Gynecologic Imaging

Cover\nGynecologic Imaging\nCopyright\nDedication\nContributors\nPreface\nChapter 1 - The Normal Pelvis on Ultrasound Imaging and Anatomic Correlations\n	Technical Requirements\n	Safety\n	Normal Anatomy\n		General Anatomic Descriptions\n			Uterus and the Fallopian Tube\n			Embryologic Remnants\n			The Ovaries\n			Vagina\n			Pelvic Muscles\n			Lower Limb Muscles\n				Pelvic Diaphragm\n				Urogenital Diaphragm (Perineal Membrane)\n			Perineal Body\n			Ligaments\n			Pelvic Vessels\n			Bladder and Ureter\n	Indications\n	Contraindications\n	Technique Description\n		Transperineal Technique\n			Three-Dimensional Ultrasound\n			Sonohysterography\n	References\nChapter 2 - Pitfalls in Gynecologic Ultrasound\n	Scanning Technique and Related Pitfalls\n	Uterine Pitfalls\n		The Benign Enlarged Uterus\n		False-Positive Diagnosis of Fibroids\n		Endometrium\n		Cervix\n	Pitfalls in The Adnexal Regions\n		Tubular Structures in the Pelvis\n		Abnormal Ovaries Without a Mass or Dominant Cyst\n	Pitfalls in Imaging of Ovarian Lesions\n	Conclusion\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 3 - Computed Tomography:Normal Anatomy, Imaging Techniques, and Pitfalls\n	Introduction\n	Description of Technical Requirements\n	Normal Anatomy\n		Uterus\n		Cervix\n		Ovaries\n			Ovarian Vein Reflux\n		Vagina\n		Ligaments\n		Lymph Nodes\n		Posthysterectomy Patient\n		Surgical Transposition of the Ovaries\n	Techniques\n		Indications\n		Contraindications\n		Technique Description\n		Pitfalls and Solutions\n		Multidetector Computed Tomography Technique\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 4 - Dose Reduction Techniques in Multidetector Computed Tomography Body Imaging\n	Introduction\n	Issues Pertinent To Radiation Dose For Multidetector Computed Tomography Studies\n	Strategies For Dose Reduction\n		Tube Current\n		Tube Energy\n		Z-Axis Coverage\n		Scan Time\n		Filters\n		Reconstruction Algorithms\n	Clinical Scenarios With Focus On Radiation Exposure\n		Case 1\n		Case 2\n		Case 3\n		Case 4\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 5 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Female Pelvis: Technique, Anatomy, and Pitfalls\n	Technical Requirements\n	Patient Preparation\n	Pulse Sequences and Imaging Planes\n	Normal Anatomy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearances, and Common Differential Considerations\n		Vagina\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Appearances\n			Common Differential Considerations\n		Uterus\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Appearance\n			Differential Considerations\n		Cervix\n			Anatomy\n			Imaging Considerations\n			Differential Considerations\n		The Adnexa\n			Imaging Appearance\n			Differential Considerations\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of Adjacent Pelvic Structures\n			Urinary Bladder and Urethra\n			Pelvic Bowel\n			Osseous Structures\n			Pelvic Floor Muscles\n			Lymph Nodes\n			Vasculature\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 6 - Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n	Description of Technical Requirements\n	Techniques\n		Indications\n		Contraindications\n		Technique Description\n		Pitfalls and Solutions\n		Image Interpretation\n			Uterine Cervix\n			Uterine Endometrium\n			Uterine Myometrium\n			Ovarian Tumors\n			Lymph Node Metastasis\n			Bone Metastasis\n		Image Interpretation\n			Postprocessing\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 7 - Hysterosalpingography: Techniques, Normal Anatomy, and Pitfalls\n	Techniques\n		Indications\n		Contraindications\n		Equipment\n			Injection Devices\n			Contrast Media\n		Technique Description\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Technical Problems and Solutions\n			Inadequate Visualization\n			Complications/Side Effects\n		Diagnostic Accuracy\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 8 - Approach to Pelvic Pain and the Role of Imaging\n	Acute Pelvic Pain\n		Obstetrical Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain in the First Trimester\n		Gynecologic Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain\n			Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cysts\n			Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n			Ovarian Torsion\n			Uterine Fibroids\n			Considerations in the Postpartum Patient\n		Nongynecologic Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain\n			Appendicitis\n			Other Gastrointestinal Tract Causes\n			Urinary Tract Causes\n	Chronic Pelvic Pain\n		Endometriosis\n		Adhesions\n		Interstitial Cystitis\n		Irritable Bowel Syndrome\n		Pelvic Congestion Syndrome\n		Adenomyosis and Fibroids\n		Ovarian Remnant Syndrome\n		Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices\n		Other Considerations\n	Dysmenorrhea\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 9 - Endometriosis\n	Disease\n	Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n			Classic Signs\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n			Ultrasound\n				Hemorrhagic Cysts\n				Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Tuboovarian Abscess\n				Cystic Epithelial Neoplasms\n			MRI\n				Hemorrhagic Cysts\n				Glandular and Solid Endometriosis\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 10 - Acute Pelvic Pain\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n			Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n			Ectopic Pregnancy\n			Ovarian Torsion\n			Hemorrhagic Cysts\n			Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n			Appendicitis\n			Diverticulitis\n			Renal Colic\n			Fibroids\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n			Ultrasound\n				Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n				Ovarian Torsion\n				Ectopic Pregnancy\n				Hemorrhagic Cysts\n				Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n				Appendicitis\n				Diverticulitis\n				Renal Colic\n				Fibroids\n			Computed Tomography\n				Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n				Ovarian Torsion\n				Ectopic Pregnancy\n				Hemorrhagic Cysts\n				Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n				Appendicitis\n				Diverticulitis\n				Renal Colic\n				Fibroids\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n				Ovarian Torsion\n				Ectopic Pregnancy\n				Hemorrhagic Cysts\n				Appendicitis, Crohn’s Disease, and Diverticulitis\n				Renal Colic\n				Fibroids\n				Nuclear Medicine/Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n			Classic Signs\n				Clinical\n				Imaging\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Medical\n	REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 11 - Chronic Pelvic Pain\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n	Imaging Technique and Findings\n		Radiography\n		Ultrasound\n			Gynecologic Causes\n				Fibroids\n				Endometriosis\n				Adenomyosis\n				Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n			Nongynecologic Causes\n				Vascular\n			Other Nongynecologic Causes\n		Computed Tomography\n			Gynecologic Causes\n			Nongynecologic Causes of Chronic Pelvic Pain\n		Magnetic Resonance\n			Gynecologic Causes of Chronic Pelvic Pain\n				Nongynecologic Causes\n				Nuclear Medicine/Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n			Classic Signs\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical/Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 12 - Pelvic Pain: Lower Urinary Tract—Urethral Diverticulum, Cysts, and Varix\n	Urethral diverticulum\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n			Classic Signs\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n			Periurethral Cystic Lesions\n			Skene’s Gland Cysts\n			Bartholin’s Gland Cysts\n			Gartner’s Duct Cysts\n			Müllerian Duct Cysts\n			Epidermal Inclusion Cysts\n			Cystocele\n			Post-Periurethral Collagen Injections\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Surgical/Interventional\n	Pelvic Varices\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n			Classic Signs\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n			Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformations\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Medical\n		Surgical/Interventional\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 13 - Benign Endometrial Causes of Abnormal Bleeding\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine/Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n			Classic Signs\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical/Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 14 - Adenomyosis\n	Epidemiology\n	Etiology and Pathophysiology\n	Clinical Presentation\n	Imaging\n		Sonography\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n	Differential Diagnosis\n	Therapy\n	Reporting: Information for the referring physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 15 - Uterine Leiomyomas\n	Location of Leiomyomas\n	Typical Imaging Findings of Leiomyomas\n		Ultrasound\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Computed Tomography\n		Positron Emission Tomography\n		Other Radiographic Imaging Methods\n	Alternative Diagnoses to Consider\n	Degenerated Leiomyomas\n		Hyaline Degeneration\n		Cystic Degeneration\n		Myxoid Degeneration\n		Hemorrhagic Degeneration\n		Calcification Degeneration\n		Hydropic Degeneration\n		Lipoleiomyoma\n	Leiomyoma Variants\n	Leiomyosarcoma\n	Imaging Findings After Treatment\n	Leiomyomas With Unusual Growth Patterns\n		Intravascular Leiomyomatosis\n		Benign Metastasizing Leiomyomas\n		Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis\n		Parasitic Leiomyomas\n		References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 16 - Infertility, Evaluation, and Treatment\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n			Ovulatory Disorders\n			Advanced Maternal Age and Decreased Ovarian Reserve\n			Tubal Disease\n			Endometriosis\n			Causes of Male Infertility\n			Unexplained Infertility\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n				Infertility Evaluation\n				Evaluation of the Infertile Female\n				Assessment of Ovulatory Status\n				Tests for Women Who Have an Ovulatory Dysfunction\n				Evaluation of the Infertile Male\n				Nonimaging Tests of Uterine, Tubal, and Peritoneal Factors\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Antral Follicle Count\n				Sonohysterography\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n			Management of Ovulation Disorders\n				Ovulation Induction and Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation\n		Surgical and Interventional\n			Intrauterine Insemination\n			Management of Proximal Tubal Occlusion\n			Treatment of Isthmic Occlusion\n			Management of Distal Tubal Disease\n		Advanced Reproductive Technologies\n			In Vitro Fertilization\n			Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection\n			Surgical Sperm Recovery\n			Embryo Cryopreservation\n			Assisted Hatching\n			Gamete Donation\n			Embryo Donation\n			Surrogacy\n			Summary\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 17 - Tubal Abnormalities\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical/Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 18 - Müllerian Uterine Anomalies\n	DEFINITION\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	EMBRYOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION\n	CLASSIFICATION\n	IMAGING TECHNIQUES\n		Radiology\n			Hysterosalpingography\n		Ultrasound\n			Two-Dimensional Transvaginal Ultrasound\n			Sonohysterography\n			Three-Dimensional Ultrasound\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n	CLASSIFICATION OF MÜLLERIAN DUCT ANOMALIES\n		Class I: Hypoplasia/Agenesis\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Class II: Unicornuate Uterus\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Class III: Didelphys Uterus\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Class IV: Bicornuate Uterus\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Class V: Septate Uterus\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Class VI: Arcuate Uterus\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Class VII: Diethylstilbestrol\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Vaginal Septum\n		Transverse Vaginal Septum\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n		Longitudinal Vaginal Septum\n			Diagnosis\n			Management\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 19 - The Ovary and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n	Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n	DISEASE\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology: Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Historic Overview of Imaging for Polycystic Ovaries\n				Features of the Polycystic Ovary\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n			Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome\n		From Imaging Studies\n			Multicystic (Multifollicular) Versus Polycystic Ovaries\n	SYNOPSIS\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 20 - The Imaging of Contraception\n	ESSURE TUBULAR MICROINSERTS\n		Background\n		Hysterosalpingography With Essure Devices\n		Complications\n		Other Considerations\n	ENDOMETRIAL ABLATION AND ESSURE MICROCOILS\n		Follow-up Evaluation\n	ADIANA PERMANENT CONTRACEPTION SYSTEM\n	INTRAUTERINE DEVICE\n	CONCLUSION\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 21 - Ultrasound of the Normal and Failed First-Trimester Pregnancy\n	Embryology and Normal Anatomy\n	NORMAL FIRST TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND\n		Ultrasound Guidelines\n		Gestational Sac\n		Yolk Sac\n		Embryo\n			Pregnancy Dating\n		Uterus and Adnexa\n	ABNORMAL FIRST TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND\n		Definition and General Description\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Specific Diagnoses of Pregnancy Failure\n			Anembryonic Pregnancy\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Findings\n			Embryonic Demise\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Findings\n			Spontaneous Abortion\n				Inevitable Abortion\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging Findings\n				Incomplete Abortion\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging Findings\n				Complete Abortion\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging Findings\n		Poor Prognostic Factors\n			Gestational Sac and Yolk Sac Irregularities\n			Small Gestational Sac Size\n			Fetal Bradycardia\n			Subchorionic Hemorrhage\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 22 - Ectopic Pregnancy\n	DISEASE\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n					General Overview\n					Tubal Pregnancy\n					Interstitial Pregnancy\n					Uterine Scar Pregnancy\n					Cervical Pregnancy\n					Ovarian Pregnancy\n					Abdominal Pregnancy\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine/Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n			Classic Signs\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Medical\n			Surgical/Interventional\n	REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 10 - Retained Products of Conception\n	DISEASE\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Ultrasound\n				First Trimester Retained POCs\n				Postpartum Retained POCs\n				Magnetic Resonance\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN\n	References\n	Suggested Reading\nChapter 24 - Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Laboratory Studies\n			Imaging\n			Imaging Algorithm and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n			Classic Signs\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical and Surgical\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n			Classic Signs\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Laboratory\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical and Surgical\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 25 - Postpartum Complications\n	Normal Involution\n	Postpartum Hemorrhage\n		Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage\n		Secondary Postpartum Hemorrhage\n	Subinvolution\n		Arteriovenous Malformations\n		Gestational Trophoblastic Disease\n	Postpartum Fever\n		Endometritis\n		Wound Infections\n	Thromboembolic Complications\n		Deep Vein Thrombosis\n		Ovarian Vein Thrombosis\n		Amniotic Fluid Embolism\n	Cesarean Section Complications\n		Uterine Rupture\n		Uterine Dehiscence\n		Placenta Accreta\n		Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy\n		Cesarean Section Scar Endometrioma\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 26 - Vaginal Fistulas\n	DISEASE\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n				Interventional\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT OPTIONS\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	REPORTING: INFORMATION FOR THE REFERRING PHYSICIAN\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 27 - Imaging of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction\n	Normal Anatomy\n		General Anatomic Descriptions\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Imaging Technique\n				Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Image Findings\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nChapter 28 - Approach to Imaging the Adnexal Mass\n	Imaging Methods\n		Ovarian Versus Extraovarian Masses\n		Extraovarian Masses\n			Gynecologic\n				Tubal or Broad Ligament\n				Uterine\n				Other Gynecologic Etiologies\n			Nongynecologic\n				Gastrointestinal\n				Vascular\n				Urologic\n				Neurologic\n				Lymphatic\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 29 - Benign Ovarian Masses\n	Imaging of Benign Ovarian Lesions\n		Ovarian Follicles\n		Postmenopausal Cysts\n		Corpus Luteum\n		Hyperstimulated Ovaries\n		Hemorrhagic Cysts\n		Endometrioma\n		Ovarian Neoplasms\n			Benign Germ Cell Neoplasms\n			Benign Epithelial Ovarian Neoplasms\n			Benign Sex Cord-Stromal Ovarian Neoplasms\n	Conclusion\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 30 - Malignant Ovarian Masses\n	Disease\n		Epithelial Ovarian Cancer\n			Serous Cystadenocarcinoma\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Etiology and Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n						Classic Signs\n			Endometrioid Carcinoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Clear Cell Carcinoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Undifferentiated Carcinoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Brenner Tumor\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n		Malignant Germ Cell Tumor\n			Malignant Teratoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Dysgerminoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Endodermal Sinus Tumor\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n					Classic Signs\n			Embryonal Carcinoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Choriocarcinoma\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n		Malignant Sex Cord–Stromal Tumors\n			Granulosa Cell Tumor\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound and Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n			Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumor\n				Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography\n					Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n		Primary Fallopian Tube Cancer\n			Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound\n					Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n		Metastatic Neoplasms to the Ovary\n			Definition\n				Prevalence and Epidemiology\n				Pathophysiology\n				Manifestations of Disease\n					Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging Technique and Findings\n					Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance\n				Classic Signs\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Surgical\n		Medical\n			Chemotherapy\n	REFERENCES\n	SUGGESTED READINGS\nChapter 31 - Use of Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Gynecologic Cancers\n	Technical Considerations\n		Forming the Positron Emission Tomography Image\n		Patient Preparation\n		Scanning\n		Interpretation\n	Gynecologic Malignancies\n		Cervical Cancer\n		Ovarian Cancer\n		Endometrial Cancer\n		Vaginal, Vulvar, and Fallopian Tube Cancers\n	Conclusion\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 32 - Uterine Cancers\n	Disease\n		Definition\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	Disease\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n			Classic Signs\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Surgical and Medical\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	Disease\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Surgical and Medical\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	Disease\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n	Disease\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical and Surgical\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 33 - Cervical Cancer\n	Disease\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n	Etiology and Pathophysiology\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound\n				Computed Tomography\n				Magnetic Resonance\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography\n				Angiography\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 34 - Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancer\n	Disease\n		Definition: Ovarian Cancer\n		Definition: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology: Ovarian Cancer\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology: Ovarian Cancer\n		Etiology and Pathophysiology: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n		Manifestations of Disease\n			Clinical Presentation: Ovarian Cancer\n			Clinical Presentation: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n			Imaging Indications and Algorithm\n				Lesion Discovery and Approach\n				Cancer Screening\n				Staging of Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Cancers\n			Imaging Technique and Findings\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasound: Ovarian Cancer\n				Ultrasound: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n				Computed Tomography: Ovarian Cancer\n				Computed Tomography: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n				Magnetic Resonance: Ovarian Cancer\n				Magnetic Resonance: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography: Ovarian Cancer\n				Nuclear Medicine and Positron Emission Tomography: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n			Classic Signs: Ovarian Cancer\n			Classic Signs: Fallopian Tube Carcinoma\n	Differential Diagnosis\n		From Clinical Presentation\n		From Imaging Findings\n	Synopsis of Treatment Options\n		Medical\n		Surgical and Interventional\n	Reporting: Information for the Referring Physician\n		Initial Diagnosis\n		Imaging Before Surgical Staging\n		Imaging in Follow-up Evaluations and in Nonsurgical Patients\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 35 - Carcinoma of the Vagina and Vulva\n	Vaginal Carcinoma\n		Epidemiology\n		Signs and Symptoms\n		Patterns of Spread\n		Staging of Vaginal Carcinoma\n		Role of Imaging in Staging of Vaginal Carcinoma\n		Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Protocol\n			Imaging Findings\n		Differential Diagnosis From Other Vaginal Mass Lesions\n			Inflammatory Mass Lesions\n			Benign Neoplasms of the Vagina\n			Metastases to the Vagina\n			Nonsquamous Vaginal Malignancy\n				Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina\n				Sarcoma of the Vagina\n				Melanoma\n		Role of Imaging in Radiation Treatment and Follow-up Evaluation\n		Key Imaging Features\n		Key Points in Radiology Report\n	Carcinoma of the Vulva\n		Epidemiology and Pathology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pattern of Spread\n		Staging of Vulvar Carcinoma\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n				Aggressive Angiomyxoma of the Vulva\n		Key Imaging Features\n		Key Points in Radiology Report\n	Acknowledgment\n	References\n	Suggested Readings: Carcinoma of the Vagina\n	Suggested Readings: Carcinoma of the Vulva\nChapter 36 - Gynecologic Imaging of the Pediatric Patient\n	Imaging Techniques\n		Ultrasound: Technique and Technical Factors\n			The Normal Pediatric Ovary\n			The Normal Uterus\n		Embryology of the Gynecologic Tract\n		Physiologic Changes of Puberty Menses and Their Abnormalities\n			Precocious Puberty\n			Delayed Puberty\n			Amenorrhea\n			Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism as a Cause of Amenorrhea\n			Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism as a Cause of Amenorrhea\n			Secondary Amenorrhea\n			Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\n		Causes of Mass and Pain in the Pediatric and Adolescent Pelvis\n			Hemorrhagic Cysts\n			Ovarian Torsion\n			Ovarian Masses\n			Ovarian Neoplasms\n			Uterine Masses\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 37 - Drainage and Biopsy Procedures\n	Description of Technical Requirements\n		Preprocedure Planning\n		Imaging Guidance\n	Techniques\n		Aspiration and Drainage of Fluid Collections\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			Technique Description\n				Transabdominal Approach\n				Ultrasound Guidance\n				Computed Tomography Guidance\n				Transgluteal Approach\n				Transvaginal and Transrectal Approach\n			Pitfalls and Solutions\n		Biopsy\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			Technique Description\n			Pitfalls and Solutions\n		Aspiration and Sclerosis of Cystic Lesions\n			Indications\n			Contraindications\n			Technique Description\n			Pitfalls and Solutions\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 38 - Magnetic Resonance–Guided Ultrasound Surgery of Uterine Leiomyomas\n	Diagnosis\n		Treatment Options\n			Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery\n				Fundamental Principles\n				Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound System\n				Patient Selection for Uterine Fibroid Treatment\n			Procedure\n				Preprocedure Preparation\n				Treatment Planning\n				Treatment\n			Technology Assessment\n			Recent Literature Summary\n	Conclusion\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 39 - Uterine Artery Embolization\n	Medical and Surgical Treatment Options for Symptomatic Patients\n	Patient Selection for Uterine Artery Embolization, Indications and Contraindications\n	Preprocedural Imaging\n	Magnetic Resonance Protocol\n	Embolization Technique\n	Postprocedural Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n	Imaging of Complications\n		Fibroid Expulsion\n	Infection\n	Uterine Necrosis\n	Pulmonary Embolism\n	Fibroid Regrowth and Technical Failure\n	Premature Ovarian Failure\n	Conclusion\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 40 - Fallopian Tube Catheterization\n	Description of Technical Requirements\n	Techniques\n		Indications\n		Contraindications\n		Technique Description\n			Patient Preparation\n			Technique\n		Pitfalls and Solutions\n			Tubal Spasm\n			Venous Intravasation\n			Tubal Perforation\n			Ligation Reversal Occlusion\n			Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa\n			Hysterosalpingogram Immediately After Recanalization\n			Tubal Reocclusion After Recanalization\n			Complications\n		Image Interpretation\n			Reporting\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nChapter 41 - Ultrasound-Guided Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy\n	Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy\n	Interstitial Ectopic Pregnancy\n	Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy\n	Heterotopic Pregnancy\n	Conclusion\n	References\n	Suggested Readings\nAPPENDIX -Selections from the ACR Appropriateness Criteria\n	OUTLINE FOR APPENDIX\n	RELATIVE RADIATION LEVEL INFORMATION\n	CLINICAL CONDITION: ABNORMAL VAGINAL BLEEDING\n		Anticipated Exceptions\n	ACUTE PELVIC PAIN IN THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE-GROUP\n	ENDOMETRIAL CANCER OF THE UTERUS\n	STAGING AND FOLLOW-UP OF OVARIAN CANCER\n	STAGING OF INVASIVE CANCER OF THE CERVIX