		4.2 Summarizing the Past
			4.2.1 Development Paradigms
			4.2.2 Communication Paradigms
			4.2.3 Research Priorities
		4.3 Mapping the Future
			4.3.1 Interdisciplinarity
			4.3.2 The Power of Culture in Homogeneity and Diversity
			4.3.3 A New Form of Modernization?
			4.3.4 The Sustainability of Social Change Processes
			4.3.5 Nation-States and National Cultures
			4.3.6 The Place of Civil Society and the Role of New Social Movements
			4.3.7 Linking the Global and the Local
		4.4 Directions for Future Research
			4.4.1 The Transformation of Society
			4.4.2 The Cosmopolitan Challenge
			4.4.3 The Content of Development Agendas
			4.4.4 More Participatory Communication Research Needed
			4.4.5 Measurement and Evaluation for ``Social Usefulness´´
		4.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	5 Family Tree of Theories, Methodologies, and Strategies in Development Communication
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Development Communication
		5.3 The Dominant Paradigm
		5.4 Theories in the Tradition of the Dominant Paradigm
			5.4.1 Social Marketing
			5.4.2 Health Promotion and Health Education
			5.4.3 Entertainment-Education
		5.5 Critiques of the Dominant Paradigm
			5.5.1 Dependency Theory
			5.5.2 Participatory Theories and Approaches
			5.5.3 Media Advocacy
			5.5.4 Social Mobilization
		5.6 Toward a Theoretical and Empirical Convergence?
			5.6.1 General Remarks
			5.6.2 Points of Convergence
				5.6.2.1 The Need of Political Will
				5.6.2.2 A ``Tool-Kit´´ Conception of Strategies
				5.6.2.3 Integration of Multimedia and Interpersonal Communication
		References
	6 A Changing World: FAO Efforts in Communication for Rural Development
		6.1 The Landscape
		6.2 Telling the Story
		6.3 The Good Times: Reasons for Success
		6.4 What Followed? Current Perspectives
			6.4.1 ComDev Assistance
				6.4.1.1 Mainstreaming Rural Communication Services
			6.4.2 Building Capacities and Partnerships
			6.4.3 Evidence-Based Approaches
		6.5 Lessons Learned: Some Essential Guiding Principles
			6.5.1 Starting Upstream
			6.5.2 A Social Process
			6.5.3 Sharing of Knowledge and Two-Way Communication
			6.5.4 Listening to People
			6.5.5 In Line with National Policies
			6.5.6 Promoting Policy Change
			6.5.7 Holistic Approach
			6.5.8 Preserving Indigenous Knowledge, Values, and Culture
			6.5.9 Respect for Culture
			6.5.10 Shared Interests and Trust
			6.5.11 Flexibility and Duration
			6.5.12 Ensuring Gender Sensitivities
			6.5.13 A ComDev Approach to the Use of the ICTs
			6.5.14 Multimedia Approach
			6.5.15 Political Space and Context
			6.5.16 Toward Inclusive Rural Communication Services
			6.5.17 No-Off-the-Shelf Solution
		6.6 Conclusion
		References
	7 Daniel Lerner and the Origins of Development Communication
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The Production of Passing of Traditional Society
		7.3 The Reception to Passing of Traditional Society
		7.4 Lerner´s Influence on Development Communication Research
		7.5 Why Does ``Lerner´´ Persist?
		References
	8 The Pax Americana and Development
		8.1 Differences Between Informal and Formal Empires
		8.2 The Origins of the Post-World War II ``Development´´ Idea
		8.3 Some Difference Between American and British Conceptions of ``Development´´
		8.4 Assumptions Underpinning Pax Americana ``Development´´
			8.4.1 Jefferson´s ``Empire of Liberty´´
			8.4.2 Universalizing ``Democratic Capitalism´´
			8.4.3 A Wilsonian Informal Empire
			8.4.4 Continuities and Discontinuities Between American and British Models
		8.5 The Mutating ``Development Industry´´
			8.5.1 Development as Modernization
			8.5.2 Critics of Modernization
			8.5.3 Modernization Revived
		8.6 And What of the Future?
		References
Part III: Normative Concepts
	9 Media and Participation
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Theoretical Approaches to Participation
		9.3 The Many Locations of Media Participation (Analysis)
			9.3.1 Audience Theory and the Active/Passive Dimension
			9.3.2 Marxist and Anarchist Media Studies and the Media Participation Debate
			9.3.3 Deliberation and the Public Sphere
			9.3.4 UNESCO, Communication Rights and Development Communication
			9.3.5 Participation in Specific Media Technologies, Organizations, and Genres
				9.3.5.1 Community and Alternative Media
				9.3.5.2 Television Talk Shows and Reality TV
				9.3.5.3 Online Media/Internet Studies
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	10 Empowerment as Development: An Outline of an Analytical Concept for the Study of ICTs in the Global South
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Intersectional Level: Empowerment and Axes of Oppression
		10.3 Contextual Level: Empowerment, Opportunities, and Constraints in the Situation
		10.4 Agency Level: Empowerment, Capabilities, and Critical Awareness
		10.5 Technological Level of Communication Platforms: Empowerment, ICTs, and Affordances
		10.6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	11 The Theory of Digital Citizenship
		11.1 Introduction: Rethinking Citizenship in the Digital Age
			11.1.1 Theoretical Approaches to Citizenship and Implications for Internet Access
		11.2 The Theory of Digital Citizenship
			11.2.1 Participation and Digital Citizenship
			11.2.2 Cultural Citizenship and Digital Citizenship
			11.2.3 The Elements of the Theory of Digital Citizenship
		11.3 Conclusion
		11.4 Cross-References
		References
	12 Co-creative Leadership and Self-Organization: Inclusive Leadership of Development Action
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 An Emerging Leadership Culture Shift
			12.2.1 Co-creation in Social Action
		12.3 Co-creative Leadership Concept
			12.3.1 Co-creation and Self-Management
			12.3.2 Principles and Prerequisites
			12.3.3 Levels of Self-organization
			12.3.4 Five Learning Phases
			12.3.5 Attitude and Culture
		12.4 Conclusion: Not Top-Down, Not Bottom-Up, but 360 Co-creation
		References
	13 Communication for Development and Social Change Through Creativity
		13.1 Tilling
		13.2 Creativity
		13.3 Neglect of Creativity
		13.4 Communication for Development and Social Change Through Creativity
		13.5 Positioning of Creativity Enhancement
		13.6 Assumptions
		13.7 Creativity Enhancement Intervention
			13.7.1 Finding Facts
			13.7.2 Naming Names
			13.7.3 Finding Similarities Between Dissimilars
			13.7.4 Creating New Meanings for Existing Phrases
		13.8 Adaptation of Creative Aerobics in Development and Social Change
		13.9 Benefits of Creativity Enhancement Intervention
		13.10 Summary
		References
	14 The Relevance of Habermasian Theory for Development and Participatory Communication
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Part I: Modernization Theory
		14.3 Part II: The Theory of Communicative Action
			14.3.1 Cultural Value Sphere: Science, Technology, and the Objective World
			14.3.2 Cultural Value Sphere: Law, Morality, and the Social World
			14.3.3 Cultural Value Sphere: Art, Literature, and the Person
			14.3.4 Criticism
		14.4 Part III: Communicative Action and Development
			14.4.1 Cultural Value Sphere: Science, Technology, and the Objective World
			14.4.2 Cultural Value Sphere: Law, Morality, and the Social World
			14.4.3 Cultural Value Sphere: Art, Literature, and the Person
		14.5 Research Opportunities
		14.6 Conclusion
		References
	15 The Importance of Paulo Freire to Communication for Development and Social Change
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Basic References About Paulo Freire´s Life and Work
		15.3 Contributions of Paulo Freire to Praxis in Communication and Education
			15.3.1 Pedagogy of the Oppressed and the Breaking of the Subject-Object Approach in Social Sciences
			15.3.2 The Paulo Freire Literacy Method, Popular Education, and Critical Pedagogy
			15.3.3 Participatory Action Research and Participatory Development Communication
		15.4 Freirean Epistemology
			15.4.1 Basic References About Freirean Epistemology
			15.4.2 Basic Concepts of Freirean Epistemology
			15.4.3 Cognitive-Emotional Cycle of Freirean Epistemology
			15.4.4 Levels of Conscientization: Cultural, Dialogic, and Power Structure Awareness
		15.5 Implications of Freirean Epistemology to Communication for Development and Social Change
		15.6 Conclusion
		15.7 Cross-References
		References
	16 De-westernizing Alternative Media Studies: Latin American Versus Anglo-Saxon Approaches from a Comparative Communication Re...
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Debates and Dilemmas in Alternative Communication Research
		16.3 Latin American Alternative Communications During the Twentieth Century
		16.4 An Overview of Alternative Media Research and Experiences in the Northern Countries
		16.5 Potentialities and Limits of the New Literature on Digital Alternative Media
		16.6 A Claim to De-westernize Alternative  andCommunity Communication
		References
Part IV: Context for Communication Activities for Development and Social Change
	17 A Threefold Approach for Enabling Social Change: Communication as Context for Interaction, Uneven Development, and Recognit...
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 A Proposed Paradigm: Communication as a Context for Interaction
			17.2.1 Communication as a Dependent Variable
			17.2.2 Communication as Space
		17.3 Two Concepts: Uneven Development and Recognition
			17.3.1 Uneven Development
			17.3.2 Recognition
		17.4 Conclusion
		17.5 Cross-References
		References
	18 Shifting Global Patterns: Transformation of Indigenous Nongovernmental Organizations in Global Society
		18.1 Introduction
			18.1.1 One Theoretical Framework
			18.1.2 A Second Theoretical Framework
			18.1.3 A Third Theoretical Framework
		18.2 Strategies of Guatemalan Nongovernmental Organizations
			18.2.1 Employing a Different Mode of Thinking
			18.2.2 IL Mondo Immaginare´s Shifting Paradigm
			18.2.3 Transnational Alliances with NGOs and Other Institutions
		18.3 GNGOs Across Local, National, and International Borders
		18.4 Integrating Technology and Communications Network
		18.5 Impact for Sustainable Development Policy
		18.6 Conclusion
		Appendix 1: Survey of Guatemalan Nongovernmental Organizations (GNGOs)
		References
			Books
			Interviews for Research Study
			Journal
			On-Line Article
	19 Women´s Empowerment in Digital Media: A Communication Paradigm
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Power as a Theoretical Basis: Uncovering the Communicative Character of Women´s Empowerment
		19.3 Rethinking Women´s Empowerment as a Communicative Process and the Role of Digital Communication
			19.3.1 Developing Women´s Consciousness Through Communicative Action of Voice
			19.3.2 Constructing a Public Identity: Emergence of Social Empowerment
			19.3.3 New Dynamics of ``Power with´´ for the Organization of Women´s Collective Action
		19.4 Digital Communication and the Emergence of a Political Process of Women´s Empowerment?
			19.4.1 Providing Organizational Information for Identity Projection
			19.4.2 Disseminating Information to Raise Awareness of Gender Issues
			19.4.3 Creating a Sense of the Collective Through the Internet
			19.4.4 A New Space for Political Campaigns Within an Authoritarian Context?
			19.4.5 Developing Interorganizational Relations
		19.5 Conclusion
		References
	20 Development Communication and the Development Trap
		20.1 Development Communication and Development
		20.2 Development as Delivery
		20.3 Development Trap
		20.4 From Envelopment to Development
		20.5 Development Communication Agencies as Convivial Institutions
		References
	21 The Soft Power of Development: Aid and Assistance as Public Diplomacy Activities
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Morality and Foreign Policy
		21.3 Public Diplomacy, Soft Power, and Foreign Aid
		21.4 The Domestic Audience
		21.5 The Governments of Recipient States
		21.6 Other International Audiences
		21.7 Recipients of Aid and Assistance
		21.8 Conclusion
		References
	22 Asian Contributions to Communication for Development and Social Change
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Development Communication in Asia: Overview
		22.3 Asian Contributions to Development Communication
		22.4 Schools of Thought
			22.4.1 Participatory Planning
			22.4.2 Rural Communication
			22.4.3 Learning as Capacitation
				22.4.3.1 Knowledge Exchange as Capacitation
			22.4.4 Professional Degrees in Devcom
			22.4.5 Mainstreaming of Devcom in Civil Service
			22.4.6 ICT for Development
			22.4.7 Evaluation Framework for Capacity Development
		22.5 Conclusions and Challenges
		References
	23 Development Communication in Latin America
		23.1 Introduction
			23.1.1 A Long Way to Reach the Utopia of a Democratic Communication
				23.1.1.1 Theoretical Disagreement and Need for Social Change
				23.1.1.2 The Nature of This Utopia
				23.1.1.3 Understanding C4D Path in Latin America Before Communication for Social Change Started
			23.1.2 Communication for Development in Latin America: A Trend of the Past 20 Years
				23.1.2.1 Political Context in Latin America and the Growth of C4D After the 1990s
				23.1.2.2 Current Practice of Building Alternative Communication for Development
		23.2 The Use of the Radio as a Central Promoter of Communication for Development
		23.3 The Introduction of the Right to Communicate as a Central Goal of Communicational Changes
		23.4 Existence of Diverse Social Sectors Fighting for the Right to Communicate
		23.5 Knowledge Production from Returning to C4D in Latin America, Emerging Communication for Living Well, and a Decolonial App...
		23.6 State of Training and Capacity Building in C4D
		23.7 Conclusions
		References
			Additional References
	24 Development Communication in South Africa
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 ICTs for Development in South Africa
		24.3 Health Communication
		24.4 Community Radio
		24.5 Community Television
		24.6 Social Movements and Nanomedia Strategies
		24.7 Conclusion
		References
	25 Development Communication as Development Aid for Post-Conflict Societies
		25.1 Development Communication as Education for Post-conflict Societies
		25.2 Literature Review: Mass Communication and Development Countries
		25.3 Development, Journalism, and Education
		25.4 Journalism and Competence
		25.5 Social Framework in Afghanistan
		25.6 Media System and Journalist Education
		25.7 Mediation as a (New) Journalistic Competence
			25.7.1 Journalist Should Mediate Between State and the People
			25.7.2 Urban and Countryside
			25.7.3 State and Opponents
			25.7.4 Social Consensus Between Ethnic Groups
			25.7.5 Conflict Resolution
			25.7.6 Constructive Journalism as an Agent for Change
			25.7.7 Education and Enlightenment
		25.8 Conclusion
		25.9 Future Discussions
		References
	26 Glocal Development for Sustainable Social Change
		26.1 Overview and Discussion of Development Communication
			26.1.1 Development Communication, Modernity, and Corporate Globalization
			26.1.2 Technologization and Consumption
			26.1.3 International Development Communication, Injustice of Modernity, and ``Bonded Development´´
		26.2 Glocal Development
		26.3 The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals Universal Agenda
		26.4 Adopting and Implementing the 2030 SDGs Universal Agenda
		26.5 Glocalization of Learning, Glocal Engagement Framework, and Higher Education Social Responsibility (HESR) Strategy
		26.6 Propositions for Sustainable Social Change
		26.7 Conclusion
		References
	27 Communication Policy for Women´s Empowerment: Media Strategies and Insights
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Feminist Movement
		27.3 Silencing Women
		27.4 Muting Women´s Capability
		27.5 Gender and Development Paradigms
		References
Part V: Strategic and Methodological Concepts
	28 Three Types of Communication Research Methods: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Participatory
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 The Context of Research
		28.3 Quantitative Approaches to Research
			28.3.1 Objectivity and Subjectivity
			28.3.2 The ``End of Ideology´´ and ``Value-Free´´ Science
			28.3.3 Power-Based Research
			28.3.4 Methodology-Driven Research
		28.4 Qualitative Approaches to Research
			28.4.1 Subjectivity and Phenomenology
			28.4.2 Naturalistic Observation and the Participant Observer
			28.4.3 Critical Research
			28.4.4 Validity and Evaluation in Qualitative Research
			28.4.5 The Role and Place of the Reader, Viewer, and Receiver
		28.5 Participatory Research
			28.5.1 Principles of Participatory Communication Research
			28.5.2 Differences Between Participatory Research and Action Research
			28.5.3 ``Insiders´´ and ``Outsiders´´
			28.5.4 A Definition of Participatory Research (PR)
			28.5.5 The Process of Participatory Research
			28.5.6 Evaluation and Validity in Participatory Research
			28.5.7 The Integration of Different Methodologies
			28.5.8 A Word of Caution
		28.6 By Way of Conclusion
		References
	29 Visual Communication and Social Change
		29.1 Introduction
		29.2 History
			29.2.1 Visual Communication as Addressed in Early Textbooks
			29.2.2 Starting to Respect the Audience
		29.3 Exploring the Visual
			29.3.1 Visual Literacy
			29.3.2 Recognizing the Complexity of Visual Images
			29.3.3 Valuing the Potential of Visual Images
		29.4 Contemporary Visual Communication
			29.4.1 Acknowledging Diverse Professionalisms
			29.4.2 Centralizing the Importance of Design Thinking
			29.4.3 Recognizing Social Imaginaries as Options for Visual Communication in Social Dialogues
		29.5 Conclusion
		29.6 Cross-References
		References
	30 Multidimensional Model for Change: Understanding Multiple Realities to Plan and Promote Social and Behavior Change
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 The Key Role of C4D in Achieving Change
		30.3 The Multidimensional Model for Change (MMC)
			30.3.1 Multidimensional Model for Change: Windows of Perceptions
		30.4 Conclusions
		References
	31 Broadcasting New Behavioral Norms: Theories Underlying the Entertainment-Education Method
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 How Does Entertainment-Education Work as a Mechanism for Social Change?
		31.3 Shannon and Weaver (1949): Communication Model
		31.4 ``Rovigatti´´ (1981): A Circular Adaptation of Shannon and Weaver and Additional Circuit for a Social Content Serial Drama
		31.5 Lazarsfeld (1968): Two-Step Flow of Communication
		31.6 Bentley (1967): Dramatic Theory
		31.7 Jung (1970): Theory of the Collective Unconscious
		31.8 Bandura (1977): Social Learning Theory
		31.9 Sabido (2002): Theory of the Tone
		31.10 MacLean (1973): Theory of the Triune Brain and Sabido´s Theory of the Tone (2002)
		31.11 Horton and Wohl (1956): Parasocial Interaction
		31.12 Sood (2002): Audience Involvement
		31.13 Conclusions and Implications for Future Work
		References
	32 Protest as Communication for Development and Social Change
		32.1 The Prominence of Protest
		32.2 Protest Culture and Social Change
		32.3 Limitations and Criticisms of Protest Culture
		32.4 Theoretical Approaches to Protest as Communication for Social Change
			32.4.1 Peaceful Assembly
			32.4.2 Protest as Communication
			32.4.3 Participation, Power, and Social Change
			32.4.4 Conceptualizing Social Movement and Collective Action
			32.4.5 Theoretical Foundations of Social Movement
		32.5 Protest as Communication for Social Change: A Framework of Guidelines
			32.5.1 Planning Stage
			32.5.2 At the Protest
			32.5.3 Following-Up
		32.6 Conclusion
		32.7 Cross-References
		References
	33 Political Engagement of Individuals in the Digital Age
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Civic Engagement in the Digital Age
		33.3 The Sociology of Engagement
		33.4 Mediatized Engagement
		33.5 Future Directions
		33.6 Cross-References
		References
	34 Family and Communities in Guatemala Participate to Achieve Educational Quality
		34.1 Introduction
		34.2 Planning and Implementing a Communication for Development Strategy to Achieve Quality Education
		34.3 Identifying the Problems
		34.4 Objectives and Communication Approaches
		34.5 A Communication for Development Strategy for Quality Education
		34.6 Awareness Campaign on Quality Education in the Classroom
		34.7 Early Reading Socialization Mechanism
		34.8 Early Reading Socialization Mechanism Fields of Action
		34.9 Assessments, Perceptions of Change, and Results of the Communication Intervention
			34.9.1 Results
			34.9.2 School Directors
			34.9.3 Teachers
			34.9.4 Brief Analysis About the Awareness Campaign Monitoring
		34.10 Conclusion
		References
	35 Digital Communication and Tourism for Development
		35.1 Introduction: Tourism and Developing Countries
		35.2 The Conceptualization of eTourism 4 Development
		35.3 Community-Based Tourism: The Context of Action
		35.4 Digital Communication Technologies in Community-Based Tourism: Experts´ Opinion
		35.5 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
Part VI: Methods, Techniques, and Tools
	36 A Community-Based Participatory Mixed-Methods Approach to Multicultural Media Research
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Conceptual Framework and Methodological Approaches
		36.3 Description of the Partnership and Its Development Process
		36.4 Governance Structure of the Partnership
			36.4.1 Collaborative Participation in the Intellectual Leadership
		36.5 Participatory Research Design
			36.5.1 Design of Research Instruments
			36.5.2 Data Collection
			36.5.3 Data Analysis
		36.6 Participatory Knowledge Mobilization
			36.6.1 Knowledge Production/Creation
				36.6.1.1 Academic
				36.6.1.2 Policy
				36.6.1.3 Community
			36.6.2 Dissemination
				36.6.2.1 Academic Dissemination
				36.6.2.2 Policy Dissemination
				36.6.2.3 Public Dissemination
		36.7 Key Learnings and Insights
		36.8 Cross-References
		References
	37 Digital Stories as Data
		37.1 Introduction
		37.2 Digital Storytelling
		37.3 Creating Digital Stories
		37.4 Digital Storytelling and Youth
		37.5 Ethics of Digital Storytelling in Research
		37.6 Analysis of Digital Stories
		37.7 Challenges of Digital Storytelling in Research
		37.8 Conclusion
		References
	38 Participatory Mapping
		38.1 Introduction
		38.2 Participatory Mapping: Context, Impacts, and Limits
		38.3 Power and Empowerment
		38.4 Understanding Impact
		38.5 Conclusion
		References
	39 Evaluations and Impact Assessments in Communication for Development
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 The Logic Behind Evaluations: Accountability and Learning
		39.3 What We Need to ``Learn´´ About Development
		39.4 The History of Accountability and Learning Priorities
		39.5 Conflation of Accountability and Learning
		39.6 Searching for ``Recipes´´ for Social Change
		39.7 Literature Reviews as Panacea?
		39.8 Redefining ``Learning´´
			39.8.1 Potential Learning Priority 1: Developing Theory-Based Guidelines for Social Change
			39.8.2 Potential Learning Priority 2: Social Change Process Evaluation
		39.9 Summary
		References
	40 Transformative Storywork: Creative Pathways for Social Change
		40.1 Introduction
			40.1.1 What This Chapter Will Do
		40.2 Transformative Storywork
		40.3 Principles of Transformative Storywork
			40.3.1 Humanizing
			40.3.2 Accountable
			40.3.3 Emancipatory
		40.4 Core Features of Transformative Storywork in Practice
			40.4.1 Power of the Personal
			40.4.2 Creative and Multimodal
			40.4.3 Role of Iteration
			40.4.4 Political Listening
			40.4.5 Relational and Reflexive Learning
		40.5 How the Principles of Transformative Storywork Are Embodied in Practice and How They Work
			40.5.1 Group Building
			40.5.2 Positionalities in Storywork
			40.5.3 Facilitation
		40.6 Where and How Transformation Happens
			40.6.1 Personal
			40.6.2 Collective
			40.6.3 Societal
		40.7 Conclusion
		References
	41 Recollect, Reflect, and Reshape: Discoveries on Oral History Documentary Teaching
		41.1 Introduction
			41.1.1 Oral History and Oral History Documentary Filmmaking
			41.1.2 Research Method and Target
		41.2 Oral History Documentary Production in College Education
			41.2.1 Oral History Practice
			41.2.2 Using Documentary Film to Record Oral History
			41.2.3 How to Plan and Implement an Oral History Documentary Project
				41.2.3.1 First, Set Up the Theme
				41.2.3.2 Second, Training (Pre-production)
				41.2.3.3 Third, Filming (Production)
				41.2.3.4 Fourth, Video Editing (Postproduction)
		41.3 ``Our Fathers´ Revolution´´ Oral History Documentary Production
			41.3.1 Choose Story Theme by Region
			41.3.2 The Difficulties of Making Oral History Documentaries About the Cultural Revolution in China
			41.3.3 Accomplish the Target of Liberal Arts Education Through Oral History Documentary Production
		41.4 Oral History Documentary Series ``Family Album´´
			41.4.1 100 Chinese Ordinary Family Stories´ Vision Archive
			41.4.2 Recollect, Reflect, and Reshape
		41.5 How to Evaluate Oral History Documentary as Historical Data
		41.6 Conclusion
		References
	42 Differences Between Micronesian and Western Values
		42.1 Small Communities and Geographical Isolation
		42.2 Youth´s Dependence on Elders
		42.3 The Nonliterary Nature of Micronesian Culture
		42.4 Differences in Gender Roles
		42.5 Micronesians as Information Sharers
		42.6 Micronesian Concepts of Time
		42.7 Micronesian Notions of Politeness
		References
Part VII: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
	43 Communicating Climate Change: Where Did We Go Wrong, How Can We Do Better?
		43.1 Current Attitudes Around Climate Change
		43.2 Intersections Between Development Communication and Climate Change Communication
			43.2.1 Challenges to Effective Climate Change Communication
			43.2.2 Communication Challenges for Scientists
		43.3 Characterizing the Current Climate Change Communication Field
		43.4 Moving Forward: Focus Areas for the Future of Climate Change Communication
			43.4.1 Framing as a Concept, Practice, and Process
		43.5 Framing Considerations for Different Stakeholders
			43.5.1 Individual Attitudes, Beliefs, and Personal Experiences
		43.6 The Influence of a Fragmented Media Landscape
		43.7 Climate Advocacy and Social Movements Must Adhere to Frames That Hold Perpetrators Accountable, Including Those Within th...
		43.8 Measuring the Effectiveness of Climate Change Communication
		43.9 Conclusion: Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead
			43.9.1 Distribution of Scientific Information Is Not Enough for Sustained Behavior Change
			43.9.2 Focus on Positive Solutions, Local Stories
			43.9.3 Interdisciplinary Sharing and Dialogic Communication Between All Stakeholders Must Be Central
			43.9.4 Communication Efforts and Their Evaluation Need to Be Long-Term and Sustained
		References
	44 Bottom-Up Networks in Pacific Island Countries: An Emerging Model for Participatory Environmental Communication
		44.1 Introduction
		44.2 Framework
			44.2.1 Participatory Environmental Communication (PEC)
		44.3 The Pacific Region
			44.3.1 Background
			44.3.2 Nuclear and Mining Catastrophes
		44.4 Networks
			44.4.1 Pacific Regionalism
			44.4.2 Bottom-Up Networks
			44.4.3 Faith-Based Networks
		44.5 ICT and C4D Initiatives
			44.5.1 Improving Connectivity
			44.5.2 Cultural Concerns
			44.5.3 Participatory Initiatives
		44.6 Conclusion
		References
	45 Youth Voices from the Frontlines: Facilitating Meaningful Youth Voice Participation on Climate, Disasters, and Environment ...
		45.1 Facilitating Meaningful Youth Participation
		45.2 Using Story for Social Change
		45.3 Developing CDST as an Adaptable Approach
		45.4 Championing Youth and Their Stories
		45.5 Focusing on Responsive Listening
		45.6 Strengthening Youth Voice and Influence
		References
	46 Key SBCC Actions in a Rapid-Onset Emergency: Case Study From the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes
		46.1 2015 Earthquakes in Nepal: Impact and Needs
		46.2 Social and Behavior Change Communication Response
			46.2.1 Coordination Mechanism
			46.2.2 Rapid Appraisal of Communication Channels and Resources
		46.3 Community Consultation and Participation
		46.4 Mobile Edutainment Shows with Celebrities
		46.5 Youth Engagement
		46.6 Recovery and Preparedness
		46.7 Monitoring and Evaluation
		46.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	47 Importing Innovation? Culture and Politics of Education in Creative Industries, Case Kenya
		47.1 Introduction: Development, Creative Digital Industries, and Innovation Education
		47.2 Illustration: Case Kenya
		47.3 Three Dimensions of Innovation in Education
			47.3.1 MACRO: Development and Innovation in the Policy Context
			47.3.2 MESO: Discursive Framing of Innovation
			47.3.3 MICRO: Practices of Innovation Education
		47.4 Redefining Innovation
		47.5 Cross-References
		References
Part VIII: ICTs for Development
	48 ICTs for Learning in the Field of Rural Communication
		48.1 Introduction
		48.2 Historical Development of the Field
		48.3 Learning
			48.3.1 Theory-Based Approaches to Learning
				48.3.1.1 Social Learning
				48.3.1.2 Experiential Learning
				48.3.1.3 Collaborative Learning
				48.3.1.4 Transformative Learning
			48.3.2 Design-Based Approaches to Learning
				48.3.2.1 Visual Learning
				48.3.2.2 Intercultural Learning
				48.3.2.3 Distance Learning
		48.4 Conclusion
		References
	49 How Social Media Mashups Enable and Constrain Online Activism of Civil Society Organizations
		49.1 Introduction
		49.2 Social Media and Activism
			49.2.1 Beyond a Human-Centered View of SM Use
			49.2.2 Connective Affordances of SM
			49.2.3 Instantaneous and Integrative Content Sharing as Means for Connective Action
		49.3 Digital Activism in Tunisia
		49.4 Hashtags and Mashups: The Ordering and Disordering Role of Non-human Actors for CSO Activism
			49.4.1 Integrative Content Sharing
			49.4.2 Instantaneous Content Sharing
		49.5 Future Directions
		49.6 Conclusion
		49.7 Cross-References
		References
	50 Strategic Social Media Management for NGOs
		50.1 Introduction
		50.2 Social-Mediated Communication: What´s in It for NGOs?
		50.3 A Social Media Management Process
			50.3.1 Developing a Social Media Strategy
			50.3.2 Social Media Communication: From Strategy to Implementation
				50.3.2.1 Listen, Scan, and Monitor
				50.3.2.2 Select Platforms Based on Goals and Target Audience
				50.3.2.3 Create Opportunities for Engagement
				50.3.2.4 Creating Content that Connects
				50.3.2.5 Rules of Engagement and Social Media Governance
			50.3.3 Evaluation and Social Media Metrics
		50.4 Conclusion
		50.5 Cross-References
		References
	51 ICTs and Modernization in China
		51.1 Introduction
		51.2 Communication for Development: Modernization, Dependency, and Multiplicity
		51.3 ICT for Development
		51.4 ICT for Development and ``Modernization´´ in Contemporary China
		51.5 Conclusion
		References
	52 Online Social Media and Crisis Communication in China: A Review and Critique
		52.1 Introduction
		52.2 Online Social Media and Crisis Communication
		52.3 The General Trend of Social Media and Crisis Communication Research
			52.3.1 Theoretical Framework
			52.3.2 Methodological Preferences
			52.3.3 Types of Research
		52.4 Forms of Crisis Communication Practice
			52.4.1 Crisis Communication Strategy (CCS)
			52.4.2 Forms of Response
			52.4.3 Crisis Communication Effectiveness (CCE)
		52.5 The Chinese Context and Crisis Communication Practice
		52.6 Future Directions
			52.6.1 To Emphasize the Crisis Phases
			52.6.2 To Extend Theories and Models
			52.6.3 To Consider a Comparative Logic
			52.6.4 To Adopt a Uniformed Research Standard
		References
	53 Diffusion and Adoption of an E-Society: The Myths and Politics of ICT for the Poor in India
		53.1 Introduction
		53.2 ICT for the Poor Initiatives in India and Learnings: Understanding the Myths and Politics
		53.3 Conclusion
		References
	54 Online Activism in Politically Restricted Central Asia: A Comparative Review of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan
		54.1 Introduction
		54.2 Context of Central Asia
		54.3 More Government Control over the Internet and Social Media
		54.4 Conclusions
		54.5 Cross-References
		References
	55 New Media: The Changing Dynamics in Mobile Phone Application in Accelerating Health Care Among the Rural Populations in Ken...
		55.1 Introduction
		55.2 Securing Lives Through Mobile Phones
			55.2.1 Totohealth
			55.2.2 mHMtaani
			55.2.3 Baby Monitor
			55.2.4 ChildCount+
		55.3 Setting of the Study
		55.4 Methods
		55.5 Results
		55.6 Dissemination of Maternal-Child Health Knowledge to Patients (Antenatal Patients) in Busia County
		55.7 Methods of Disseminating Maternal-Child Knowledge (Antenatal and Postnatal Patients)
		55.8 Discussions
		55.9 Strategic Communication
		55.10 Client-Service Provider Communication
		55.11 Conclusion
		References
	56 ICTs for Development: Building the Information Society by Understanding the Consumer Market
		56.1 Introduction
			56.1.1 Information Society
			56.1.2 Understanding Consumer Rights in the Information Society
		56.2 Contextual Factors: ICT Penetration in Underserved Areas
			56.2.1 Role of ICT Industry in Faster Penetration
		56.3 Strategies to Address ICTs Consumers´ Right in Underserved Areas
			56.3.1 Open Regulatory Framework
			56.3.2 Use of Universal Service (US) and Universal Access (UA)
			56.3.3 Emphasis on Content Industries
			56.3.4 Interconnects Between Government and Private Organizations
			56.3.5 Role of Social Change Agents
			56.3.6 Use of Community Media in Connection with ICTs
			56.3.7 Gauging Consumer Community in the Developing Countries
			56.3.8 Ease of ICT Platforms Usage
			56.3.9 Presence and Solutions of the Digital Divide
			56.3.10 Consumer Involvement in Policy and Decision Making
		56.4 ICT-Based Services
			56.4.1 mHealth Services
			56.4.2 E-Rate Program
			56.4.3 IoT Using ICT Devices
		56.5 WLL Usage in Pakistan: A Case Study
			56.5.1 ICT Alternative Avenues in Underserved Areas of Pakistan
		56.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Part IX: Health Communication
	57 Health Communication: Approaches, Strategies, and Ways to Sustainability on Health or Health for All
		57.1 What Constitutes and Has Impact on Health
			57.1.1 Constitution of the World Health Organization: Principles
		57.2 Health Communication Perspectives
		57.3 Sustainability in Health and Health Communication
		57.4 Media Literacy and the Media to Assist Health Communicators for Sustainable Development
		57.5 Health Communication Strategies for Sustainability
			57.5.1 Communication Strategies to Improve Health Through a Life Course of Empowering People
			57.5.2 Communication Strategies to Tackle Local Major Health Challenges of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injuries, and Violence
			57.5.3 To Tackle Vaccine-Preventable Communicable Diseases
			57.5.4 Communication Strategies to Tackle Non-vaccine-Preventable or Not-Yet-Vaccine-Available Communicable Diseases Such as M...
			57.5.5 Communication Strategies to Strengthen People-Centered Health Systems, Public Health Capacity, and Emergency Preparedne...
			57.5.6 Communication Strategies to Create Resilient Communities and Supportive Environments, Including a Healthy Physical Envi...
		57.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
			Websites
	58 Health Communication: A Discussion of North American and European Views on Sustainable Health in the Digital Age
		58.1 Introduction
		58.2 Core Terminology
			58.2.1 Health
			58.2.2 Health Communication
			58.2.3 Health Promotion
			58.2.4 Sustainable Development
		58.3 The Health Communication Environment
		58.4 Current Trends and Developments
			58.4.1 Multidisciplinary Approach
			58.4.2 Digital Health and Health Monitoring Systems
			58.4.3 Gender-Specific Health Issues
			58.4.4 Pharmaceutical Advertising as Health Communication
			58.4.5 Health Empowerment
		58.5 Working Toward Sustainable Health and Sustainable Health Communication
		58.6 Limitations and Directions for Future Research
		References
	59 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Maternal Health in Africa
		59.1 Introduction
		59.2 Maternal-Child Health Care
			59.2.1 Maternal Health in Africa
			59.2.2 Maternal Health in Kenya
		59.3 Dissemination of Maternal Health Knowledge
			59.3.1 Maternal-Child Health and Maternal-Child Health Knowledge
		59.4 Maternal Health Communication
			59.4.1 Maternal Health Campaigns
		59.5 Results
			59.5.1 Levels of Maternal Health Knowledge Among the Patients
			59.5.2 Influence of Provider-Patient Communication on Maternal-Child Health Outcomes
			59.5.3 Communication Strategies in Disseminating Maternal-Child Health Knowledge
		59.6 Conclusion
		References
	60 Impact of the Dominant Discourses in Global Policymaking on Commercial Sex Work on HIV/STI Intervention Projects Among Comm...
		60.1 Introduction
		60.2 The Global Discourse on Sex Work
			60.2.1 Impact on HIV/AIDS Policy Formulation and Legislation: The Global Conflation of Trafficking and Sex Work
			60.2.2 A Pejorative Framing of Sex Work
			60.2.3 The Discourse of ``Rescue´´ and ``Rehabilitation´´
		60.3 A Study of Sex Workers´ Voices
			60.3.1 Sonagachi Women: Disarticulating Trafficking and Sex Work
			60.3.2 Re-articulation of Sex Work: Demanding Legitimacy
			60.3.3 Rescue and Rehabilitation of Sex Workers
		60.4 Commercial Sex Work and Ground Realities
		References
	61 Designing and Distribution of Dementia Resource Book to Augment the Capacities of Their Caretakers
		61.1 Introduction
			61.1.1 What Is Dementia?
				61.1.1.1 What Are Signs and Symptoms of Dementia?
				61.1.1.2 What Are Causes of Dementia?
				61.1.1.3 How Can Dementia Be Treated?
					Non-drug Treatments and Support
					Drug Treatments
			61.1.2 Which Dementia Care Services Are Available in India?
			61.1.3 How Can Designing a Resource Book on Dementia Be Helpful?
		61.2 How Was the Resource Book Designed, Distributed, and Checked for Its Effectiveness?
			61.2.1 Approach Used in Designing the Resource Book
				61.2.1.1 Designing of a Leaflet
				61.2.1.2 Validation of the Resource Book
				61.2.1.3 Budget for Printing the Resource Book
			61.2.2 The Resource Book Distribution Approach
			61.2.3 Reactions to the Resource Book from Its Readers
				61.2.3.1 Tool for Collecting Reactions
				61.2.3.2 Procedure of Data Collection
				61.2.3.3 Reactions/Responses of the Readers
				61.2.3.4 What Did the Readers Suggest?
				61.2.3.5 Suggestions for Future Work in Promoting Awareness About Dementia
		61.3 Conclusion
		61.4 Cross-References
		References
			Further Reading
			Webliography
	62 Strategic Communication to Counter Sexual Harassment in Bangladesh
		62.1 Introduction
		62.2 Related Work
		62.3 Context of Bangladesh
		62.4 Approaching Young Adults
		62.5 Experiences Regarding Communication Strategies
		62.6 Lessons Learned
		62.7 Conclusion
		References
	63 Multiplicity Approach in Participatory Communication: A Case Study of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Pakistan
		63.1 Introduction
		63.2 A Case Study of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Pakistan
		63.3 Conclusion
		References
Part X: Participatory Communication
	64 Participatory Development Communication and Natural Resources Management
		64.1 Introduction
		64.2 Conceptual Models
			64.2.1 Building Relationships Between Farmers and Researchers
			64.2.2 Using a Participatory Communication Approach and Methodology
			64.2.3 Discussing the Issue of Costs
		64.3 Engaging with Government Stakeholders
		64.4 Community Participation and Innovation Adoption
		64.5 Learning About Participatory Development Communication
		64.6 Empowering Community Members in Taking an Active Part in Their Own Development
		64.7 Involving Communities in Their Own Development
		64.8 Managing Local Conflicts
		64.9 Conclusion
		References
	65 Participatory Communication in Practice: The Nexus to Conflict and Power
		65.1 Introduction
			65.1.1 Why Practitioners Adopt Participatory Approaches
			65.1.2 Participatory Communication in Practice
			65.1.3 Transforming Conflict and Competition
			65.1.4 Issues of Power in the Practice of Participatory Communication
			65.1.5 Empowering the People
			65.1.6 The Approach to Practicing Participatory Communication
				65.1.6.1 Where to Start?
				65.1.6.2 Begin with Individuals
				65.1.6.3 Iterate with a Community
				65.1.6.4 Everyone Is Unique
				65.1.6.5 Participation Costs Valuable Time
				65.1.6.6 Value Local Contributions and Risk-Taking
				65.1.6.7 Be Prepared to Transform Conflict into Praxis
				65.1.6.8 Listen for Silences and Watch Body Language
				65.1.6.9 Practitioners to Learn and Share with Community Lessons Learned
				65.1.6.10 Plan for Gradual Withdrawal of the Outsiders and Handover to the Community
				65.1.6.11 Community Sharing Experiences with Other Communities and Developing Ways of Upscaling
		References
	66 Capacity Building and People´s Participation in e-Governance: Challenges and Prospects for Digital India
		66.1 Introduction
		66.2 Digital India Project
		66.3 e-Governance and People´s Participation
		66.4 Capacity Building for e-Governance
		66.5 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Respondents
		66.6 Exposure to Mass Media and e-Governance Information
			66.6.1 Are the Akshaya Centers Being Implemented in Kerala in Line with the Objective of Increasing Citizen Participation in e...
			66.6.2 Are the Akshaya Centers Designed Within a Public-Private Partnership Framework Which Would Augment the Financial Viabil...
			66.6.3 Do these Centers Serve as Anchor Institutions or Demand Aggregators and Which Provide Digital Literacy Instruction, Con...
		66.7 Akshaya Centers, e-Literacy, and Participation in e-Governance
		66.8 Conclusion
		References
	67 Fifty Years of Practice and Innovation Participatory Video (PV)
		67.1 Introduction
			67.1.1 Description
			67.1.2 Product Versus Process
			67.1.3 History
		67.2 Theoretical Framework
			67.2.1 Critical Theories
			67.2.2 Affordance Theory
		67.3 Benefits and Limitations
			67.3.1 Perceived Benefits
			67.3.2 Degrees of Participation
			67.3.3 Conflicting Objectives
		67.4 Future Directions
		References
	68 Reducing Air Pollution in West Africa Through Participatory Activities: Issues, Challenges, and Conditions for Citizens´ Ge...
		68.1 Introduction
		68.2 Context
		68.3 Participation in Practice
		68.4 Learnings
		68.5 Preaching to the Converted?
		68.6 Persistent Power Relationships
		68.7 Experts´ Discourses and Changes of Practices
		68.8 Preconceived Solutions
		68.9 Conclusion
		68.10 Cross-References
		References
	69 Community Radio in Ethiopia: A Discourse of Peace and Conflict Reporting
		69.1 Introduction
		69.2 The Community Radio as Tool to Solve the Internal Conflicts
		69.3 Ownership of the Media
		69.4 Proximity and Immediacy
		69.5 Languages and Values of the Community
		69.6 Volunteerism and Nonprofit Making
		69.7 Summary
		References
Part XI: Regional Overviews
	70 Political Economy of ICT4D and Africa
		70.1 Introduction
		70.2 Digital Capitalism and Business Economies of ICT4D
		70.3 ICTs, Africa, and Global Economies
		70.4 Mobile Phones and Economics of Affection in Africa
		70.5 ICTs, Public Services, and Social Entrepreneurship
		70.6 Conclusion
		References
	71 Mainstreaming Gender into Media: The African Union Backstage Priority
		71.1 Introduction
		71.2 Gender and the Media: Why Should It Be an Area of Concern?
		71.3 African Union Gender Equality Frameworks
		71.4 Achieving Gender Equality in the AU and the EU: Unfinished Job
			71.4.1 The AU Unmet Promises
			71.4.2 The EU Unmet Promises
		71.5 Gender and the Media in AU Gender Architecture
		71.6 Conclusion
		References
	72 Idiosyncrasy of the European Political Discourse Toward Cooperation
		72.1 Introduction
		72.2 Context of the New Consensus: Understanding the Relevance of the European Development Policies
			72.2.1 The European Union as a Global Agent for Development: External Relevance
			72.2.2 Uniqueness of the European Notion on Development
			72.2.3 The Articulation and the Dynamics of European Development Policies
		72.3 An Analysis of the New  European Consensus on Development: ``Our World, Our Dignity, Our Future´´
		72.4 Discussions Concerning the New Consensus
			72.4.1 The Consensus Contributions to Development Policy
			72.4.2 Limitations and Deficiencies of the Consensus
		72.5 Conclusion: The EU Contribution to Global Development Policy
		References
	73 The Challenge of Promoting Diversity in Western Journalism Education: An Exploration of Existing Strategies and a Reflectio...
		73.1 Diversity in Journalism Education
		73.2 Researching Diversity in Journalism Programs
		73.3 Journalism Education and Different Diversity Approaches
			73.3.1 Importance of Diversity in Journalism Education
			73.3.2 Teaching Approach of Diversity and Course Content
			73.3.3 Future Plans Related to Diversity Education
			73.3.4 Collective Factors Underlying Successful Western Diversity Initiatives in Journalism Education
				73.3.4.1 Embedding Diversity in the Whole Program
				73.3.4.2 Accreditation
				73.3.4.3 Producing Content in Practice
				73.3.4.4 Getting Out of the Comfort Zone
				73.3.4.5 Cross-Perspective Practice
				73.3.4.6 Working Together with NGO´s
				73.3.4.7 Applying the Right Interview Techniques
				73.3.4.8 Focusing on Alternative Diversity Dimensions
				73.3.4.9 Raise the Quality of Public Discourse
				73.3.4.10 Produce a Mission Statement
			73.3.5 Diversity Issues that Need Extra Attention in Future Education Initiatives
				73.3.5.1 The Speed of Journalism vs Slow News
				73.3.5.2 Market Orientation for Journalism Students
				73.3.5.3 The Infeasibility of Acquired Diversity Reporting Skills
				73.3.5.4 Avoiding Focusing on Negativity
		73.4 From Resemblance in Diversity Toward a More Diverse Approach
		References
	74 Institutionalization and Implosion of Communication for Development and Social Change in Spain: A Case Study
		74.1 Introduction and State of the Question
		74.2 Methodological Strategy for Studying CDSC in Spain
		74.3 Historiographical Analysis: The Stages of CDSC in Spain
		74.4 A Brief Look at the Bibliometric Analysis of CDSC in Spain
		74.5 The Four Case Studies
		74.6 Discussion and Conclusions
		List of Pertinent Authors and Universities Publishing Papers on CDSC in the Top Ten Spanish Journals During the Period 2000-20...
		References
	75 A Sense of Community in the ASEAN
		75.1 Introduction
		75.2 Sense of Community and Communication for a Sustainable Community
			75.2.1 Definition of Community
			75.2.2 Communication for a Sustainable Community
		75.3 Factors Predicting a Sense of Community
		75.4 Sense of Community in ASEAN and Its Predictors
			75.4.1 Perceived Sense of Community in the ASEAN
			75.4.2 Factor Predicting Sense of Community in the ASEAN
		75.5 Summary
		75.6 Future Directions
		Appendix 1: Survey from a Citizen of ASEAN´s Member States
		References
Part XII: Case Studies
	76 Entertainment-Education in Radio: Three Case Studies from Africa
		76.1 Introduction
		76.2 Background
			76.2.1 Theoretical Underpinnings
			76.2.2 Program Development
			76.2.3 Research-Based Programs
			76.2.4 Formative Research
			76.2.5 Service Points Monitoring
			76.2.6 Summative Evaluation
			76.2.7 Case Studies
				76.2.7.1 Nigeria: Ruwan Dare (Midnight Rain)
					Clinic Monitoring
					Impact Evaluation
				76.2.7.2 Burundi: Agashi (Hey, Look Again!)
					Clinic Monitoring
					Impact Evaluation
				76.2.7.3 Burkina Faso: Yam Yankré (The Choice) and Here S´ra (The Road to Happiness)
					Clinic Monitoring
					Impact Evaluation
		76.3 Conclusion
		References
	77 The Role of Participatory Communication in Strengthening Solidarity and Social Cohesion in Afghanistan
		77.1 Introduction
		77.2 Country Context
			77.2.1 Program Context
		77.3 Role of Participatory Communication in Strengthening Solidarity and Social Cohesion
		77.4 Conclusion
		77.5 Cross-References
		References
	78 Sinai People´s Perceptions of Self-Image Portrayed by the Egyptian Media: A Multidimensional Approach
		78.1 Introduction
		78.2 The Beginnings That Matter
		78.3 Development That Is Sung For
		78.4 The Politics of Image
		78.5 Conclusion
		References
	79 Protest as Communication for Development and Social Change in South Africa
		79.1 Development and Social Challenges in South Africa
		79.2 Using Protest as Communication for Change
		79.3 Service Delivery Protests: The Case of Ses´khona People´s Rights Movement in the Western Cape and Vuwani in Limpopo Provi...
		79.4 Protests for the Delivery of Health Services: The Treatment Action Campaign (TAC)
		79.5 Gender-Related Protests: Societal, Institutionalized, Corrective Rape, and Gender Violence
		79.6 Protests for Affordable Access to Tertiary Education: ``#MustFall Movements´´
		79.7 A Critical Analysis of Protest Action in South Africa: Successes and Limitations
			79.7.1 Successes
				79.7.1.1 Opens Channels of Communication
				79.7.1.2 Creates Awareness About Existing/Underlying Problems
				79.7.1.3 Partial/Full Achievement of Goals of Protest Action
				79.7.1.4 Creates Legacies to the Cause of Protest
				79.7.1.5 Fast-Tracks Crafting of Solutions to Longstanding Social and Developmental Problems
			79.7.2 Limitations
				79.7.2.1 May Deviate Attention from the Legitimacy of/or the Cause
				79.7.2.2 Overturning the Gains of Democracy/Failure to Achieve Long-Term Goals
				79.7.2.3 Danger of Becoming the ``Dreaded Vice´´ that Originated the Protest
				79.7.2.4 Co-constructed Violence
		79.8 Conclusion
		References
	80 Case Study of Organizational Crisis Communication: Oxfam Responds to Sexual Harassment and Abuse Scandal
		80.1 Introduction
		80.2 Crises and the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT)
		80.3 Case Study: Oxfam in Crisis
			80.3.1 Organizational Background
			80.3.2 The Crisis Situation and the Consequences
			80.3.3 Oxfam Responds
		80.4 Conclusion
		References
	81 Communication and Culture for Development: Contributions to Artisanal Fishers´ Wellbeing in Coastal Uruguay
		81.1 Introduction
			81.1.1 Social Representations as Determinants of Wellbeing
			81.1.2 Raising the Voice for Development
		81.2 Case Study with Artisanal Fisheries in Piripolis, Uruguay
			81.2.1 The POPA Group of Piripolis and the First Fisheries Festival
			81.2.2 Fishers Communicating for Development
			81.2.3 Methods and Analysis
		81.3 Results and Discussion
		81.4 Final Considerations
		References
	82 Fostering Social Change in Peru Through Communication: The Case of the Manuani Miners Association
		82.1 Introduction
		82.2 How Communication Played In
			82.2.1 How They Structured Communication
				82.2.1.1 Information
				82.2.1.2 Education
				82.2.1.3 Training
		82.3 What They Achieved
		References
	83 Communicative Analysis of a Failed Coup Attempt in Turkey
		83.1 Introduction
		83.2 The Communicative Character of the Recent Coup Attempt in Turkey
		83.3 The Sequence of Events on the Night of 15 July
		83.4 Erdoğan on FaceTime, FaceTime on CNN Türk: The Traditional and New Media Are Hand in Hand
		83.5 The Role of the Media in the 15 July Coup Attempt
		83.6 Mosques as a Communication Network
		83.7 Conclusion
		83.8 Cross-References
		References
	84 Plurality and Diversity of Voices in Community Radio: A Case Study of Radio Brahmaputra from Assam
		84.1 Introduction
		84.2 Radio Brahmaputra (90.4 MHz)
		84.3 Content Production and Management
		84.4 Narrowcasting over Broadcasting
		84.5 Conclusion
		References
Part XIII: Conclusion
	85 Communication for Development and Social Change: Conclusion
		85.1 What About the Sustainable Development Goals?
		85.2 What About Children Rights?
		85.3 What About Women?
		85.4 What About Worldwide Inequality?
		85.5 What About the Global South?
		85.6 What About Digital Rights and Digital Cooperation?
		References
Index