Hammer’s German Grammar and Usage

1. Nouns	[1]
    1.1 Gender	[1]
    1.1A: Gender and meaning	[2]
    1.1B: Gender and form	[7]
    1.2 Noun plurals	[15]
    1.3 Noun declension	[26]


2. Case	[34]
    2.1 The nominative case	[34]
    2.2 The accusative case	[36]
    2.3 The genitive case	[37]
    2.4 Genitive case or van	[39]
    2.5 The dative case	[41]
    2.6 Apposition	[45]
    2.7 Measurement phrases: genitive, von or apposition	[46]


3. Personal pronouns	[49]
    3.1 The forms of the personal pronouns	[49]
    3.2 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns	[51]
    3.3 Pronouns of address	[53]
    3.4 Third person pronouns	[55]
    3.5 Third person pronoun or prepositional adverb	[56]
    3.6 Special uses of the pronoun es	[58]


4. The articles	[64]
    4.1 The declension of the articles	[65]
    4.2 The use of articles with abstract nouns	[67]
    4.3 The use of articles in generalisations	[71]
    4.4 The use of articles with geographical and other proper names	[72]
    4.5 The use of articles in time expressions	[74]
    4.6 Definite article or possessive	[75]
    4.7 Miscellaneous uses of the definite article	[76]
    4.8 Miscellaneous uses of the zero article	[77]
    4.9 Article use with prepositions	[79]


5. Other determiners and pronouns	[82]
    5.1 Demonstratives	[83]
    5.2 Possessives	[89]
    5.3 Interrogatives	[92]
    5.4 Relative pronouns	[96]
    5.5 Indefinites, quantifiers and other determiners and pronouns	[103]


6. Adjectives	[125]
    6.1 Declension of adjectives	[126]
    6.2 The use of the strong and weak declensions	[127]
    6.3 Irregularities in the spelling of some adjectives	[132]
    6.4 Adjectives used as nouns	[133]
    6.5 Cases with adjectives	[136]
    6.6 Adjectives with prepositions	[139]


7. Adverbs	[143]
    7.1 Adverbs of place	[144]
    7.2 Adverbs of direction: hin and her	[146]
    7.3 Adverbs of manner, viewpoint, attitude and reason	[150]
    7.4 Adverbs of degree	[156]
    7.5 Interrogative adverbs	[157]


8. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs	[159]
    8.1 Regular formation of the comparative and superlative	[159]
    8.2 Irregularities in the formation of comparatives and superlatives	[160]
    8.3 The use of the comparative and other types of comparison	[164]
    8.4 Types and uses of the superlative	[167]


9. Numerals	[171]
    9.1 Cardinal numbers	[171]
    9.2 Ordinal numbers	[177]
    9.3 Fractions and decimals	[179]
    9.4 Other numerical usages	[181]
    9.5 Addresses	[183]


10. Modal particles	[184]
    10.1 aber	[185]
    10.2 allerdings	[186]
    10.3 also	[186]
    10.4 auch	[187]
    10.5 bloß	[189]
    10.6 denn	[189]
    10.7 doch	[190]
    10.8 eben	[193]
    10.9 eh	[194]
    10.10 eigentlich	[194]
    10.11 einfach	[195]
    10.12 erst	[195]
    10.13 etwa	[197]
    10.14 freilich	[198]
    10.15 gar	[198]
    10.16 gleich	[199]
    10.17 halt	[199]
    10.18 immerhin	[199]
    10.19 ja	[199]
    10.20 jedenfalls	[201]
    10.21 lediglich	[201]
    10.22 mal	[202]
    10.23 man	[202]
    10.24 noch	[203]
    10.25 nun	[204]
    10.26 nur	[204]
    10.27 ohnehin	[206]
    10.28 ruhig	[206]
    10.29 schließlich	[206]
    10.30 schon	[207]
    10.31 sowieso	[209]
    10.32 überhaupt	[209]
    10.33 übrigens	[210]
    10.34 vielleicht	[210]
    10.35 wohl	[211]
    10.36 zwar	[212]


11. Expressions of time	[213]
    11.1 Times of the clock	[213]
    11.2 Days of the week, months and public holidays	[215]
    11.3 Dates	[216]
    11.4 The accusative and genitive cases used in time adverbials	[217]
    11.5 Adverbial time phrases with prepositions	[219]
    11.6 Adverbs of time	[227]


12. Verbs: conjugation	[231]
    12.1 Verb conjugation	[232]
    12.2 The simple present and past tenses, the non-finite forms and the imperative	[238]
    12.3 The compound tenses	[244]
    12.4 The passive	[248]
    12.5 The subjunctive	[250]


13. The infinitve and the participles	[261]
    13.1 Forms of the infinitive	[261]
    13.2 The use of the infinitive with zu	[263]
    13.3 The use of infinitive without zu	[273]
    13.4 Infinitives used as nouns	[277]
    13.5 The present and past participles	[280]
    13.6 Clauses with participles	[284]
    13.7 German equivalents of English constructions with the \'ing\'-form	[285]


14. Uses of the tenses	[291]
    14.1 The German tenses: general	[291]
    14.2 The present tense	[292]
    14.3 The past tense and the perfect tense	[295]
    14.4 The future tense and the future perfect tense	[300]
    14.5 The pluperfect tense	[302]
    14.6 German equivalents for the English progressive tenses	[304]


15. The passive	[307]
    15.1 The werden-passive	[308]
    15.2 The sein-passive	[312]
    15.3 von, durch and mit with the passive	[315]
    15.4 Other passive constructions	[317]
    15.5 The use of active and passive in German	[321]


16. Mood: the imperative and the subjunctive	[323]
    16.1 Indicative, imperative and subjunctive	[323]
    16.2 Commands and the imperative	[324]
    16.3 The subjunctive mood: general	[327]
    16.4 Forms and tenses of the subjunctive	[327]
    16.5 Conditional sentences	[330]
    16.6 Indirect speech	[335]
    16.7 Other uses of the subjunctive	[343]


17. The modal auxiliaries	[348]
    17.1 The modal auxiliaries: common features of form and syntax	[348]
    17.2 dürfen	[352]
    17.3 können	[353]
    17.4 mogen	[356]
    17.5 müssen	[358]
    17.6 sollen	[360]
    17.7 wollen	[363]


18. Verbs: valency	[365]
    18.1 Valency, complements and sentence patterns	[365]
    18.2 The subject	[368]
    18.3 The accusative object	[374]
    18.4 The dative object	[379]
    18.5 Genitive objects	[384]
    18.6 Prepositional objects	[386]
    18.7 Place and direction complements	[394]
    18.8 Predicate complements	[395]


19. Conjunctions and subordination	[397]
    19.1 Coordinating conjunctions	[398]
    19.2 Noun clauses	[402]
    19.3 Conjunctions of time	[406]
    19.4 Causal conjunctions	[411]
    19.5 Conjunctions of purpose and result	[412]
    19.6 Concessive conjunctions	[415]
    19.7 Conjunctions of manner and degree	[417]


20. Prepositions	[421]
    20.1 Prepositions governing the accusative case	[421]
    20.2 Prepositions governing the dative case	[428]
    20.3 Prepositions governing the accusative or the dative case	[442]
    20.4 Prepositions governing the genitive case	[458]
    20.5 German equivalents for English \'to\'	[464]


21. Word order	[468]
    21.1 Clause structure and the position of the verb	[469]
    21.2 Initial position in main clause statements	[473]
    21.3 The order of other elements in the sentence: general principles	[480]
    21.4 The position of the pronouns	[480]
    21.5 The position of noun subject and objects	[483]
    21.6 The place and order of adverbials	[485]
    21.7 The position of nicht and other negative elements	[488]
    21.8 The position of complements	[490]
    21.9 Placing elements after the end of the verbal bracket	[491]


22. Word formation	[495]
    22.1 Methods of word formation	[495]
    22.2 The formation of nouns	[497]
    22.3 The formation of adjectives	[503]
    22.4 The formation of verbs: inseparable prefixes	[508]
    22.5 The formation of verbs: separable prefixes	[511]
    22.6 The formation of verbs: variable prefixes	[514]
    22.7 Verb formation by means other than prefixes	[519]


23. Spelling and punctuation	[521]
    23.1 The use of capital letters	[521]
    23.2 One word or two	[524]
    23.3 ss or ß	[526]
    23.4 Other points of spelling	[526]
    23.5 The use of the comma	[527]
    23.6 Other punctuation marks	[529]



List of sources	[531]
Bibliography and references	[533]
Glossary	[539]
Index	[549]