Hair and scalp disorders : medical, surgical, and cosmetic treatments

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Human Hair
	Introduction
	Human Scalp Hair
	Function of Human Hair
	Structure of Hair
		Lanugo Hair
		Vellus Hair
		Terminal Hair
			Cuticle
			Cortex
			Medulla
	Hair Color
	Hair Diameter
	Terminal Hair Phenotypes
	Classification of Hair Phenotypes
		Subequatorial African Hair
		Asian or Eastern Asian Hair
		Indo-European Hair
		Australasian Hair
	Hair Phenotypes in the Americas
	Developments of Human Hair Differences
	Evolutionary Advantages of Straight and Curly Hair
	Phenotype and “Hair Health”
	Root-to-Tip Considerations
		Introduction
		Healthy Hair
	Cosmetic Aspects of Hair
		The Hair Mass
		Hair in Time and Space
		The Process of “Weathering”
		Sources of Hair Damage
		Causes of Hair Damage
	Specific Forms of Hair Damage
		Damage from Hair Cutting, Styling, and Shampooing
			Cutting
			Styling
			Shampooing
			Tangling
		Physical Processes
		Environmental Processes
		Heat Processes
		Chemical Treatments
		Hair Coloring and Bleaching
		Chemical Curling Permanents
		Straightening and Relaxing
	Minimizing Damage
		General Principles
	References
Chapter 2: Evaluation
	Introduction
	Hair History
	Chemical Damage
	Heat Implements
	Physical Processes
	Environmental Exposure
	Hair Examination
	Care Recommendations
	Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Dermoscopy of Hair and Scalp Disorders (Trichoscopy)
	Introduction
	Normal Scalp
	Inflammatory Scalp Disorders and Parasitic Disorders
		Psoriasis and Seborrheic Dermatitis
		Pediculosis Capitis
		Piedra
		Tinea Capitis
	Non-Scarring Alopecia
		Androgenetic Alopecia, including Female Pattern of Hair Loss
		Alopecia Areata
		Trichotillomania
		Traction Alopecia
		Telogen Effluvium
		Congenital Triangular Alopecia
	Scarring Alopecia
		Lichen Planopilaris and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
		Discoid Lupus Erythematosus of the Scalp
		Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans
		Folliculitis Decalvans
		Dissecting Cellulitis
	Hair Shaft Disorders
		Monilethrix and Pseudomonilethrix
		Trichorrhexis Invaginata (Netherton Syndrome)
		Trichorrhexis Nodosa
		Pili Torti
	Summary
	REFERENCES
Chapter 4: Photographic Imaging of Hair Loss
	Introduction
	Global Photography
	Camera and Lighting Control
	Camera-to-Patient Registration
	Macrophotography and Computer-Assisted Hair Measurements
	Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Hair Follicle Anatomy in Human Scalp Biopsies
	Introduction
	Hair Gross Structure
	Follicular Morphogenesis
	Normal Hair Growth Cycle
	Biopsy of Human Scalp
		Horizontal versus Vertical Sections
		Hair Count in Scalp Biopsy
	Hair Follicle Microscopic Anatomy
		Infundibulum
		Isthmus
		Hair Bulb
		Outer Root Sheath
		Inner Root Sheath
		Hair Shaft
		Follicular Units
		Terminal Anagen Hair
		Terminal Catagen Hair
		Terminal Telogen Hair
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Nonmedicated Grooming Products and Beauty Treatments
	Introduction
	Shampoos
		Shampoo Formulation
			Anionic Detergents
			Amphoteric Detergents
		Shampoo Diversity
			Conditioning Shampoos
			Sulfate-Free Shampoos
			Oily Hair Shampoos
			Dry Shampoos
			Ethnic Shampoos
	Conditioners
		Conditioner Formulation
			Quaternary Conditioners
			Film-Forming Conditioners
			Protein-Containing Conditioners
			Silicone Conditioners
		Conditioner Diversity
			Instant Conditioners
			Deep Conditioners
			Leave-In Conditioners
			Hair Rinses
	Hair Coloring
		Gradual Dyes
		Temporary Dyes
		Semipermanent Dyes
		Permanent Dyes
	Permanent Hair Curling
		Alkaline and Alkaline-Buffered Permanent Waves
		Exothermic Permanent
		Self-Regulated Permanent Waves
		Acid and Sulfite Permanent Waves
	Permanent Hair Straightening
		Lye-Based or Sodium Hydroxide Straighteners
		No-Lye Straighteners
		Thioglycolate Straighteners
		Ammonium Bisulfate Creams
		Brazilian Hair Straightening
	References
Chapter 7: Practical Case Scenarios: How to Utilize Products
	Introduction
	Case Scenarios
	Dry Hair
	References
Chapter 8: Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis
	Introduction
	Clinical Features
		Definitions
		Clinical Presentation
		Histopathology
		Prevalence
		Systemic Disease Associations
		Differential Diagnosis
			Psoriasis
			Irritant Dermatitis
			Tinea Capitis
			Pityriasis amiantacea
			“Personal Observation of Silver Scalp”
			Other
	Anthropology of Dandruff
	Etiology of Dandruff
		Malassezia
		Inflammation
			Humoral Immunity
			Innate Immune System
			Lipases
		Hyperproliferation
		Nature of Flaking
		Barrier Function
	Treatment
		History
		Efficacy Testing Methods
		FDA Monograph
		Keratolytics
		Antipruritics
		Anti-Malassezia Agents
			Tar
			Zinc Pyrithione
			Selenium Sulfide
			Ketoconazole
			Ciclopirox
			Other
		Shampoo Comparison Studies
			Gels, Lotions, Creams
		Dispelling Shampoo Myths
		Anti-Inflammatory Agents
			Topical Corticosteroids
			Calcineurin Inhibitors
			Other
	Patient Management
	Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Alopecia Areata
	Introduction
	Clinical Features
	Scope of the Problem
	Pathophysiology
		Histology
		Immunology
		Genetics
		Nerves
	Treatments
		Topical Sensitizers
			Steroids: Topical, Intralesional, Oral
			Minoxidil: Topical and Oral
		Anthralin
		Light Therapy (UVA, UVB, Laser)
		Biologics
	Combination Therapies
		Other Treatments
		Future and Evolving Medical Treatments
	Treatment of Alopecia Areata: This Author’
 Approach
		Patchy Disease
		Extensive Disease
	Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Androgenetic Alopecia
	Introduction
	Clinical Features
		Male Androgenetic Alopecia
		Female Androgenetic Alopecia
	Pathology
	Etiology
		Androgens
		Genetics
		Prevalence
	Management
	Diagnosis
	Counseling
	Treatment
		Men
			Minoxidil
			Finasteride
			Minoxidil versus Finasteride
			Dutasteride
			Surgery
		Women
			Minoxidil
			Antiandrogens
			Prostaglandin Analogs
			Iron
			Surgery
			Low-Level Light Therapy
	Summary
	References
Chapter 11: Telogen Effluvium
	Introduction
	Diagnosis of TE
		History
		Physical Exam
		Special Tests
		Scalp Biopsy
		Screening Laboratory Tests
	Differential Diagnosis
	Management and Treatment
		General Approach
	Inciting Factors
		Hormones
		Nutritional Influences
			Calories
			Protein
			Amino Acids
			Essential Fatty Acids
			Iron
			Zinc
			Vitamin A
			Biotin (Vitamin H)
			Vitamin D
		Systemic Disease
		Surgery
		Psychological Stressors
		Medications and Supplements
			Psychotropics
			Anticoagulants
			Cardiovascular Drugs
			Antimicrobials
			Retinoids
			Other Medications
		Additional Treatments
			Scalp Inflammation and TE
			Minoxidil (Rogaine)
			Antiandrogens
			Botanical Nutrients
			Camouflage and Cosmetic Aids
			Surgery
			Platelet-Rich Plasma
			The Future
	Prognosis
	Conclusion
	References
	Bibliography
Chapter 12: Cicatricial Alopecia
	Introduction
	Background
	Mechanisms
		The Sebotrophic Hypothesis
		Stem Cells and Immunology
		Peroxisomes and Lipid Metabolism
		Retinoids
	Mitochondrial Dysfunction
	Epidemiology
	Clinical Presentation
		Lymphocytic Cicatricial Alopecias
		Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias
		Mixed Cicatricial Alopecias
	Histopathology
	Classification
	Treatment
		Medical
			Lymphocytic
				Topical/Intralesional Therapy
			Systemic Therapy
				Hydroxychloroquine
				Antibiotics
				Thiazolidinediones (Also Known as Glitazones)
				5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
				Mycophenolate Mofetil
				Cyclosprorine
				Prednisone
				Oral Retinoids
				Methotrexate
			Neutrophilic
			Mixed
		Surgical
	Recommended Websites
	References
Chapter 13: Structural Hair Abnormalities
	Introduction
		Weathering
		Examination of the Hair Shaft
		Classification of Hair Shaft Disorders
	Structural Defects with Increased Fragility
		Trichorrhexis Nodosa
		Congenital Trichorrhexis Nodosa
		Acquired Trichorrhexis Nodosa
			Proximal Trichorrhexis Nodosa
			Distal Trichorrhexis Nodosa
			Circumscribed Trichorrhexis Nodosa
		Trichorrhexis Nodosa Associated with Other Syndromes
	Monilethrix
		Clinical Features
		Genetics
		Diagnosis
		Associations
		Treatment
	Pseudomonilethrix
	Pili Torti
		Clinical Features
			Isolated Pili Torti
				Early Onset (Ronchese) Type
				Late Onset (Beare) Type
			Pili Torti as Part of Other Defined Syndromes (Table 13.3)
				Acquired Pili Torti
		Pathophysiology
		Treatment
	Netherton Syndrome (Trichorrhexis Invaginata)
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
	Trichothiodystrophy
		Clinical Features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	Pili Annulati (Ringed Hair)
		Clinical Features
		Pathophysiology
		Investigations
		Pseudo Pili Annulati
	Woolly Hair and Woolly Hair Nevus
		Associations
	Uncombable Hair Syndrome (Spun-Glass Hair)
		Investigations
	Straight Hair Nevus
		Clinical Features
		Associations
	Loose Anagen Syndrome
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical Features
		Investigations
	Pohl–Pinkus Lines
	Peripilar Casts (Pseudo Nits)
	Pili Multigemini
	Trichonodosis
	Bubble Hair
	Trichostasis Spinulosa
	Bird’s-Nest Hair and Dreadlocks
	Summary
	References
Chapter 14: Scalp Prostheses: Wigs, Hairpieces, Extensions, and Scalp-Covering Cosmetics
	Introduction
	Hair Types
		Human Hair
		Synthetic Hair
	Wigs and Hairpieces
		Wig Construction
		Hairpieces
		Options for Men
		Options for Children
		Hair Extensions
		Methods of Attachment
		Braids
	Potential Problems Associated with Wigs and Hair Extensions
	Hair Cosmetics
		Options for Eyebrow and Eyelash Loss
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Hair Transplantation for the Dermatologist
	Social Impact of Hair Loss
	Why Hair Transplants Work
	The Procedure: Past to Present
		The Original Technique, Standard Punch Grafting
		Combination Mini-Micro Grafting
		Follicular Unit Transplantation
			Traditional Strip Method FUT
				Step 1: Donor Harvesting
				Step 2: Graft Preparation
				Step 3: Creating Recipient Sites
				Step 4: Placing Grafts
				Postoperative Course
			Follicular Unit Extraction Method
				Advantages of FUE
				Disadvantages with FUE
		Scalp Reductions, Flaps, and Tissue Expanders
	Factors That Determine a Succesful Procedure
		Meeting Expectations of Naturalness
		Meeting Expectation of Density
	Establishing Realistic Expectations and Patient Selection
	Practical Applications of Hair Transplantation
		Male Pattern Baldness
		Female Pattern Hair Loss
		Abnormally High Female Hair Line
		Eyebrows
		Eyelashes
		Beards and Mustaches
		Scar Tissue Caused by Physical Trauma
		Primary Cicatricial Alopecia
	Ethnic Considerations
		Patients of African Descent
		Asians
	Adjunctive Therapy and New Horizions
		Finasteride
		Dutasteride
		Minoxidil
		Low Level Laser Therapy
		Platelet-Rich Plasma
		ACell MatriStem
		Cell Therapy and Cloning
	References
Chapter 16: Alternative Treatments for Hair Loss
	Introduction
	Herbal Remedies
		Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
		Pygeum (Prunus africana)
		Stinging Nettle Root
		Ginkgo Biloba
		He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum)
		Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)
		Prickly Ash Bark (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis)
		Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
		Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
		Shea Butter
	Dietary Supplements
		Iron
		Taurine and Catechins
		Marine Proteins
		L-Cystine
		L-Lysine
		Biotin
		Pantothenic Acid
		Vitamin B6
		Copper
		Zinc
		Selenium and Other Trace Elements
		Soy
	External Treatments
		Shampoos and Conditioners
		Ketoconazole
		Caffeine
		Melatonine
	Devices and Other Procedures
		Low-Level Laser
		Mesotherapy
		Platelet-Rich Plasma
		Microneedling
		Camouflage and Scalp Micropigmentation
		Mind-Altering Approaches
	Summary
	References
Chapter 17: Hirsutism and Hypertrichosis
	Introduction
	Hirsutism
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Etiology
			Excess Androgen Production and Circulating Androgen Levels
			Increased Sensitivity of the Hair Follicle to Androgens
		Evaluation
			History
			Physical Examination
			Laboratory Evaluation
		Management
			Physical/Cosmetic Treatments
			Bleaching
				Cutting or Shaving
				Hair-Removing Gloves/Pumice Stones
				Plucking/Waxing/Sugaring/Threading
				Chemical Depilatories
				Eflornithine Cream
				Galvanic Electrolysis, Thermolysis, and the Blend Method
				Laser Hair Removal
			Systemic Therapies
				Ovarian Suppression
				Adrenal Suppression
				Antiandrogens
				Other Therapies
	Hypertrichosis
		Etiology
			Clinical Features
				Generalized Hypertrichosis
				Localized Congenital Hypertrichosis
				Localized Acquired Hypertrichosis
		Management
	References
Chapter 18: Light-Assisted Hair Removal and Hair Growth
	Introduction
	Biology of the Hair Follicle
		Hair Cycle
		Types of Hair
		Hair Color
		Depth of Hair Follicle
	Target of Laser Hair Removal
		Theory of Selective Photothermolysis
		Extended Theory of Selective Photothermolysis
	Characterization of Light and Laser Energy
		Wavelength
		Pulse Width
		Spot Size
		Fluence
	Cooling of the Epidermis
		Timing of Cooling
		Methods of Cooling
	Hair-Removal Light Sources
		Lasers
		Intense Pulsed Light
		Photodynamic Therapy
	Home-Use Hair Removal Lasers and Light Sources
	Guidelines for Laser Hair Removal
		Indications
		Patient Selection
		Pretreatment Care
		Choice of Settings
			Spot Size
			Pulse Width
			Fluence
		Treatment Endpoints
		Post-Treatment Care
	Complications
		Transient Adverse Effects
		Pigmentary Alterations
		Permanent Adverse Effects
		Paradoxical Hypertrichosis
	Low-Level Laser Therapy and Hair Growth
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Allergic Contact Dermatitis
	Introduction
	Reaction Types
	Clinical Presentation
	Epidemiology
	Contact Allergens
		Hair Dyes
			Synthetic Dyes
				Paraphenylenediamine
			Metallic Dyes
			Plant-Based Dyes
		Bleaches
		Permanent Waves
			Cold Perms
			Acid Perms8
			Neutral Perms
		Hair Straighteners
		Shampoos
		Conditioners
		Leave-in Hair Products (Hairspray, Foams, Gels)
		Fragrances and Botanical Agents
		Preservatives
			Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/Methylisothiazolinone (MI)
			Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde Releasers
			Methyldribromoglutaronitrile
			Others
		Emulsifiers and Vehicles
		Sunscreens
		Hair Removers
		Hair Growth Promoters
		Wigs and Hair Accessories
	Diagnosis
		Patch Testing
		Patch Testing to Hair Dyes
	Treatment of Scalp ACD
	References
Chapter 20: Psychodermatoses Involving Hair
	Introduction
	Factitial Hair Loss
	Delusions of Parasitosis (Ekbom’s Syndrome)
	Body Dysmorphic Disorder
	References
Chapter 21: Scalp Infections and Infestations
	Scalp Infections
		Tinea Capitis
			Historical Background
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Griseofulvin
		Terbinafine
		Itraconazole
		Fluconazole
		Voriconazole
		Adjunctive Therapies and Measures
		Kerion
		Piedra
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
	Scalp Infestations
		Pediculosis Capitis
			Historical Background
			Epidemiology
			Louse Features
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
	Treatment
		The Problem of Resistance
		Permethrin
		Pyrethrins
		Malathion
		Lindane
		Ivermectin
		Spinosad
		Benzyl Alcohol
		Other Agents
	Treatment Failures
	Screening
	Adjunctive Control Measures
	Summary
	References
Chapter 22: Sources of Alopecia Information for Physicians and Patients
	Introduction
	Disease State Information
		American Academy of Dermatology
		National Alopecia Areata Foundation
		Cicatricial Alopecia Research Foundation
	Patient Education and Support
		National Alopecia Areata Foundation
		Cicatricial Alopecia Research Foundation
		International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery
		Financial Assistance for Cranial Prostheses
		Locks of Love
		NAAF Ascot Fund and Marketplace
	Research
		North American Hair Research Society
		Alopecia Areata Treatment Development Program
		Clinical Trials
Chapter 23: Approach to the Alopecia Patient
	Introduction
	Preparing for the Visit
		The Provider
		The Patient
	Patient History
		Scalp Symptoms
		Hair Care
		Past Medical History
		Medication History
		Stress
		Family History
	The Hair Loss Examination
		Diffuse Alopecia
			Part-Width Assessment
			The Hair-Pull Test
			Remainder of the Examination for Diffuse Hair Loss
		Patchy Hair Loss
			Scalp Dermoscopy (Trichoscopy)
	The Diagnosis
		The Scalp Biopsy
	The Laboratory Workup
		Educating the Patient
	References
Chapter 24: Hair Aging and Anti-Aging Strategies
	Introduction
	The Hair Aging Phenotype
	Rare Premature Aging Syndromes
		Androgenetic Alopecia
		Menopause
		Effects of Smoking and Ultraviolet Radiation
		Senescent Alopecia
		Graying
		Hair Weathering
	Interventions in Aging Hair
	Care for Aging Hair
	Possibilities for Reversal of Hair Graying
	Possibilities for Reversal of Hair Loss during Aging
	Value of Nutritional Treatment
	Photoprotection of Hair and Scalp
	Future Directions
	Summary
	References
Index