Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Revised and Expanded

Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded......Page 1
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 3
Preface to the First Edition......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 5
Contributors......Page 8
II. EARLY HISTORY OF ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 0
III. MODERN ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS......Page 12
REFERENCES......Page 20
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 22
II. FINDING THE INFORMATION NEEDED......Page 24
A. Associations......Page 25
B. Books......Page 26
D. Courses and Conferences......Page 28
E. Directories and Market Research......Page 29
F. Government Agencies......Page 30
G. Journals and Trade Publications......Page 31
I. Manufacturers......Page 32
J. Online Sources......Page 33
III. SUMMARY......Page 34
NOTES TO THE APPENDICES......Page 35
APPENDIX A—ASSOCIATIONS......Page 36
APPENDIX B—BOOKS......Page 38
APPENDIX C—CONSULTANTS AND OTHER SERVICES......Page 41
APPENDIX D—COURSES AND CONFERENCES......Page 44
APPENDIX E—DIRECTORIES AND MARKET RESEARCH......Page 48
APPENDIX F—GOVERNMENT AGENCIES......Page 52
APPENDIX G—JOURNALS AND TRADE PUBLICATIONS......Page 56
APPENDIX H—ONLINE......Page 58
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 61
A. Mechanical Interlocking......Page 62
B. Electronic Theory......Page 63
C. Theory of Weak Boundary Layers: Concept of Interphase......Page 64
D. Adsorption (or Thermodynamic) Theory......Page 65
E. Diffusion Theory......Page 69
F. Chemical Bonding Theory......Page 71
III. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
I. INTRODUCTION: PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE......Page 76
II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MECHANICAL THEORY [8]......Page 77
III. SURFACES......Page 79
A. Roughness Factor......Page 83
B. Further Conceptual Development......Page 84
C. Fractal Surfaces......Page 85
A. Some Effects Observable on a Large Scale......Page 87
B. Microporous Surfaces......Page 89
C. Cognate Chemical Change......Page 90
D. Fractal Surfaces......Page 91
E. Development of Roughness on a Nanoscale......Page 92
VI. DISCUSSION......Page 94
VII. CODA......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 101
B. Role of Acid–Base Interactions in Physical Chemistry and Materials Science......Page 104
C. Hard and Soft Acids and Bases......Page 105
D. Drago’s E and C Parameters......Page 106
E. Gutmann’s Donor and Acceptor Numbers......Page 107
F. Bolger’s DA and DB Interaction Parameters......Page 109
A. The Thermodynamic or Reversible Work of Adhesion......Page 110
B. The 1978 Method of Fowkes and Mostafa......Page 111
IV. EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ACID–BASE PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS AND OTHER MATERIALS......Page 112
1. Determination of the Surface Tension Components......Page 113
2. Application of the vOCG Theory to the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Interactions of Proteins with Polymer Surfaces......Page 117
3. Contact Angle Titration......Page 118
B. Inverse Gas Chromatography......Page 119
1. Dispersive Properties......Page 120
2. Acid–Base Interactions......Page 123
3. Fiber–Matrix and Filler–Matrix Specific Interaction Parameters......Page 128
4. Linear Solvation Energy Relationship......Page 129
a. The Method of Simmons and Beard.......Page 132
c. Fermi Level Monitoring.......Page 134
b. Polymers: Sorption of Specific Probes.......Page 135
D. Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 140
SUMMARY......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 146
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 151
A. Polymer Brushes......Page 152
B. Interaction Between Surfaces (Bridging)......Page 154
A. Mean Field Theory (Tails and Loops)......Page 156
B. Scaling Theory......Page 158
C. Nonequilibrium Adsorption (Pseudo-Brushes)......Page 159
D. Interaction Between Surfaces, Bridging and Osmotic Repulsion......Page 160
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 164
II. ALGORITHMS USED IN MOLECULAR MECHANICS......Page 165
III. GENERALIZED PARTICLE/SURFACE AND PARTICLE/PARTICLE MODELS......Page 167
IV. ADHESION MODELS FOR WELL-DEFINED POLYMERS TO WELL-DEFINED SURFACES......Page 170
V. DYNAMIC ADHESION MODELING OF MOLECULARLY WELL-DEFINED SYSTEMS......Page 180
VI. CONCLUSION......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 186
A. Statistical Methods......Page 187
C. Simple Statistical Gel Theories......Page 188
1. Case 1: Case of Reaction of a Trifunctional Monomer with a Bifunctional Monomer......Page 189
2. Case 2: Case of Two Trifunctional Monomers......Page 190
3. Case 3: Case of Many Mono-, Bi-, Tri-, and Multifunctional Monomers......Page 191
A. Formulation of Phenol–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Cold–Set Adhesives......Page 193
B. Determining the Gel Point of an Adhesive Based on a Polycondensation Resin......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 198
II. PLASMA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT......Page 199
A. Plasma Processes......Page 200
B. Factors Infuencing Adhesion......Page 201
C. Plasma Activation and Reactions on the Surface......Page 202
D. Plasma-Induced Grafting......Page 204
E. Plasma Film Deposition......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 207
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 209
B. Deformable Layer Theory......Page 210
F. Oxide Reinforcement......Page 211
IV. METHODS OF USE IN ADHESIVE TECHNOLOGY......Page 212
A. Silane Coupling Reactions......Page 213
C. Performance of Silanes in Adhesive Technology......Page 215
VI. ZIRCONATES......Page 217
VII. TITANATES......Page 218
VIII. CHROMIUM-CONTAINING PROMOTERS......Page 220
B. Amines......Page 221
X. EFFECTS OTHER THAN ADHESION PROMOTION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
II. STANDARD TESTS......Page 226
III. SOME SELECTED STANDARDS......Page 227
1. Tensile Tests......Page 228
2. Shear Tests......Page 230
3. Peel Tests......Page 235
B. Environmental and Related Considerations......Page 237
C. Fracture Mechanics Techniques......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 253
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 256
II. ADHESION......Page 258
A. Tack......Page 260
B. Shear......Page 262
III. AGING TESTS......Page 264
VI. PACKAGING......Page 266
VII. HIGH TEMPERATURE MASKING TAPES......Page 268
VIII. ELECTRICAL TAPES......Page 269
IX. SPECIAL TESTS......Page 270
A. The Butt Tensile Test......Page 271
X. CONCLUSIONS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 276
II. ENVIRONMENT......Page 277
III. MATERIALS......Page 278
A. Adherends......Page 279
B. Adhesives/Primers......Page 286
V. MEANS TO IMPROVE DURABILITY......Page 289
VI. SUMMARY......Page 290
REFERENCES......Page 291
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 295
A. Average Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution......Page 296
B. Gel Permeation Chromatography and Size-Exclusion Chromatography......Page 299
C. Vibrational Spectroscopy......Page 303
D. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 309
E. Thermal Analysis......Page 315
1. Differential Thermal Analysis......Page 316
2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry......Page 318
3. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 324
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 327
A. Wood......Page 329
B. Adhesive......Page 331
1. Crack Initiation......Page 339
2. Crack Growth Stability......Page 340
4. Adhesive Layer Thickness......Page 343
5. Grain Angle......Page 344
6. Moisture......Page 346
7. Geometry......Page 347
A. Structural Joints......Page 348
B. Wood-Based Panels......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 350
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 353
A. Durability of Phenolic FRP–Wood Bonded Interface......Page 355
B. Durability of Epoxy FRP–Wood Interface......Page 356
IV. SHEAR STRENGTH OF FRP–WOOD BONDED INTERFACES......Page 358
B. Shear Strength of Epoxy FRP–Wood Bonded Interface......Page 360
V. MODE-I FRACTURE OF FRP–WOOD BONDED INTERFACES......Page 361
A. Design of CDCB Specimen for Mode-I Fracture......Page 362
B. Calibration and Analytical Predication of Compliance Rate Change......Page 363
C. Fracture Tests of Bonded Interfaces......Page 366
VI. FATIGUE FRACTURE OF FRP-WOOD INTERFACE......Page 371
A. Fatigue Tests......Page 372
B. Load Ratio Effects......Page 374
C. Summary of Fatigue Fracture Tests......Page 375
VII. GUIDELINES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF FRP-WOOD INTERFACES......Page 377
REFERENCES......Page 378
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 380
II. OVERVIEW OF SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES......Page 381
1. Principles......Page 388
2. Some Selected Applications......Page 397
B. Vibrational Spectroscopies......Page 404
1. Principles and Applications......Page 408
2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)......Page 418
3. Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy (GDOS)......Page 420
4. Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS)......Page 421
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 424
II. PHOTODEGRADATION OF ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS......Page 429
III. ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBERS......Page 430
IV. HINDERED AMINE LIGHT STABILIZERS......Page 432
V. ACCELERATED AGING OF POLYMERS......Page 434
VII. UV STABILITY OF ADHESIVE FILMS......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 438
II. MECHANISM OF THERMAL OXIDATION AND DEGRADATION......Page 440
III. ANTIOXIDANTS......Page 441
A. Stabilization of Polymers (Elastomers)......Page 443
1. Stablilization of Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymers......Page 444
3. Stabilization of Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene (SBS) Thermoplastic Elastomers (Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene Block Copolymer)......Page 445
4. Stabilization of Carboxylated Styrene–Butadiene (X-SBR) Latices......Page 446
1. Stabilization of Rosin Ester Tackifier Resins......Page 447
3. Effects of Tackifer Stability on the Physical Properties of a HMA......Page 448
C. Stabilization of Waxes......Page 449
1. EVA Hot-Melt Adhesives......Page 450
1. Stabilization of SIS Hot-Melt Adhesives......Page 452
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 453
REFERENCES......Page 454
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 455
A. Raw Material Source and Preparation......Page 456
B. Formulation......Page 457
C. Mixing, Application, and Pressing......Page 460
1. Soybean–Blood Glues......Page 461
2. Soybean–Casein Glues......Page 463
A. Raw Material Source and Preparation......Page 464
B. Formulation......Page 465
C. Mixing, Application, and Pressing......Page 468
B. Formulation......Page 470
C. Mixing, Application, and Pressing......Page 472
V. OTHER PROTEINS......Page 473
REFERENCES......Page 474
II. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION......Page 476
IV. MANUFACTURE OF ANIMAL GLUE......Page 478
V. PROPERTIES OF ANIMAL GLUES......Page 479
VI. GRADES AND TESTING......Page 480
VIII. FLEXIBLE AND NONWARP GLUES......Page 482
X. GLUE APPLICATION......Page 483
A. Bookbinding......Page 484
C. Paper Converting......Page 486
E. Woodworking......Page 487
G. Ore and Metal Re.ning......Page 488
2. Rubber Compounding......Page 489
6. Other Applications......Page 490
REFERENCES......Page 491
A. Cellulose Structure......Page 492
1. Esters......Page 493
1. Cellulose Nitrate......Page 495
5. Ethyl Cellulose......Page 496
A. Starch Structure......Page 497
1. Heat Treatment......Page 498
C. Dextrins......Page 499
D. Additives and Formulation Variables......Page 500
4. Viscosity Stabilizers......Page 501
2. Bag Manufacture......Page 502
4. Carton Sealing......Page 504
IV. ADHESIVES FROM NATURAL GUMS......Page 505
REFERENCES......Page 506
1. Self-seal envelope adhesive......Page 508
5. Tire cord adhesive......Page 509
IV. PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE TAPES......Page 510
REFERENCES......Page 511
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 512
II. COMMON PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC ADHESIVES......Page 513
III. CHEMICAL TYPES OF ELASTOMERIC ADHESIVES......Page 515
A. Polychloroprene......Page 516
2. End Uses......Page 517
1. Properties......Page 518
2. End Uses......Page 519
1. Properties......Page 520
D. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber......Page 521
1. Properties......Page 522
2. End Uses......Page 523
1. Reclaim Rubber......Page 524
3. Polyisoprene......Page 525
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 526
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 527
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 528
B. Modified Polysulfide......Page 529
D. Polythioether Polymers......Page 530
III. PROPERTIES OF POLYSULFIDE POLYMERS......Page 531
IV. COMPOUNDING, PROCESSING, AND MANUFACTURE OF POLYSULFIDE SEALANTS......Page 532
VI. POLYSULFIDE/EPOXY ADHESIVES......Page 534
VII. ADHESION CONSIDERATIONS......Page 535
REFERENCES......Page 536
II. CHEMISTRY......Page 537
C. Metallic Ion Catalysis and Reaction Orientation......Page 541
A. General Principles of Manufacture......Page 544
1. a- and b-Set Acceleration......Page 545
3. Urea Acceleration and Phenol-Urea-Formaldehyde Exterior-Grade Resins......Page 549
C. Physical Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins......Page 552
A. Phenol–Formaldehyde Wood Binders......Page 553
1. Properties of Phenolic Adhesives for Plywood [49]......Page 554
2. Additives......Page 555
3. Formulation of Plywood Glue Mixes......Page 556
4. General Observations on Particleboard Manufacture [51]......Page 557
5. Dry-Out Resistance......Page 558
C. Binders from PF Copolymers with Other Resins......Page 559
D. Time–Temperature-Transformation and Continuous-Heating- Transformation Curing Diagrams of PF Resins in situ in the Joint......Page 562
E. Prediction of Properties......Page 565
REFERENCES......Page 566
II. LIGNIN ADHESIVES......Page 568
III. TANNIN-BASED ADHESIVES......Page 569
A. Condensed Tannins......Page 570
IV. TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL TANNIN ADHESIVES......Page 573
A. Corrugated Cardboard Adhesives......Page 577
B. Cold-Setting Laminating and Fingerjointing Adhesives for Wood......Page 578
2. Hardening by Autocondensation of Tannins......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 580
II. CHEMICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CURING REACTION OF LIGNIN......Page 583
B. Cross-Linking by Oxidative Coupling [2]......Page 584
A. Curing Lignin Boards by Long Pressing Time and Postheating Treatment......Page 585
B. Curing Lignosulfonate Particleboard with Sulfuric Acid......Page 586
C. Curing SSL Boards with Hydrogen Peroxide......Page 587
A. Lignin–PF Formulations......Page 588
B. Karatex Adhesive......Page 589
V. LIGNIN IN COMBINATION WITH UREA–FORMALDEHYDE RESINS......Page 590
REFERENCES......Page 592
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 593
II. CHEMISTRY OF RF RESINS......Page 594
C. Adhesive 3: Urea–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Adhesive......Page 597
E. Adhesive 5: Phenol–Resorcinol–Formaldehyde and Liquid Hardener......Page 598
A. Fast-Setting Adhesive for Fingerjointing and Glulam......Page 601
B. Branched PRF Adhesives......Page 602
C. Cold-Setting PF Adhesives Containing no Resorcinol......Page 604
V. FORMULATION FOR ADHESIVES OF TYPE 2 [14]......Page 605
REFERENCES......Page 606
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 608
II. PROPERTIES OF FURANIC MONOMERS......Page 610
IV. RESINIFICATION MECHANISMS......Page 611
V. FURAN RESINS AS FOUNDRY BINDERS......Page 614
VI. FURAN RESINS AS WOOD ADHESIVES......Page 615
VII. FURAN RESINS AS CEMENT ADHESIVES......Page 621
VIII. FURAN RESINS/GLASS FIBER COMPOSITES......Page 622
IX. MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS OF FURAN RESINS......Page 623
X. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY......Page 624
REFERENCES......Page 625
II. CHEMISTRY OF UF RESINS: UF CONDENSATION......Page 628
III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION......Page 631
A. Plywood Adhesives......Page 634
B. Particleboard Adhesives......Page 635
C. UF Adhesives for Low-Formaldehyde-Emission Particleboard......Page 639
IV. ANALYSIS......Page 641
V. URONS AND DERIVED RESINS......Page 642
REFERENCES......Page 644
II. USES FOR MF RESINS......Page 646
A. Condensation Reactions......Page 647
B. Mechanisms and Kinetics......Page 649
C. Mixed Melamine Resins......Page 650
IV. RESIN PREPARATION, GLUE MIXING, AND HARDENING......Page 651
V. MUF ADHESIVE RESINS OF UPGRADED PERFORMANCE......Page 655
VI. TEMPERATURE–TIME-TRANSFORMATION AND CONTINUOUSHEATING- TRANSFORMATION CURING DIAGRAMS OF MUF RESINS WHEN ALONE AND HARDENING IN A WOOD JOINT (OR OTHER INTERACTIVE SUBSTRATE)......Page 663
VII. COLD-SETTING MUF ADHESIVES......Page 666
VIII. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ANALYSIS......Page 668
C. MUF Formulation for Exterior Particleboard......Page 670
REFERENCES......Page 671
A. Synthesis and Characterization......Page 674
B. Cure Chemistry and Interphase Morphology......Page 676
A. General Principles......Page 680
3. PF/pMDI Hybrid Adhesives......Page 684
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 685
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 688
II. APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW......Page 690
III. BASIC URETHANE CHEMISTRY......Page 691
A. Branching Reactions......Page 692
B. Catalysts......Page 694
IV. URETHANE POLYMER MORPHOLOGY......Page 695
V. PREPOLYMER FORMATION......Page 697
VI. ADHESIVE RAW MATERIALS......Page 698
A. Isocyanates for Adhesive Applications......Page 700
B. Toxicology......Page 703
VII. SURFACE PREPARATION AND PRIMERS......Page 704
A. One-Component Adhesives......Page 705
B. Two-Component Adhesives......Page 706
B. Reactive Hot Melts......Page 708
REFERENCES......Page 709
II. CHEMISTRY......Page 712
III. RESIN PREPARATION......Page 713
A. Process......Page 714
IV. ANALYSIS AND TESTING......Page 716
1. Batch Process......Page 718
2. Loop Process......Page 719
1. Batch Reactor Process......Page 720
VI. APPLICATIONS......Page 721
REFERENCES......Page 722
A. Reaction Between Dicarboxylic Acids or Anhydrides and Diols......Page 723
B. Kinetics and Mechanisms......Page 724
E. Resin Reactivity......Page 726
2. Free-Radical Cross-Linking......Page 727
IV. GLASS-FIBER LAMINATION......Page 728
REFERENCES......Page 729
A. Physical Characteristics......Page 730
2. Resins......Page 731
III. POLYAMIDE HOT MELTS......Page 732
IV. ADHESIVE APPLICATION GUIDELINES......Page 733
A. Application Process......Page 734
VII. FORMULATIONS FOR TYPICAL EVA EDGE-VENEERING HOT MELTS......Page 735
C. Hot Melt for Difficult Plastic Surfaces (e.g., Deccon, Natural Color)......Page 736
II. HARDENING (CURE KINETICS)......Page 737
III. STORAGE......Page 738
V. PRODUCT COMPOSITION......Page 739
VI. CURE INITIATING CHEMISTRY......Page 740
VII. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACRYLICS......Page 742
A. Conventional Acrylic Adhesives......Page 743
C. HP Second Generation Acrylic Adhesives......Page 745
E. Equal-Mix Acrylic Adhesives......Page 746
IX. USES OF ACRYLIC ADHESIVE......Page 747
XI. ACRYLIC ADHESIVE SUPPLIERS......Page 748
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 749
1. Monomer.......Page 750
A. Oxygen Inhibition......Page 751
C. Accelerators......Page 752
IV. MONOMERS......Page 753
V. INITIATORS......Page 754
VIII. MODIFIERS......Page 755
4. Impregnation.......Page 756
XI. STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS......Page 757
XII. LIST OF STRUCTURES......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 761
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 763
1. Chemical Cure......Page 764
3. Curing by Ultraviolet Light......Page 765
D. Tough, Durable Bonds Yield Higher-Quality Assemblies......Page 766
E. Adhesive Customization Improves End-Product Quality......Page 767
F. Adhesive Customization Together with Rapid Fixture and/or Cure ‘‘On Demand’’ Improve Process Efficiency......Page 768
III. AN EXAMPLE OF HIGH RELIABILITY BONDING WITH 100% QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTING......Page 772
A. Historical Perspective/Technology Review......Page 774
B. Advantages of UV Curing Aerobic Acrylics......Page 775
C. Curing Lights and Mechanisms......Page 777
1. Light Welding......Page 779
E. UV Aerobics—Improving Efficiency in the Assembly Process......Page 781
F. UV Aerobics—Improving End-Product Quality......Page 782
V. SUMMARY......Page 785
APPENDIX B: EFFECT OF AEROBIC FORMULATION VARIATIONS......Page 786
REFERENCES......Page 787
II. CHEMISTRY OF THE SYSTEM......Page 788
IV. SPEED OF CURE......Page 792
B. New Cure-Through-Gap Cyanoacrylates......Page 794
A. Polypropylene and Polyethylene Bonding......Page 795
VIII. CHLOROSIS......Page 796
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 798
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 800
II. CURE CHEMISTRY......Page 802
IV. PROPERTY DETERMINATIONS......Page 804
B. Medium-Modulus Oxime Sealant......Page 806
VI. SUBSTRATE BONDING......Page 807
REFERENCES......Page 808
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 809
II. CHEMISTRY OF EPOXY RESINS......Page 810
B. Hardeners......Page 812
IV. FORMULATING EPOXY ADHESIVES......Page 813
5. Amides.......Page 814
C. Reactive Diluents......Page 816
E. Fillers......Page 817
G. Additives......Page 818
A. Building and Construction......Page 819
D. Wood Bonding......Page 820
H. Miscellaneous Applications......Page 821
B. Epoxy Adhesive for Bonding New Concrete to Old......Page 822
F. Film Adhesives for Preimpregnation......Page 823
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 824
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 825
A. Solvent-Based Adhesives......Page 826
B. Hot-Melt Adhesives......Page 827
III. FORMULATING......Page 828
A. Tapes......Page 832
B. Labels......Page 834
V. COATING METHODS......Page 835
A. Tack......Page 836
VII. GUIDE FORMULATIONS......Page 837
1. Label and Tape Adhesives......Page 838
3. Removable Labels......Page 839
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 840
II. APPLICATIONS......Page 841
A. Die Attach Adhesives......Page 842
B. Interconnections to Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 843
III. CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN METAL–POLYMER COMPOSITES......Page 845
A. Requirements and Performance......Page 847
1. Epoxy......Page 849
2. Polyimides......Page 851
A. Requirements and Performance......Page 852
1. Particle Speci.cations......Page 853
2. Adhesive Matrix......Page 854
B. Assembly......Page 855
D. Repair......Page 856
REFERENCES......Page 857
II. REQUIREMENTS OF THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY ON ADHESIVES......Page 860
III. CHEMICAL BASE OF ADHESIVES FOR THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY......Page 861
A. Epoxy Resins......Page 862
IV. MOUNTING ADHESIVES......Page 863
1. Adhesives......Page 866
2. Deposition Processes......Page 867
VI. ADHESIVE TAPES......Page 868
VII. ADHESIVES FOR BASE MATERIALS FOR CIRCUIT BOARDS......Page 869
VIII. OUTLOOK......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 871
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 872
III. OVERVIEW ON REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING WOOD ADHESIVES......Page 873
IV. AMINOPLASTIC ADHESIVE RESINS (UREA RESINS, MELAMINE RESINS)......Page 876
A. UF Resins......Page 877
1. Cold Tack Properties of UF Resins......Page 881
B. Improvement of the Hygroscopic Behavior of Boards by Melamine Forti.ed UF Resins (MUF, MUPF and PMUF Resins)......Page 882
C. Reactivity and Hardening Reactions......Page 885
2. Highly Reactive Adhesive Resins in Plywood, Parquet Flooring, and Door Production......Page 887
D. Correlations Between the Composition of Aminoplastic Resins and the Properties of the Wood-Based Panels......Page 889
V. PHENOLIC RESINS......Page 890
A. Reactivity and Hardening Reactions......Page 893
1. Post-Addition of Urea......Page 895
5. Addition of Isocyanates......Page 896
D. Adhesive Resin Glue Mixes......Page 897
A. Adhesives for Wood-Based Panels (Polyisocyanates)......Page 898
B. Polyurethane Adhesives......Page 900
A. Tannins......Page 901
B. Lignins......Page 904
1. Use of Lignins as Adhesives Without Adding Other Synthetic Resins......Page 906
A. Hot Melts......Page 907
1. Composition of Hot Melts......Page 908
B. Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Adhesives......Page 909
IX. INFLUENCE OF THE ADHESIVE ON THE BONDING PROCESS AND THE PROPERTIES OF WOOD PRODUCTS......Page 910
C. Surface Tension and Wetting Behavior......Page 911
X. ANALYSIS OF WOOD ADHESIVES BASED ON FORMALDEHYDE CONDENSATION RESINS......Page 912
B. Chemical Composition of Adhesive Resins......Page 914
D. Molecular Weight Distribution and Molar Mass Averages......Page 915
E. Monitoring of Gelling and Hardening......Page 917
B. Wood Particle Size and Shape Before Pressing......Page 921
C. Chemical Composition of Wood......Page 922
2. Modifications of the Wood Surface......Page 923
3. Seasonal Variations of Wood Quality in the Wood Panelboard Industry......Page 924
A. Adhesive Consumption and Glue Spread in the Production of Particleboards......Page 925
B. Wood Moisture Content......Page 928
C. Press Cycle......Page 929
XIII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 930
REFERENCES......Page 931
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 942
B. Epithelial Surface......Page 943
B. Physicochemical Criteria for Bioadhesion......Page 944
IV. APPLICATIONS......Page 946
A. Gastrointestinal......Page 947
B. Rectal......Page 948
D. Vaginal......Page 949
E. Oral Cavity......Page 950
F. Ocular......Page 951
REFERENCES......Page 952
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 955
A. Requirements......Page 956
1. Zinc Phosphates......Page 957
2. Silicophosphates......Page 958
3. Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Cements......Page 959
5. Polycarboxylates......Page 960
6. Glass Ionomers......Page 961
7. Resin Cements......Page 962
8. Adhesive Resins......Page 963
B. Materials......Page 964
A. Requirements......Page 965
3. Zinc Oxide–Eugenol and Zinc Oxide–Ethoxybenzoate Acid Cements......Page 966
5. Glass Ionomers......Page 967
A. Requirements......Page 969
2. Composites......Page 970
3. Bonding Agents......Page 972
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 978
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 980
REFERENCES......Page 981
II. ADHESIVE APPLICATIONS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY......Page 983
A. Adhesives for Mechanical Applications......Page 985
B. Adhesive Applications in the Body Shop......Page 986
D. Adhesive and Sealant Applications in the Assembly Shop......Page 992
E. Adhesive Applications in Component Manufacturing......Page 994
III. SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING TRENDS IN AUTOMOTIVE ADHESIVE BONDING......Page 995
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 998