Handbook of Algal Science, Technology and Medicine

Cover
Handbook of Algal Science,
Technology and Medicine
Copyright
Contributors
Editor biography
Preface
	References
Acknowledgments
Part I: Introduction to the algal science, technology, and medicine
1
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal science, technology, and medicine
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
	Acknowledgments
	References
2
100 Citation classics in the algal science, technology, and medicine: A scientometric analysis
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Algal bioenergy and biofuels
				Algal biomedicine
				Algal photosynthesis
				Algal ecology
				Algal toxicology
				Algal food
				Algal genomics
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
	Acknowledgments
	References
Part II: Algal structures
3
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal structures
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Composition
				Flagellar structures
				Phylogeny
				Evolution
				Silica structures in diatoms
				Other fronts
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
	Acknowledgments
	References
4
Anatomy of Euglena gracilis
	General overview
	Pellicle and metaboly
	Flagellar apparatus
	Mitochondrion
	Chloroplasts
	Nucleus
	Locomotion
	Photoreceptor system
	Photoreception
	Practical importance
	References
5
Biology and ecology of Northwest Atlantic seaweeds
	Introduction
	General seaweed biology
		What are algae?
		Types of seaweeds and their habitats
		Anatomy and morphology
		Life history patterns
		Seasonality and phenotypic patterns
	Seaweed communities and zonation patterns
		Rocky open coastal systems
		Spray zone
		Intertidal zone
		Subtidal zone
		Estuaries and salt marshes
		Drift and unattached macroalgae
		Biogeographic patterns
		Introduced species
		Global warming and sea level rise
		Pollution and algal blooms
		Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
6
Autecology of Northwest Atlantic fucoid algae
	Introduction
	General reproductive and growth patterns
	Reproductive biomass patterns
	Limicolous populations
	Unique brackish water populations
	Effects of water motion
	Ice damage
	Functional roles of fucoids in estuarine habitats
	Acknowledgments
	References
Part III: Algal genomics
7
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal genomics
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Phylogeny of algae
					Microalgae
					Diatoms
					Cyanobacteria
					Dinoflagellates
				Genomic methodology of algae
					Cyanobacteria
					Microalgae
				Ecology of algae
					Cyanobacteria
					Microalgae
				Other research fronts
					Algal structures
					Algal biofuels
					Algal photosynthesis
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets used for the search of the literature on the algal genomics
		Genomics related keywords
		Algae-related keywords
			Algae general
			Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores
			Microalgae
			Macroalgae
			Diatoms
			Cyanobacteria
			Algae-related journals
			Acknowledgments
	References
8
Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for production of platform chemicals: A synthetic biology approach
	Introduction
	Cyanobacteria: A chassis for platform chemicals
	Strategies for enhancing the titers of platform chemicals in cyanobacterial strains
	Engineering model cyanobacterial strains for platform chemicals
		Pyruvate derived products
			Lactate
			2,3-Butanediol
			Isobutylaldehyde, isobutanol, 1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol
			Isoprene and squalene
		Acetyl-CoA derived products
			Acetone and isopropanol
		Tricarboxylic acid cycle derived products
			Succinate
			Ethylene
		DHAP derived products
			1,2-Propanediol and 1,3-propanediol
	Synthetic biology tools for enhancing the yields in model cyanobacterial strains
		Promoters
		Transcriptional terminators
		Ribosomal binding sites
	Future outlook and challenges
	Acknowledgments
	References
9 
Genomics perspectives on cyanobacteria research
	Cyanobacteria, their toxins and natural products
	PCR based methods
	Non-PCR based methods
	Next-generation sequencing
	Phylogeny and biogeography
	Biodiscovery of new compounds
	Water quality management
	References
10
Using new techniques to study old favorites: A case study of Euglena
	Introduction to Euglena
		Historical research
	Sequencing Euglena
		Transcriptome sequencing
		Genome sequencing
			Plastid genome
			Mitochondrial genome
			Nuclear genome
	Euglena proteomics
	Metabolites in Euglena
		Central metabolites
		Specialized metabolites
	Euglena glycomics
		Paramylon
		Protein glycosylation
		Surface glycans
	Biotechnology exploiting Euglena
	Conclusions
	References
11
Exploring ‘omics’ approaches: Towards understanding the essence of stress phenomena in diatoms and haptophytes
	Introduction
	Revolution of ‘omics’ approaches in diatoms and haptophytes
		Genomics
		Transcriptomics
		Proteomics
		Metabolomics and lipidomics
	Role of ‘omics’ approaches in understanding stress response in diatoms
	Role of ‘omics’ approaches in understanding stress response in haptophytes
	Potential application of ‘omics’ tools in reconstruction of biosynthetic pathways for the production of commercia ...
	Conclusions and future prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
Part IV: Algal photosystems and photosynthesis
12
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal photosystems and photosynthesis
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Photosystems
					Algae/phytoplankton
					Cyanobacteria
				Photosynthesis
					Algae/phytoplankton
					Microalgae
					Cyanobacteria
				Carbon concentration mechanisms
					Algae/phytoplankton
					Cyanobacteria
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix: The keyword sets
		Photosystems and photosynthesis related keywords
		Algae related keywords
			Algal general
			Dinoflagellates & coccolithophores
			Microalgae
			Macroalgae
			Diatoms
			Cyanobacteria
			Journals
		Cross-subject keywords
	References
	Further reading
13
Photosynthesis in diatoms
	Introduction
	Diatom lipids
		Lipid composition of thylakoid membranes
		Fatty acid composition of thylakoid membrane lipids
		Changes of lipid and fatty acid composition by abiotic stress or nutrient deprivation
		Function of thylakoid membrane lipids
	Diatom light-harvesting complexes
		FCP proteins
		Native structure of FCPs
		Function of FCPs
	Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport
		Nonphotochemical quenching
		Alternative electron transport
	Dark reactions in photosynthesis
	References
14
The pioneering research on the cyanobacterial photosystems and photosynthesis
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		The research landscape
		The pioneering research on the cyanobacterial photosystems
		The pioneering research on the cyanobacterial photosynthesis
	Discussion
		The research landscape
		The pioneering research on the cyanobacterial photosystems
		The pioneering research on the cyanobacterial photosynthesis
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Photosynthesis related keywords
		Cyanobacteria-related keywords
		Cross-subject keywords
		Acknowledgment
	References
15
Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria: Basic traits, regulation and biotechnological application
	Introduction
	Carbon (C) metabolism
	Nitrogen (N) metabolism
	Regulation and coordination between C and N metabolic pathways
	Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	Competing interests
	References
Part V: Algal ecology
16
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal ecology
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
		Phytoplankton growth
		Harmful algal blooms
		Primary production
		Climate
		Other research fronts
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix: The keyword sets
		Keywords related to ecology
		Keywords related to the algae
		Excluding keywords
	References
17
Macroalgae as a tool for coastal management in the Mediterranean Sea
	Introduction
	What are macroalgae?
	Why can macroalgae constitute a valuable tool for coastal management?
	Take care: Misidentifications can spoil a powerful tool
	Biological indicators
		Delineation of biogeographic provinces
		Indicators of global warming, based on changes in their distribution area
		Multispecies indices of water quality
		Ecosystem-based quality indices (EBQIs)
	Management of outstanding species
	Discussion and conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
18
Linking phytoplankton community structure to aquatic ecosystem functioning: A mini-review of the current status and future ...
	Phytoplankton use in biomonitoring activities
	Why use phytoplankton community structure as an index of ecosystem functioning?
	Stressor-response relationships within aquatic ecosystems
	Traits in river phytoplankton biomonitoring
	Estuarine phytoplankton community shifts: What’s in a life form?
	Framework around phytoplankton biomonitoring
	Current status and future direction
	References
19
Microalgae culture technology for carbon dioxide biomitigation
	Introduction
	Mechanism of CO 2 assimilation via microalgae photosynthesis
	Algal cultivation conditions
		Photoautotrophic cultivation
		Heterotrophic cultivation
		Mixotrophic cultivation
		Photoheterotrophic cultivation
	Algal cultivation systems
	Factors effecting microalgae cultivation process
		Light intensity
		Light wavelength, λ max
		Macro and micro-nutrients
		pH of the algal culture
		Temperature of the algal culture
	Carbon dioxide fixation strategies
	Conclusions
	References
Part V: Algal ecology
20
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal bioenergy and biofuels
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Biodiesel and lipid production
				Biofuel production
				Other research fronts
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Energy and fuels keywords
			Core energy journals
			Energy and fuels keywords
		Algae keywords
			Algal general
			Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores
			Microalgae
			Macroalgae
			Diatoms
			Cyanobacteria
			Journals
			Excluding keywords
			Acknowledgment
	References
	Further reading
21
Overview of microalgal cultivation, biomass processing and application
	Introduction
	Environmental and nutritional requirements for microalgal growth
		Light
		Temperature
		Nutrients
	Microalgal cultivation systems for biomass production
		Open cultivation systems
		Closed cultivation systems
		Microalgae growing techniques
	Microalgal downstream processing chain
		Harvesting
		Drying
		Cell disruption and compounds extraction
	Microalgal applications
		Biofuels
		Wastewater treatment
		Food and feed
		Other applications
	Conclusions
	References
22
Application of microalgae for the production of biodiesel fuel
	Advantages of the use of microalgae biomass for biofuel production
	Triglyceride transesterification process
	Use of homogeneous catalysis in biodiesel synthesis from microalgal oil
		Application of acid catalysis for microalgal oil transesterification
		Application of alkaline catalysis for microalgal oil transesterification
		Biodiesel fuel synthesis applying heterogeneous catalysis
		Heterogeneous catalysis with enzymes as catalysts
		Properties of biodiesel obtained from microalgal oil
	Conclusions
	References
23
Microalgal hydrogen production in the framework of bioeconomy
	Biological hydrogen production as renewable energy
	Hydrogen production with microalgae: Physiology and metabolism
	Biotechnology of microalgae for hydrogen production: Improvement of H 2 production efficiency
	Microalgal utilization of wastewaters as substrate for growth and hydrogen production with microalgae
	Role of biohydrogen production with microalgae in bioeconomy
		Utilization of solar energy
		Recovery of waste material and conversion into biofuel
		Production of high added value bio-products
	Future perspectives
	References
24
Bioelectricity generation in algal microbial fuel cells
	Introduction
	Role of algae in microbial fuel cells
		Algae as a biocatholyte
		Algae as substrate
		Algal biofilm assisted microbial fuel cells
	Electron transport and transfer mechanisms in algae
	Performance evaluation of algal microbial fuel cells
		Algal MFCs and bioelectricity generation
		Algal MFCs and wastewater treatment
		Beneficial algal byproducts in MFCs
	Conclusions
	References
25
The pioneering research on the bioethanol production from green macroalgae
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		The research landscape
		Pioneering research on the pretreatments of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
		Pioneering research on the acid hydrolysis of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
		Pioneering research on the enzymatic hydrolysis of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
		Pioneering research on the fermentation of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
	Discussion
		The research landscape
		Pioneering research on the pretreatments of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
		Pioneering research on the acid hydrolysis of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
		Pioneering research on the enzymatic hydrolysis of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
		Pioneering research on the fermentation of green macroalgae for bioethanol production
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Ethanol-related keywords
		Green macrolgae-related keywords
	References
	Further reading
Part VII: Algal biomedicine
26
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal biomedicine
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Alginates
				Agaroses
				Channelrhodopsins
				Other research fronts
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Biomedicine related keywords
			Keywords related to the subject categories
			Keywords related to the journal titles
			Keywords related to the paper titles
		Keywords related to the algae
			Algae in general
			Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores
			Microalgae
			Macroalgae
			Diatoms
			Cyanobacteria
			Journals
		Cross-subject keywords
	References
27
Microalgal biotechnology applied in biomedicine
	Introduction
	Microalgae
	Bioactive compounds and their properties
		Proteins
		Lipids
		Carbohydrates
		Phenolic compounds
		Vitamins
	Bioengineering of microalgae for the synthesis of bioactive compounds
	Microalgal biomass applied in biomedicine
	Future perspectives
	Conclusion
	References
28
Applications of cyanobacteria in biomedicine
	Introduction (scope of the review)
	Improving access to natural products as biomedical compounds
	New approaches to the value of biomedical natural products
	Activity profiling of extracts of cyanobacteria
	Natural products as novel pharmaceutical drugs and biomedical tools
	Role of systems biology in cyanobacterial drug discovery and biomedical compounds
	Model for systems biology based cyanobacterial drug discovery
	Identification of drug targets
	Virtual screening
	Cyanobacteria involvement in production of biomedical metabolites
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
29
Health benefits of bioactive seaweed substances
	Introduction
	Applications of bioactive seaweed substances in health products
	Health benefits of bioactive seaweed substances
		Anti-tumor effects
		Immunoregulation properties
		Anti-oxidant properties
		Reduction of blood pressure
		Reduction of blood sugar
		Reduction of blood fat
		Anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties
		Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties
		Anti-bacteria and anti-virus properties
		Anti-HIV properties
		Anti-fatigue properties
		Anti-aging properties
		Absorption of heavy metal ions
		Suppression of esophageal and esophageal reflux
		Bulking of fecal contents and relief of constipation
		Slimming properties
		Anti-diabetic properties
		Deodorant properties
		Anti-acne properties
		Anti-depression properties
		Protection against radiation
		Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase
		Skin whitening effect
	Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
30
The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		The research landscape
		The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates only
		The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates and chitosan
		The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates and other biomaterials
	Discussion
		The research landscape
		The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates only
		The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates and chitosan
		The pioneering research on the wound care by alginates and other biomaterials
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Alginate-related keywords
		Wound-related keywords
	References
Part VIII: Algal foods
31
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal foods
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Sulfated polysaccharides
				Fucoidans
				Algal foods
				Other research fronts
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Algae and foods separate keywords
			Foods
			Keywords related to the algae
				Algal general
				Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores
				Microalgae
				Macroalgae
				Diatoms
				Cyanobacteria
				Journals
		Algal foods- cross-subject keywords
		Acknowledgments
	References
32
Microalgae: A new and promising source of food
	Introduction
	Microalgae composition
	Microalgae as source of food
		Nutritional properties
		Nutraceutical properties
		Techno-functional properties
	Microalgae as feed
	Final considerations
	References
Part IX: Algal toxicology
33
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal toxicology
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Algal toxins
					Dinoflagellates-okadaic acid
					Cyanobacteria-microcystins
					Cyanobacterial toxins in general
				Harmful algal blooms
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix. The keyword sets
		Algal toxicology direct keywords
		Combined keyword sets
			Toxicology
			Algae
				Algal general
				Phytoplankton, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores
				Microalgae
				Macroalgae
				Diatoms
				Cyanobacteria
				Journals
	References
	Further reading
34
Toxic effects of harmful algal blooms on finfish and shellfish
	Introduction
	Impact of HAB species on finfish and shellfish industries
		Fish-killing species and its mechanism of detrimental effects
			Chattonella
			Karenia
			Cochlodinium
			Heterosigma
			Other species
		Effects of fish species and physiological conditions on survival rate
		Mass mortality and detrimental effects on molluscan shellfish
			Karenia mikimotoi
			Aureococcus anophagefferen
			Cochlodinium polykrikoides
			Heterocapsa circularisquama
			Other potentially toxic species to shellfish
		Adverse effects on gastropod species
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
35
Cyanobacterial toxins and their effects on human and animal health
	Introduction
	Types of toxins produced by cyanobacteria
		Hepatotoxins
		Cytotoxins
		Neurotoxins
			Anatoxin-a
			Anatoxin-a(S)
			Saxitoxins
			BMAA
		Dermatotoxins
			LPS
	Routes of exposure and poisoning incidents
		Animals
		Humans
			Water
				Recreational exposure
				Drinking water
				Aerosol
				Medical procedures
			Food
			Air
	Bioassays for cyanobacterial toxins
		Small animal
		Enzyme and molecular systems
	Detoxication, metabolism and deposition
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
36
Different intoxication mechanism between paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)- and/or tetrodotoxin-contaminated xanthid crabs an ...
	Introduction
	Food poisoning cases with xanthid crabs
	Toxicity of xanthid crabs
		Z. aeneus
		A. floridus
		P. granulosa
		Anatomical distribution of toxicity
	Origin of crab toxin
	Resistibility of toxic crabs to PST and TTX
		Live crabs
		Crab neurofibers
	PST contamination of edible shore crabs T. acutidens and C. japonica
	Some other toxic crabs
		D. perlata
		Horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
		‘Palytoxin’ (PTX)-bearing crabs
	Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of interest
	References
37
Microcystins as environmental and human health hazards
	Introduction
	What are microcystins?
		Structure, synthesis, and possible functions
		Mode of action and toxicity
	Environmental fate and risk posed
	Human exposure risk
	Detoxification
	Countermeasures: The Green Liver System
	Concluding remarks
	References
Part X: Algal bioremediation
38
The scientometric analysis of the research on the algal bioremediation
	Introduction
	Materials and methodology
	Results
		Documents and indexes
		Keywords
		Authors
		Countries
		Institutions
		Research funding bodies
		Publication years
		Source titles
		Subject categories
		Research fronts
		Citation classics
			Scientometric overview of the citation classics
			Brief overview of the content of the citation classics
				Heavy metal bioremediation by algae
					Macroalgae
					Microalgae
					Algae
				Wastewater bioremediation by algae
				CO 2 bioremediation by algae
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix: The keyword sets
		Keywords related to bioremediation
		Keywords related to the algae
			Algal general
			Dinoflagellates and coccolithophores
			Microalgae
			Macroalgae
			Diatoms
			Cyanobacteria
			Journals
			Acknowledgment
	References
39
 Spirulina platensis as a model object for the environment bioremediation studies
	The necessity and importance of bioremediation studies
	Advisability of the use of Spirulina as a model object in bioremediation studies
	Sorption and accumulation of metals by Spirulina in mono and multicomponent systems
		Biosorption
			Biosorption isotherm models
			Kinetic models
		Bioaccumulation
	Detoxification of persistent organic pollutants by Spirulina
	Conclusions
	References
40
Exploring the potential of microalgae for the bioremediation of agro-industrial wastewaters
	Introduction
	Microalgae-based treatment of agroindustrial wastewaters
		Wastewater in the agroindustrial sector
		Fundamentals of pollutant removal in algal-bacterial systems
		Optimal design of photobioreactors for wastewater treatment
	Microbiology of microalgae-based wastewater treatment
	Harvesting of algal-bacterial biomass
		Optimization of harvesting strategy
		Coagulation-flocculation
		Bio-flocculation
	Valorization of the residual algal-bacterial biomass
		Biofertilizers
		Aquafeed
		Biogas
	Sustainability of the process
		Cultivation
		Harvesting
		Transformation
		CO 2 fixed as algal biomass
		Comparison of recent research
	Future trends
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
41
Microalgal bioremediation of heavy metals and dyes
	Introduction
	Textile operations
		Sizing and desizing
		Bleaching
		Mercerization
		Dyeing and printing
		Finishing
	Regulations for wastewater discharge and harmful effects of dyes and heavy metal ions
		Impact of azo dyes
		Dyes
	Treatment processes applied for textile wastewater and heavy metal ions
		Physical processes
			Adsorption
				Ion exchange
				Membrane filtration technologies
		Chemical treatment methods
			Chemical precipitation
			Oxidation methods
				Physicochemical treatment (coagulation-flocculation)
		Biological treatment methods
			Dyes treatment employing biological approaches
			Heavy metal ions treatment employing biological approaches
	Employing algae for textile wastewater treatment and heavy metals removal
		Algae and dyes
		Algae and heavy metals
			Metabolism-dependent biosorption
			Metabolism-independent biosorption
		Detoxification mechanism of heavy metals by microalgae
	Conclusion
	References
42
Biosorption of chemical species by Sargassum algal biomass: Equilibrium data, part I
	Introduction
	Data analysis using the Langmuir equation
	Free Gibbs energy of biosorption
		The pH effect
		The temperature effect
	Analysis of the chemical composition of native Sargassum worldwide
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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