Gut-brain Connection, Myth Or Reality?: Role Of The Microbiome In Health And Diseases

Contents
Foreword by Professor Luc Montagnier
Preface
List of Corresponding Authors of the Chapters
1 The Role of Microbiome in Health and Neurosensory Disorders: Historical and Clinical Perspectives
	INTRODUCTION
		Historical Aspects of the Gut Microbiome
			Gut–Brain Connection in Ancient Times
			Discovery of the Human Microbiota
			The Emergence of the Gut–Brain Connection in Western Medicine
		Advancements in Genomic Sequencing, Transcriptomics, and Metabolomics
			Next-Generation Sequencing and Database Development
			Functional Genomics
		Epigenetics
		The Role of the Microbiome in Health Disease
			Head and Neck Disorders
			Neurosensory Disorders
	FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	REFERENCES
2 Development of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Early Life
	INTRODUCTION
		Early Colonization of the Infant Gut Microbiome
			Impacts on Mode of Delivery in Infant Microbiome
			Immune Development
			Neurodevelopment
			Maturation of the GI Tract
		The MGB Signaling
			MGB Axis: SCFA
			MGB Axis: Neurotransmitters
			MGB Axis: HPA Axis Signaling
			MGB Axis: Neural Signaling
		The Role of Gut Microbiome Disruption in Abnormal Physiological and Cognitive Function
	CONCLUSIONS
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES
3 Crosstalk Between Gut and Brain via Neurotransmitters
	INTRODUCTION
		Serotonin
		Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
		Norepinephrine
		Dopamine
		Histamine
	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	REFERENCES
4 Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and the Blood–Brain Barrier
	INTRODUCTION
		The Human Microbiome, Dysbiosis, and the Immune System
		Role of SCFAs in Inflammation
		T helper 17 cells
		Gut-Induced Inflammation and Disruption of the BBB
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
5 Bacterial Metabolites and Quorum Sensing Molecules Affect the Brain
	INTRODUCTION
	BACTERIAL METABOLITES AND THE BRAIN: SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
	BACTERIAL METABOLITES AND THE BRAIN: SEROTONIN
	BACTERIAL METABOLITES AND THE BRAIN: QUORUM SENSING MOLECULES
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
6 Gut–Brain Axis: The Current State of Imaging Technologies, Their Clinical Implications, and Future Directions
	INTRODUCTION
	FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
	BRAIN MAPPING
	GI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	GI MAPPING
	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	REFERENCES
7 The Gut–Brain Axis in the Context of Gut Microbiome and Its Metabolites
	INTRODUCTION
		Commensal Microbes and Their Metabolites
		Microbial Metabolites and BBB
			Short-Chain Fatty Acids
			Bacterial Trimethylamines
			Lactic Acid
			Amino Acids and Derivatives
			Ammonia
			Vitamins
		Microbial Metabolites, Immunity, and Brain/CNS Function
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
8 Modulation of Gut–Brain Axis Through Prebiotics and Psychobiotics
	INTRODUCTION
		Psychobiotics, Gut Health, and Mood
		Microbiota and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
		Vaginal Delivery versus C-Section and Healthy Gut Microbiome
		Impact of Diet on Gut Microbiota
		Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Gastrointestinal Disorders
		Synbiotics
	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	REFERENCES
9 The Gut Microbiome: Potential Clinical Applications in Disease Management
	INTRODUCTION
	THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
	MODULATING THE MICROBIOME
		Dietary Intervention
			Typical Western Diet
			Calorie Restricted and Fasting Diet
			Ketogenic Diet
			High-Fiber Diet
			Mediterranean Diet
		Probiotics, Prebiotics, Microbiota Transfer Therapy, and Fecal Microbiota Transfer
	MICROBIOME AND VARIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS
		Accelerated Aging
		Metabolic Disease: Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
		GI Disorders: IBD and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
			Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		Neurologic Disorders
			Alzheimer’s Disease
			Multiple Sclerosis
			Stroke
			Autism Spectrum Disorders
			Cognition and Central Processing
		Immune Disorders and Autoimmunity
			Autoimmunity
			Allergy
		Anxiety and Depression
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
10 Role of Gut–Brain Axis in HIV-1 Infection
	INTRODUCTION
	INFLUENCE OF ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY ON MICROBIOME COMPOSITION
	MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY DURING HIV-1 INFECTION
	APPROACHES TO RESCUE GUT MUCOSAL INTEGRITY AND IMMUNITY
	CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	REFERENCES
11 Functional Integration of Gut–Brain Axis and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy
	INTRODUCTION
	GUT MICROBIOME
	ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
	GUT–BRAIN INTEGRATION AND SIGNALING
		Neurodevelopment
	FECAL TRANSPLANT THERAPY
		Parkinson’s Disease
		Autism Spectrum Disorder
	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES
12 Zebrafish as a Model Organism to Understand the Gut–Brain Axis
	INTRODUCTION
	ZEBRAFISH
	BEHAVIORAL STUDIES AND HUMAN CORRELATION
	THE GUT CONNECTION: THE ENS
	ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL FOR IMMUNE DISORDERS
	TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS
	BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES
	ZEBRAFISH MODELS AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
		Autism Spectrum Disorders
		Hereditary Neurodegenerative Diseases
		Usage in Understanding Anesthesia
		“Sickness Behavior”
		GF Development
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
13 Chronic Stress and the Gut–Brain Connection: An Occupational Therapist’s Perspective
	INTRODUCTION
		Exercise and the Gut–Brain Axis
		Modulation of the Gut–Brain Axis Through the Vagus Nerve
		Sleep and the Gut–Brain Axis
		Diet and the Gut–Brain Axis
	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
	ACKNOWLEDGMENT
	REFERENCES
14 Migraine and the Gut Microbiome
	INTRODUCTION
	DYSBIOSIS AND MIGRAINE
	TREATMENT STRATEGIES: DIET AND NUTRITION
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
15 Interactions of the Gut Nervous System with Bacteria
	INTRODUCTION
		The Gut–Brain Axis in Health and Disease
			The Enteric Nervous System
			Neuroimmune Interactions in the GI Tract
			Neuroinflammation and the Gut–Brain Axis
		The Interface Between the ENS and Bacteria
			The Mucus Barrier
			Neural Regulation of Gut Physiology
		Interactions of the Nervous System with the Microbiome
			Bacteria Excite Submucosal Neurons
			Innervation of GALT
		Gut Dysbiosis
			Dysbiosis in Neurological Diseases
		Strategies in Gut–Brain Axis Research
			Pre-Clinical Models of Neurological Disease
			Assessing Gut–Brain Axis Function in Animal Models
				Behavior
				GI transit and motility
				GI secretion and membrane permeability
				Enteric neuron structure and function
				Microbial analyses and engineering approaches
		Treatment of Neurological Diseases via the Gut–Brain Axis
	CONCLUSIONS
	REFERENCES
Index