Handbook Of Chemistry And Physics

The Editor and Editorial Board......Page 3
Foreword by Oliver Sacks......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contributors......Page 7
Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors......Page 8
Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 9
Standard Atomic Weights (2001)......Page 20
Atomic Masses and Abundances......Page 23
Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State......Page 27
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)......Page 29
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90......Page 31
International System of Units (SI)......Page 33
Units for Magnetic Properties......Page 41
Conversion Factors......Page 42
Conversion of Temperatures......Page 54
Conversion Factors for Energy Units......Page 55
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units......Page 56
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units......Page 57
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units......Page 58
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics......Page 59
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation......Page 60
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems......Page 62
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 63
Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature......Page 64
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities......Page 65
Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds......Page 86
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands......Page 87
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems......Page 89
Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 93
Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets......Page 101
Definitions of Scientific Terms......Page 102
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations......Page 124
Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 125
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 126
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds......Page 699
Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds......Page 703
The Elements......Page 704
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds......Page 740
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals......Page 800
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements......Page 810
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25°C......Page 813
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements......Page 814
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts......Page 817
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds......Page 821
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids......Page 827
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals......Page 829
Crystallographic Data on Minerals......Page 836
Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Kinetics......Page 847
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics......Page 848
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances......Page 851
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature......Page 908
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems......Page 932
Heat of Combustion......Page 936
Electrical Conductivity of Water......Page 937
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI......Page 938
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution......Page 940
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution......Page 941
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 944
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration......Page 946
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids......Page 951
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes......Page 952
Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling......Page 953
Kinetic Data for Combustion Modeling......Page 968
Section 6: Fluid Properties......Page 983
Thermodynamic Properties of Air......Page 985
Properties of Water in the Range 0-100°C......Page 987
Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water......Page 988
Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O......Page 989
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O......Page 990
Standard Density of Water......Page 991
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water......Page 992
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions......Page 994
Density of D2O......Page 995
Vapor Pressure of Ice......Page 996
Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C......Page 997
Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures......Page 999
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure......Page 1000
Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure......Page 1001
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure......Page 1003
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies......Page 1004
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids......Page 1005
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases......Page 1014
Van der Waals Constants for Gases......Page 1034
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases......Page 1035
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points......Page 1036
Critical Constants......Page 1037
Sublimation Pressure of Solids......Page 1053
Vapor Pressure......Page 1056
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K......Page 1084
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions......Page 1095
IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration......Page 1096
Enthalpy of Vaporization......Page 1097
Enthalpy of Fusion......Page 1113
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density......Page 1128
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids......Page 1130
Properties of Liquid Helium......Page 1131
Properties of Refrigerants......Page 1132
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury......Page 1135
Thermal Properties of Mercury......Page 1136
Vapor Pressure of Mercury......Page 1137
Surface Tension of Common Liquids......Page 1138
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures......Page 1142
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids......Page 1143
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases......Page 1166
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures......Page 1168
Viscosity of Gases......Page 1189
Viscosity of Liquids......Page 1191
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line......Page 1196
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions......Page 1197
Viscosity of Liquid Metals......Page 1198
Thermal Conductivity of Gases......Page 1200
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids......Page 1202
Diffusion in Gases......Page 1208
Diffusion of Gases in Water......Page 1210
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution......Page 1211
Section 7: Biochemistry......Page 1212
Properties of Amino Acids......Page 1213
Structures of Common Amino Acids......Page 1215
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases......Page 1216
The Genetic Code......Page 1217
Properties of Fatty Acids......Page 1218
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols......Page 1219
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biochemical Species......Page 1221
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water......Page 1224
Biological Buffers......Page 1227
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods......Page 1228
Chemical Composition of the Human Body......Page 1229
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry......Page 1230
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents......Page 1231
Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 1235
Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents......Page 1237
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances......Page 1238
Flame and Bead Tests......Page 1246
Acid-Base Indicators......Page 1248
Fluorescent Indicators......Page 1251
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions......Page 1253
Electrochemical Series......Page 1254
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals......Page 1265
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions......Page 1268
Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters......Page 1273
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25°C......Page 1275
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases......Page 1276
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases......Page 1278
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity......Page 1289
Ion Product of Water Substance......Page 1316
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water......Page 1317
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water......Page 1318
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures......Page 1322
Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 1323
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures......Page 1353
Solubility Product Constants......Page 1362
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures......Page 1366
Solubility Chart......Page 1367
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacum......Page 1370
Volume of One Gram of Water......Page 1371
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography......Page 1372
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry......Page 1373
13C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents......Page 1374
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents......Page 1375
Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy......Page 1381
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds......Page 1382
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds......Page 1396
Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules......Page 1398
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules......Page 1425
Dipole Moments......Page 1426
Strengths of Chemical Bonds......Page 1433
Electronegativity......Page 1457
Force Constants for Bond Stretching......Page 1458
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules......Page 1459
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules......Page 1463
Infrared Correlation Charts......Page 1469
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy......Page 1474
Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures......Page 1477
13C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups......Page 1478
Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics......Page 1479
Line Spectra of the Elements......Page 1480
NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables......Page 1567
Electron Affinities......Page 1626
Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities......Page 1646
Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions......Page 1662
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules......Page 1665
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels......Page 1683
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements......Page 1687
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines......Page 1693
Photon Attenuation Coefficients......Page 1694
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 1699
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths......Page 1701
Black Body Radiation......Page 1702
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors......Page 1704
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals......Page 1705
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses......Page 1710
Index of Refraction of Water......Page 1711
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes......Page 1712
Index of Refraction of Air......Page 1713
Characteristics of Laser Sources......Page 1714
Infrared Laser Frequencies......Page 1721
Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards......Page 1729
Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics......Page 1734
Summary Tables of Particle Properties......Page 1735
Table of the Isotopes......Page 1907
Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties......Page 2059
Cosmic Radiation......Page 2075
Section 12: Properties of Solids......Page 2080
Techniques for Materials Characterizatio......Page 2081
Symmetry of Crystals......Page 2087
Ionic Radii in Crystals......Page 2094
Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids......Page 2097
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements......Page 2099
Lattice Energies......Page 2100
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy......Page 2114
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals......Page 2115
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals......Page 2123
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys......Page 2126
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids......Page 2130
Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals......Page 2139
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals......Page 2141
Dielectric Constants of Glasses......Page 2142
Properties of Superconductors......Page 2143
High Temperature Superconductors......Page 2170
Organic Superconductors......Page 2173
Properties of Semiconductors......Page 2176
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors......Page 2187
Properties of Magnetic Materials......Page 2196
Organic Magnets......Page 2205
Electron Work Function of the Elements......Page 2209
Secondary Electron Emission......Page 2210
Optical Properties of Selected Elements......Page 2212
Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids......Page 2236
Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants......Page 2258
Nonlinear Optical Constants......Page 2275
Phase Diagrams......Page 2279
Heat Capacity of Selected Solids......Page 2297
Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals......Page 2298
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature......Page 2300
Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature......Page 2302
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics......Page 2303
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials......Page 2305
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses......Page 2307
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals......Page 2311
Commercial Metals and Alloys......Page 2313
Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics......Page 2314
Section 13: Polymer Properties......Page 2316
Nomenclature for Organic Polymers......Page 2317
Solvents for Common Polymers......Page 2323
Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers......Page 2324
Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers......Page 2332
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts......Page 2333
Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions......Page 2338
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics......Page 2357
Astronomical Constants......Page 2358
Properties of the Solar System......Page 2359
Satellites of the Planets......Page 2361
Interstellar Molecules......Page 2363
Mass, Dimensions, and other Parameters of the Earth......Page 2366
Geological Time Scale......Page 2368
Acceleration Due to Gravity......Page 2369
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth......Page 2370
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude......Page 2371
Properties of Seawater......Page 2372
Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea......Page 2374
Solar Spectral Irradiance......Page 2375
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)......Page 2376
Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation......Page 2383
Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere......Page 2384
Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2000......Page 2385
Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992......Page 2387
Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2000......Page 2389
Atmospheric Electricity......Page 2390
Speed of Sound in Various Media......Page 2398
Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency......Page 2400
Speed of Sound in Dry Air......Page 2401
Musical Scales......Page 2402
Characteristics of Human Hearing......Page 2404
Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data......Page 2406
Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables......Page 2407
Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale......Page 2422
Laboratory Solvents and other Liquid Reagents......Page 2424
Miscibility of Organic Solvents......Page 2434
Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature......Page 2436
Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure......Page 2437
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation......Page 2438
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression......Page 2439
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution......Page 2440
Correction of Barometer Readings to 0°C Temperature......Page 2441
Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point......Page 2442
Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures......Page 2443
Constant Humidity Solutions......Page 2444
Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration......Page 2445
Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature......Page 2446
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature......Page 2447
Wire Tables......Page 2449
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids......Page 2450
Density of Various Solids......Page 2451
Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures......Page 2452
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials......Page 2453
Coefficient of Friction......Page 2459
Flame Temperatures......Page 2461
Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum......Page 2462
Section 16: Health and Safety Information......Page 2464
Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories......Page 2465
Flammability of Chemical Substances......Page 2480
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants......Page 2496
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients......Page 2507
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation......Page 2512
Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides......Page 2513
Chemical Carcinogens......Page 2517
Appendix A: Mathematical Tables......Page 2522
Miscellaneous Mathematical Constants......Page 2523
Decimal Equivalents of Common Fractions......Page 2524
Quadratic Formula......Page 2525
Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms......Page 2526
Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places......Page 2531
Relation of Angular Functions in Terms of One Another......Page 2535
Derivatives......Page 2536
Integration......Page 2539
Integrals......Page 2544
Differential Equations......Page 2580
Fourier Series......Page 2592
Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions......Page 2595
The Fourier Transforms......Page 2597
Series Expansion......Page 2602
Vector Analysis......Page 2606
Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates......Page 2616
Transformation of Integrals......Page 2618
Moment of Inertial for Various Bodies of Mass......Page 2619
Bessel Functions......Page 2620
The Factorial Function......Page 2623
The Gamma Function......Page 2641
The Beta Function......Page 2643
The Error Function......Page 2644
Orthogonal Polynomials......Page 2645
Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials......Page 2648
Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients......Page 2649
Normal Probability Function......Page 2651
Percentage Points, Student's t-Distribution......Page 2653
Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution......Page 2654
Percentage Points, F-Distribution......Page 2655
APPENDIX B: SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA......Page 2658
SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA......Page 2659