مشخصات کتاب

Handbook of astrobiology

دسته بندی: بیوفیزیک
ویرایش: 1st 
نویسندگان: Vera M,  Kolb,  ed  
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 9781351661119 
ناشر: CRC Press 
سال نشر: 2019 
تعداد صفحات: 867 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 20 مگابایت 

کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب کتاب راهنمای اختر زیست شناسی: اگزوبیولوژی، اختر زیست شناسی، حیات فرازمینی، حیات، تعریف، زیست شناسی، کلی، منشأ حیات، تکامل، اخترفیزیک-بیولوژیکی، اخترفیزیک، بیوسفر

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Astrobiology is defined as the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe (NASA’s definition; Des Marais et al. 2008). Astrobiology seeks to answer fundamental questions about the beginning and evolution of life on Earth, possible existence of extraterrestrial life, and the future of life on Earth and beyond. Astrobiology scope is delineated in the NASA’s astrobiology roadmap (Des Marais et al. 2008). Specific goals include understanding the emergence of life on Earth, determining how the early life on Earth interacted and evolved with its changing environment, understanding the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life, exploring habitable environments in our solar system and searching for life, understanding the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the universe, and recognizing signatures of life on the early Earth and on other worlds. The NASA’s astrobiology map is being updated as the astrobiology field advances. A similar roadmap has been developed for astrobiology research in Europe (Horneck et al. 2015, 2016). The topic of these roadmaps is further discussed and updated in Section 1 of this handbook. Astrobiology is a young science that acquired its name only in 1995 (named by Wes Huntress from NASA; Catling 2013). Astrobiology evolved from its predecessor, exobiology, which is the study of the origin of life and of possible life outside Earth (Dick and Strick 2004; Dick 2007). The term exobiology was coined in 1960 (by Joshua Lederberg). The difference between the two fields is that astrobiology is broader and notably includes the evolution of life on Earth. The exobiology era coincided with the space missions, notably the Viking mission on Mars in 1976, which followed a series of reconnaissance missions in the 1960s and early 1970s. The Viking mission searched for the microbial life on Mars (DiGregorio 1997; Jones 2004), but it did not confirm its existence. The early experiments that used radio astronomy to search for extraterrestrial intelligence by the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) program (Tarter 2007) did not result in positive findings. In 1996, the analysis of the Martian meteorite ALH84001, which was found in Antarctica, indicated possible presence of the fossils of bacterial life (Goldsmith 1997; Jones 2004), but the results were not convincing enough. Disappointments regarding a lack of positive results in the search for extraterrestrial life (Dick and Strick 2004; Dick 2007, 2012) continue to this date. The only life we know of is the life on Earth. Search for extraterrestrial life and extraterrestrial intelligence is further discussed in Sections 10 through 12 of this handbook. While astrobiology is a new science, it comes from a very old and long history of ideas, which go all the way back to the antiquity. The history of one of the core ideas of astrobiology, a possibility of extraterrestrial life, is described in the books: “Plurality of worlds: The origins of the extraterrestrial life debate from Democritus to Kant” (Dick 1984), “The extraterrestrial life debate, 1750–1900” (Crowe 1999), “Medieval cosmology: Theories of infinity, place, time, void, and the plurality of worlds” (Duhem 1987), and other sources. A comprehensive coverage of the ideas about extraterrestrial intelligent life is covered in the books: “Extraterrestrials: Science and alien intelligence” (Regis 1987), “Extraterrestrials: Where are they?” (Zuckerman and Hart 1995), “Beyond contact: A guide to SETI and communicating with alien civilizations” (McConnell 2001), and “Civilizations beyond Earth: Extraterrestrial life and society” (Vakoch and Harrison 2013), among other sources. The future of life on Earth and its potential uniqueness are discussed in the books “The life and death of planet Earth: How the new science of astrobiology charts the ultimate fate of our world” (Ward and Brownlee 2002), and “Rare Earth: Why complex life is uncommon in the universe” (Ward and Brownlee 2004). Search for exoplanets, some of which may be habitable, is a subject of recent studies (Kasting 2010; Summers and Trefil 2017). This subject is further covered in Section 12 of this handbook. The major hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth, which later became accepted as a key foundation of both exobiology and astrobiology, was proposed independently by A.I. Oparin in 1924 and J. B. S. Haldane in 1929 (Oparin 1965, 1968, 1994; Deamer and Fleischaker 1994; Haldane 1994). This hypothesis states that the origin of life on Earth can be understood based only on the laws of chemistry and physics. Life arose in Earth’s distant past by chemical reactions and physical processes under the specific conditions on the early Earth and over a long period of time. Numerous rapid developments based on the Oparin–Haldane proposal followed (Miller and Orgel 1974; Mason 1991; Brack 2000; Zubay 2000; Chela-Flores 2001, 2011; Fenchel 2002; Lurquin 2003; Gilmour and Sephton 2004; Luisi 2006; Sullivan and Baross 2007; Sullivan and Carney 2007; Kolb 2014a; Longstaff 2015). New developments on chemical origins of life and prebiotic chemistry are covered in Section 5 of this handbook.

فهرست مطالب

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Editor......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
SECTION I: Astrobiology: Definition, Scope, and Education......Page 22
Chapter 1.1 Astrobiology: Definition, Scope, and a Brief Overview......Page 24
Chapter 1.2 Astrobiology Goals: NASA Strategy and European Roadmap......Page 36
Chapter 1.3 Online, Classroom and Wilderness Teaching Environments: Reaching Astrobiology Learners of All Ages Around the World......Page 48
Chapter 1.4 Astrobiology as a Medium of Science Education......Page 66
Chapter 1.5 Astrobiology-as-Origins-Story: Education and Inspiration across Cultures......Page 70
SECTION II: Definition and Nature Of Life......Page 76
Chapter 2.1 Defining Life: Multiple Perspectives......Page 78
Chapter 2.2 A Generalized and Universalized Definition of Life Applicable to Extraterrestrial Environments......Page 86
Chapter 2.3 Synthetic Cells and Minimal Life......Page 96
Chapter 2.4 Communication as the Main Characteristic of Life......Page 112
SECTION III: Origin of Life: History, Philosophical Aspects, and Major Developments......Page 128
Chapter 3.1 Philosophical Aspects of the Origin-of-Life Problem: Neither by Chance Nor by Design......Page 130
Chapter 3.2 Charles Darwin and the Plurality of Worlds: Are We Alone?......Page 146
Chapter 3.3 An Early History from Buffon to Oparin......Page 158
SECTION IV: Chemical Origins of Life: Chemicals in the Universe and Their Delivery on the Early Earth; Geology and Atmosphere on the Early Earth......Page 166
Chapter 4.1 Interstellar Molecules and Their Prebiotic Potential......Page 168
Chapter 4.2 Formation and Delivery of Complex Organic Molecules to the Solar System and Early Earth......Page 186
Chapter 4.3 Organic Molecules in Meteorites and Their Astrobiological Significance......Page 198
Chapter 4.4 Ancient Life and Plate Tectonics......Page 216
Chapter 4.5 Atmosphere on Early Earth and Its Evolution as It Impacted Life......Page 228
SECTION V: Chemical Origin of Life: Prebiotic Chemistry......Page 238
Chapter 5.1 Prebiotic Chemistry That Led to Life......Page 240
Chapter 5.2 Prebiotic Chemical Pathways to RNA and the Importance of Its Compartmentation......Page 256
Chapter 5.3 The Hydrothermal Impact Crater Lakes: The Crucibles of Life’s Origin......Page 286
Chapter 5.4 Prebiotic Chemistry in Hydrothermal Vent Systems......Page 318
Chapter 5.5 Prebiotic Reactions in Water, “On Water,” in Superheated Water, Solventless, and in the Solid State......Page 352
Chapter 5.6 The Origin and Amplification of Chirality Leading to Biological Homochirality......Page 362
Chapter 5.7 Phosphorus in Prebiotic Chemistry—An Update and a Note on Plausibility......Page 376
Chapter 5.8 Phosphorylation on the Early Earth: The Role of Phosphorus in Biochemistry and Its Bioavailability......Page 382
Chapter 5.9 Silicon and Life......Page 392
SECTION VI: RNA and RNA World: Complexity of Life’s Origins......Page 398
Chapter 6.1 Transitions: RNA and Ribozymes in the Development of Life......Page 400
Chapter 6.2 Three Ways to Make an RNA Sequence: Steps from Chemistry to the RNA World......Page 416
Chapter 6.3 Coevolution of RNA and Peptides......Page 430
Chapter 6.4 Role of Cations in RNA Folding and Function......Page 442
Chapter 6.5 The Origin of Life as an Evolutionary Process: Representative Case Studies......Page 458
Chapter 6.6 The Complexity of Life’s Origins: A Physicochemical View......Page 484
SECTION VII: Origin of Life: Early Compartmentalization—Coacervates and Protocells......Page 502
Chapter 7.1 Oparin’s Coacervates......Page 504
Chapter 7.2 Protocell Emergence and Evolution......Page 512
SECTION VIII: Origin of Life and Its Diversification. Universal Tree of Life. Early Primitive Life on Earth. Fossils of Ancient Microorganisms. Biomarkers and Detection of Life......Page 540
Chapter 8.1 The Progenote, Last Universal Common Ancestor, and the Root of the Cellular Tree of Life......Page 542
Chapter 8.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Microbial Evolution......Page 548
Chapter 8.3 Viruses in the Origin of Life and Its Subsequent Diversification......Page 556
Chapter 8.4 Carl R. Woese and the Journey toward a Universal Tree of Life......Page 576
Chapter 8.5 Fossils of Ancient Microorganisms......Page 588
Chapter 8.6 Biomarkers and Their Raman Spectral Signatures: An Analytical Challenge in Astrobiology......Page 618
Chapter 8.7 Fossilization of Bacteria and Implications for the Search for Early Life on Earth and Astrobiology Missions to Mars......Page 630
SECTION IX: Life under Extreme Conditions—Microbes in Space......Page 654
Chapter 9.1 Extremophiles and Their Natural Niches on Earth......Page 656
Chapter 9.2 Microbes in Space......Page 682
Chapter 9.3 Virus Evolution and Ecology: Role of Viruses in Adaptation of Life to Extreme Environments......Page 698
SECTION X: Habitability: Characteristics of Habitable Planets......Page 704
Chapter 10.1 The Evolution of Habitability: Characteristics of Habitable Planets......Page 706
SECTION XI: Intelligent Life in Space: History, Philosophy, and SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)......Page 720
Chapter 11.1 Mind in Universe: On the Origin, Evolution, and Distribution of Intelligent Life in Space......Page 722
Chapter 11.2 Where Are They? Implications of the Drake Equation and the Fermi Paradox......Page 738
Chapter 11.3 SETI: Its Goals and Accomplishments......Page 748
Chapter 11.4 Humanistic Implications of Discovering Life Beyond Earth......Page 762
SECTION XII: Exoplanets, Exploration of Solar System, the Search for Extraterrestrial Life in Our Solar System, and Planetary Protection......Page 778
Chapter 12.1 Exoplanets: Methods for Their Detection and Their Habitability Potential......Page 780
Chapter 12.2 Solar System Exploration: Small Bodies and Their Chemical and Physical Conditions......Page 796
Chapter 12.3 Solar System Exploration: Icy Moons and Their Habitability......Page 808
Chapter 12.4 Searching for Extraterrestrial Life in Our Solar System......Page 822
Chapter 12.5 Planetary Protection......Page 840
Index......Page 856

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