Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

The Editor and Editorial Board......Page 1
Foreword by Oliver Sacks......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Contributors......Page 5
Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors......Page 6
Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 7
Standard Atomic Weights (2001)......Page 18
Atomic Masses and Abundances......Page 21
Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State......Page 25
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)......Page 27
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90......Page 29
International System of Units (SI)......Page 31
Units for Magnetic Properties......Page 39
Conversion Factors......Page 40
Conversion of Temperatures......Page 52
Conversion Factors for Energy Units......Page 53
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units......Page 54
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units......Page 55
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units......Page 56
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics......Page 57
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation......Page 58
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems......Page 60
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 61
Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature......Page 62
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities......Page 63
Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds......Page 84
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands......Page 85
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems......Page 87
Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 91
Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets......Page 99
Definitions of Scientific Terms......Page 100
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations......Page 122
Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 123
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 124
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds......Page 697
Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds......Page 701
The Elements......Page 702
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds......Page 738
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals......Page 798
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point Temperatures of the Elements......Page 808
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25°C......Page 811
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements......Page 812
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts......Page 815
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds......Page 819
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids......Page 825
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals......Page 827
Crystallographic Data on Minerals......Page 834
Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Kinetics......Page 845
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics......Page 846
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances......Page 849
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature......Page 906
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Systems......Page 930
Heat of Combustion......Page 934
Electrical Conductivity of Water......Page 935
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI......Page 936
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution......Page 938
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution......Page 939
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 942
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration......Page 944
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids......Page 949
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes......Page 950
Chemical Kinetic Data for Stratospheric Modeling......Page 951
Kinetic Data for Combustion Modeling......Page 966
Section 6: Fluid Properties......Page 981
Thermodynamic Properties of Air......Page 983
Properties of Water in the Range 0-100°C......Page 985
Enthalpy of Vaporization of Water......Page 986
Fixed Point Properties of H2O and D2O......Page 987
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated H2O and D2O......Page 988
Standard Density of Water......Page 989
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water......Page 990
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions......Page 992
Density of D2O......Page 993
Vapor Pressure of Ice......Page 994
Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C......Page 995
Boiling Point of Water at Various Pressures......Page 997
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure......Page 998
Properties of Water and Steam as a Function of Temperature and Pressure......Page 999
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure......Page 1001
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies......Page 1002
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids......Page 1003
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases......Page 1012
Van der Waals Constants for Gases......Page 1032
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases......Page 1033
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points......Page 1034
Critical Constants......Page 1035
Sublimation Pressure of Solids......Page 1051
Vapor Pressure......Page 1054
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K......Page 1082
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions......Page 1093
IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration......Page 1094
Enthalpy of Vaporization......Page 1095
Enthalpy of Fusion......Page 1111
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Liquid Density......Page 1126
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids......Page 1128
Properties of Liquid Helium......Page 1129
Properties of Refrigerants......Page 1130
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury......Page 1133
Thermal Properties of Mercury......Page 1134
Vapor Pressure of Mercury......Page 1135
Surface Tension of Common Liquids......Page 1136
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures......Page 1140
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids......Page 1141
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases......Page 1164
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures......Page 1166
Viscosity of Gases......Page 1187
Viscosity of Liquids......Page 1189
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide along the Saturation Line......Page 1194
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions......Page 1195
Viscosity of Liquid Metals......Page 1196
Thermal Conductivity of Gases......Page 1198
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids......Page 1200
Diffusion in Gases......Page 1206
Diffusion of Gases in Water......Page 1208
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution......Page 1209
Section 7: Biochemistry......Page 1210
Properties of Amino Acids......Page 1211
Structures of Common Amino Acids......Page 1213
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases......Page 1214
The Genetic Code......Page 1215
Properties of Fatty Acids......Page 1216
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols......Page 1217
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biochemical Species......Page 1219
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water......Page 1222
Biological Buffers......Page 1225
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods......Page 1226
Chemical Composition of the Human Body......Page 1227
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry......Page 1228
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents......Page 1229
Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 1233
Standard Solutions of Oxidation and Reduction Reagents......Page 1235
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances......Page 1236
Flame and Bead Tests......Page 1244
Acid-Base Indicators......Page 1246
Fluorescent Indicators......Page 1249
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions......Page 1251
Electrochemical Series......Page 1252
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals......Page 1263
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions......Page 1266
Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters......Page 1271
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25°C......Page 1273
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases......Page 1274
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases......Page 1276
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity......Page 1287
Ion Product of Water Substance......Page 1314
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water......Page 1315
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water......Page 1316
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures......Page 1320
Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds......Page 1321
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures......Page 1351
Solubility Product Constants......Page 1360
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures......Page 1364
Solubility Chart......Page 1365
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacum......Page 1368
Volume of One Gram of Water......Page 1369
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography......Page 1370
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry......Page 1371
13C Chemical Shifts of Useful NMR Solvents......Page 1372
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents......Page 1373
Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy......Page 1379
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds......Page 1380
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds......Page 1394
Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules......Page 1396
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules......Page 1423
Dipole Moments......Page 1424
Strengths of Chemical Bonds......Page 1431
Electronegativity......Page 1455
Force Constants for Bond Stretching......Page 1456
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules......Page 1457
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules......Page 1461
Infrared Correlation Charts......Page 1467
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy......Page 1472
Proton NMR Chemical Shifts for Characteristic Organic Structures......Page 1475
13C NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups......Page 1476
Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics......Page 1477
Line Spectra of the Elements......Page 1478
NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables......Page 1565
Electron Affinities......Page 1624
Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities......Page 1644
Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions......Page 1660
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules......Page 1663
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels......Page 1681
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements......Page 1685
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines......Page 1691
Photon Attenuation Coefficients......Page 1692
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation......Page 1697
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths......Page 1699
Black Body Radiation......Page 1700
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors......Page 1702
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals......Page 1703
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses......Page 1708
Index of Refraction of Water......Page 1709
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes......Page 1710
Index of Refraction of Air......Page 1711
Characteristics of Laser Sources......Page 1712
Infrared Laser Frequencies......Page 1719
Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards......Page 1727
Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics......Page 1732
Summary Tables of Particle Properties......Page 1733
Table of the Isotopes......Page 1905
Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties......Page 2057
Cosmic Radiation......Page 2073
Section 12: Properties of Solids......Page 2078
Techniques for Materials Characterizatio......Page 2079
Symmetry of Crystals......Page 2085
Ionic Radii in Crystals......Page 2092
Polarizability of Atoms and Ions in Solids......Page 2095
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements......Page 2097
Lattice Energies......Page 2098
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy......Page 2112
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals......Page 2113
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals......Page 2121
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys......Page 2124
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids......Page 2128
Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals......Page 2137
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals......Page 2139
Dielectric Constants of Glasses......Page 2140
Properties of Superconductors......Page 2141
High Temperature Superconductors......Page 2168
Organic Superconductors......Page 2171
Properties of Semiconductors......Page 2174
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors......Page 2185
Properties of Magnetic Materials......Page 2194
Organic Magnets......Page 2203
Electron Work Function of the Elements......Page 2207
Secondary Electron Emission......Page 2208
Optical Properties of Selected Elements......Page 2210
Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids......Page 2234
Elasto-optic, Electro-optic, and Magneto-optic Constants......Page 2256
Nonlinear Optical Constants......Page 2273
Phase Diagrams......Page 2277
Heat Capacity of Selected Solids......Page 2295
Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals......Page 2296
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature......Page 2298
Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature......Page 2300
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics......Page 2301
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials......Page 2303
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses......Page 2305
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals......Page 2309
Commercial Metals and Alloys......Page 2311
Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics......Page 2312
Section 13: Polymer Properties......Page 2314
Nomenclature for Organic Polymers......Page 2315
Solvents for Common Polymers......Page 2321
Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers......Page 2322
Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers......Page 2330
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationship for Polymer Melts......Page 2331
Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions......Page 2336
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics......Page 2355
Astronomical Constants......Page 2356
Properties of the Solar System......Page 2357
Satellites of the Planets......Page 2359
Interstellar Molecules......Page 2361
Mass, Dimensions, and other Parameters of the Earth......Page 2364
Geological Time Scale......Page 2366
Acceleration Due to Gravity......Page 2367
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth......Page 2368
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude......Page 2369
Properties of Seawater......Page 2370
Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea......Page 2372
Solar Spectral Irradiance......Page 2373
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)......Page 2374
Geographical and Seasonal Variation in Solar Radiation......Page 2381
Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere......Page 2382
Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2000......Page 2383
Mean Temperatures in the United States, 1900-1992......Page 2385
Global Temperature Trend, 1856-2000......Page 2387
Atmospheric Electricity......Page 2388
Speed of Sound in Various Media......Page 2396
Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency......Page 2398
Speed of Sound in Dry Air......Page 2399
Musical Scales......Page 2400
Characteristics of Human Hearing......Page 2402
Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data......Page 2404
Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables......Page 2405
Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale......Page 2420
Laboratory Solvents and other Liquid Reagents......Page 2422
Miscibility of Organic Solvents......Page 2432
Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature......Page 2434
Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure......Page 2435
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation......Page 2436
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression......Page 2437
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution......Page 2438
Correction of Barometer Readings to 0°C Temperature......Page 2439
Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point......Page 2440
Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures......Page 2441
Constant Humidity Solutions......Page 2442
Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration......Page 2443
Low Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature......Page 2444
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature......Page 2445
Wire Tables......Page 2447
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids......Page 2448
Density of Various Solids......Page 2449
Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures......Page 2450
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials......Page 2451
Coefficient of Friction......Page 2457
Flame Temperatures......Page 2459
Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum......Page 2460
Section 16: Health and Safety Information......Page 2462
Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories......Page 2463
Flammability of Chemical Substances......Page 2478
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants......Page 2494
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients......Page 2505
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation......Page 2510
Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides......Page 2511
Chemical Carcinogens......Page 2515
Appendix A: Mathematical Tables......Page 2520
Miscellaneous Mathematical Constants......Page 2521
Decimal Equivalents of Common Fractions......Page 2522
Quadratic Formula......Page 2523
Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms......Page 2524
Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places......Page 2529
Relation of Angular Functions in Terms of One Another......Page 2533
Derivatives......Page 2534
Integration......Page 2537
Integrals......Page 2542
Differential Equations......Page 2578
Fourier Series......Page 2590
Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions......Page 2593
The Fourier Transforms......Page 2595
Series Expansion......Page 2600
Vector Analysis......Page 2604
Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates......Page 2614
Transformation of Integrals......Page 2616
Moment of Inertial for Various Bodies of Mass......Page 2617
Bessel Functions......Page 2618
The Factorial Function......Page 2621
The Gamma Function......Page 2639
The Beta Function......Page 2641
The Error Function......Page 2642
Orthogonal Polynomials......Page 2643
Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials......Page 2646
Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients......Page 2647
Normal Probability Function......Page 2649
Percentage Points, Student's t-Distribution......Page 2651
Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution......Page 2652
Percentage Points, F-Distribution......Page 2653
APPENDIX B: SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA......Page 2656
SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA......Page 2657