Guide to Wireless Mesh Networks

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2.1 Evolution of MANETs and Its Network Characteristics......Page 21
1.2.2 Evolution from MANETs to WMNs......Page 22
1.2.3 Free-For-Use and Commercial WMN Examples......Page 24
1.3.1 Capacity of Pure MANETs......Page 25
1.3.2 Capacity Gain of WMNs......Page 26
1.4 WMN Positioning Technique......Page 28
1.4.1 Positioning Technique for IGWs......Page 29
1.4.2 Positioning Technique for MRs......Page 31
1.5 Fairness Transmission in 802.11-Based MANETs and WMNs......Page 33
1.5.1 Local Unfairness......Page 34
1.5.2 End-To-End Unfairness......Page 35
1.6.1 Multihop Routing in MANETs......Page 37
1.6.2 Multihop and Multiradio WMN Routing......Page 39
1.8 Direction for Future Research......Page 43
1.9 Conclusions......Page 44
1.11 Questions......Page 45
References......Page 46
2.1 Introduction......Page 48
2.2 Background......Page 49
2.3.1 Collision Avoidance......Page 53
2.3.2 Energy Conservation......Page 58
2.3.3 Interference Resistance......Page 59
2.3.4 Rate Adaptation......Page 61
2.4 Directions of Future Research......Page 62
2.6 Terminologies......Page 63
References......Page 64
3.1 Introduction: Motivation and Challenges......Page 66
3.2.2 The OLSR Routing Protocol......Page 68
3.3.1 Academic Multihop Mesh Networks......Page 69
3.3.2 Commercial Multihop Mesh Networks......Page 70
3.4 The Proposed Framework......Page 72
3.5.1 Hierarchical Routing......Page 74
3.5.2 Multihoming with Load Balancing......Page 75
3.5.3 Multiple Interface Support......Page 76
3.5.6 Power Aware Routing......Page 77
3.6 Service-Oriented QoS......Page 81
3.6.1 QoS Priority Definition......Page 83
3.6.2 Service Differentiation Among the Mesh Network: The 802.11e/WMM Medium Access Control......Page 84
3.6.3 Service Differentiation Within a Single Node: The Hierarchical Token Bucket Mechanism......Page 85
3.8 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 89
3.10 Questions......Page 90
References......Page 91
4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.2 Background......Page 96
4.3 Model and Problem Statement......Page 97
4.3.1 Problem Statement......Page 98
4.3.2 Defining Self-stabilization of Slot Assignment......Page 100
4.4 Self-stabilizing Frame Assignment for Infrastructure Network......Page 101
4.4.1 Frame Assignment Algorithms Using Graph Coloring......Page 102
4.4.2 Frame Assignment in Infrastructure Network with Known Locations......Page 110
4.5 Slot Assignment for Infrastructure Nodes and Clients in their Vicinity......Page 113
4.5.1 Example......Page 118
4.6 Slot Assignment Without Infrastructure Node Support......Page 119
4.7 Informal Proof of Correctness......Page 125
4.7.1 Example......Page 126
4.8 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 128
4.10 Conclusions......Page 129
4.11 Terminologies......Page 130
4.12 Questions......Page 131
References......Page 134
5.1 Overview......Page 136
5.2.1 What is a Radio Spectrum, Radio Channel, and Radio Band?......Page 137
5.2.3 Channel Interference......Page 138
5.2.4 Graph Theory: Fundamentals......Page 141
5.2.5 Introduction to IEEE 802.11 Set of Standards......Page 142
5.3.1 Channel Assignment Problem Definition......Page 143
5.3.2 Different Models, Representations and Perspectives used for the Channel Assignment Problem......Page 144
5.4 IEEE 802.11: Physical Layers and Their Limitations......Page 148
5.4.1 ISM Bands Used for 802.11 Physical Layers......Page 149
5.4.2 Effect of Interference on Link Throughput in 802.11-Based Networks......Page 150
5.4.3 IEEE 802.11k: Spectrum Awareness of 802.11-Based Equipment......Page 151
5.5.1 Taxonomy of Existing Algorithms......Page 153
5.5.2 Review of Algorithms for Channel Selection......Page 154
5.6 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 156
5.7 Directions for Future Research......Page 157
5.9 Acronyms......Page 158
5.11 Questions......Page 159
References......Page 162
6.1 Introduction......Page 164
6.2 Background......Page 167
6.3.1 Static vs. Dynamic Assignment......Page 169
6.3.3 Heuristic vs. Optimization Strategies......Page 171
6.4 Notation and Terminology......Page 172
6.5.1 Link Load Estimation......Page 176
6.5.2 Link Capacity Estimation......Page 178
6.5.3 Traffic-Aware Joint Interface Assignment and Routing......Page 179
6.6 Directions for Future Research......Page 180
6.7 Conclusions......Page 181
6.8 Terminologies......Page 182
6.9 Questions......Page 184
References......Page 186
7 Wireless Mesh Network Routing Under Uncertain Demands......Page 188
7.1 Introduction......Page 189
7.2.1 Network and Interference Model......Page 190
7.2.2 Traffic Model and Schedulability......Page 192
7.3 Background......Page 193
7.4.1 Traffic Prediction......Page 196
7.4.2 Predictive Routing Optimization......Page 200
7.5.1 Routing......Page 203
7.5.2 Oblivious Performance Ratio......Page 204
7.5.3 Flow Conservation......Page 205
7.6 Simulation Study......Page 207
7.7 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 211
7.9 Conclusions......Page 212
7.11 Questions......Page 213
References......Page 214
8.1 Introduction......Page 216
8.2.1 Optimization Objectives......Page 218
8.2.2 Link and Path Metrics......Page 219
8.2.3 Metric Computation Method......Page 220
8.3.1 Topology-Based Metrics......Page 221
8.3.2 Signal Strength-Based Metrics......Page 224
8.3.3 Active Probing-Based Metrics......Page 227
8.3.4 Mobility-Aware Metrics......Page 233
8.3.5 Energy-Aware Metrics......Page 236
8.3.6 Routing Metrics in Standardization Arena......Page 240
8.5 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 241
8.6 Directions for Future Research......Page 243
8.8 Terminologies......Page 244
References......Page 245
9.1 Introduction......Page 248
9.1.1 Impact of Intermittent Connectivity......Page 249
9.1.2 Transport Principles......Page 250
9.2 Background......Page 251
9.2.2 Alternatives to End-to-End Transport......Page 252
9.2.3 Hop-by-Hop Transport......Page 253
9.2.4 Custody Transfer......Page 254
9.3.1 Theoretical Bounds......Page 255
9.3.2 Simulation Experiments......Page 256
9.3.3 Analytical Performance Evaluation......Page 259
9.4.1 Countermeasures......Page 265
9.4.2 Application Scenarios......Page 266
9.6 Conclusions......Page 267
9.7 Terminologies......Page 268
References......Page 269
10.1 Introduction......Page 272
10.2.1 Congestion Control Algorithms......Page 273
10.3 Wireless Mesh Networks and Transport Protocols......Page 275
10.3.1 Flight-Size and Loss Probabilities......Page 277
10.3.2 Transport Layer Flow Control......Page 278
10.3.3 Cross-Layered Designs......Page 283
10.3.4 Split Connections......Page 288
10.6 Conclusions......Page 289
10.8 Questions......Page 290
References......Page 291
11.1 Introduction......Page 294
11.2 Background......Page 295
11.3 Definition of Congestion......Page 296
11.3.1 Neighborhood Congestion......Page 297
11.4 Impact of Congestion on System Performance......Page 298
11.5 Congestion Control......Page 299
11.5.2 Congestion Signaling......Page 300
11.5.3 Congestion Resolution......Page 302
11.6.1 Analytical Approach......Page 306
11.6.2 Practical Aspects......Page 307
11.7 Congestion Control in IEEE 802.11s Draft Standard......Page 308
11.8 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 310
11.9 Directions for Future Research......Page 311
11.11 Terminologies......Page 312
11.12 Questions......Page 313
References......Page 314
12.1.1 Multinetwork Convergence......Page 316
12.1.2 Design Principles of Multimode Security Access......Page 318
12.2.1 Common Access......Page 319
12.2.2 Network Proxy......Page 321
12.2.3 Generic Link Layer......Page 322
12.3 WMNs-Based Multinetwork Convergence and Security Access......Page 323
12.3.1 Introduction......Page 324
12.3.2 The Architecture......Page 325
12.4 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 329
12.4.1 Interconnecting Devices......Page 330
12.4.2 Wireless Terminals......Page 334
12.6 Conclusions......Page 338
12.8 Questions......Page 339
References......Page 340
13.1 Introduction......Page 342
13.2 Background......Page 343
13.4 Scalability......Page 345
13.4.1 Factors Affecting Scalability......Page 347
13.5 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 357
13.6 Directions for Future Research......Page 358
13.7 Conclusions......Page 359
13.8 Terminologies......Page 361
References......Page 362
14.1 Chapter Overview......Page 366
14.2 Introduction......Page 368
14.3.1 Macromobility Management Protocols......Page 369
14.3.2 Micromobility Management Protocols......Page 374
14.4 Wireless Mesh Networks Based Mobility Management......Page 375
14.4.1 Issues......Page 376
14.4.2 Related Works: Literature Review......Page 377
14.4.3 Proposed Mobility Management Scheme......Page 381
14.5 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 389
14.7 Conclusions......Page 390
14.8 Terminologies......Page 391
14.9 Acronyms......Page 392
14.10 Questions......Page 393
References......Page 394
15.1 Introduction......Page 396
15.2.1 Wireless LAN, Wireless Mesh, Ad Hoc Networks, and MANETs......Page 399
15.2.2 Latency in Wireless Mesh Networks......Page 400
15.2.3 Unidirectional Noninterfering Channels......Page 401
15.2.4 Cut-Through and Wormhole Switching......Page 406
15.2.5 Low-Latency Wired Solutions: ATM and MPLS......Page 408
15.2.6 Quality of Service and Traffic Engineering......Page 409
15.2.7 Resource Reservation and Path Establishment......Page 410
15.3.1 Traffic Engineering Overview......Page 414
15.3.2 Traffic Engineering Mechanisms......Page 415
15.3.3 ATM-Based Wireless Networks......Page 421
15.3.4 Broadcast Wireless Mesh Layer 2.5 Label-Switching......Page 422
15.3.6 Orthogonal Multichannel Wireless Mesh Physical Layer Circuit-Switching (Virtual-Cut through, Wormhole Routing)......Page 423
15.4 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 424
15.4.1 Circuit-Switch Design Using FFT/IFFT......Page 425
15.4.2 Applying Cut-Through and Wormhole Switching to Wireless Mesh Networks......Page 426
15.4.3 Wireless Resource Reservation Protocol Issues in the Wireless Circuit-Switching Environment......Page 427
15.5 Directions for Future Research......Page 431
15.7 Terminologies......Page 433
15.8 Questions......Page 434
References......Page 439
16.1 Introduction......Page 442
16.2.2 WiMAX Mesh Networks......Page 445
16.3 Thoughts for Practitioners: Technologies and Challenges......Page 448
16.3.1 OFDM Transmissions......Page 449
16.3.2 Subchannelization......Page 452
16.3.4 Diversity Techniques, MIMO and Adaptive Antenna Systems......Page 454
16.3.5 Forward Error Correcting Codes and Automatic Repeat Request......Page 457
16.3.6 Adaptive Modulations, Power and Coding Rate Control......Page 459
16.3.7 Other Issues and Challenges......Page 460
16.4 Directions for Future Research......Page 461
16.5 Conclusions......Page 462
16.6 Questions......Page 463
References......Page 464
17.1 Introduction......Page 466
17.2 Background......Page 467
17.2.1 Reasons to Use CAC and Scheduling......Page 469
17.2.2 Aspects to Observe......Page 470
17.2.3 Scheduling Types of Service......Page 471
17.3 WiMax Mesh Mode Overview......Page 472
17.3.1 Scheduling Policies......Page 473
17.3.2 Centralized Scheduling......Page 474
17.3.3 Distributed Scheduling......Page 475
17.5 Taxonomy......Page 476
17.5.1 Comparison of Some of the Main Existing Proposals......Page 479
17.6 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 480
17.7 Directions for Future Research......Page 481
17.8 Conclusion......Page 482
17.10 Questions......Page 483
References......Page 484
18.1 Introduction......Page 488
18.2.1 Radio Communication......Page 489
18.2.2 Spectrum Allocation......Page 490
18.2.4 Change......Page 491
18.3.1 What is Cognitive Radio?......Page 492
18.3.2 Key Characteristics of a Cognitive Radio......Page 493
18.3.3 How Cognitive Radio Changes Spectrum Management......Page 494
18.4.1 WMN Characteristics......Page 496
18.4.2 Benefits of CR to WMNs......Page 497
18.5.2 Awareness......Page 500
18.5.4 Decision Making......Page 502
18.6 Thoughts for Practitioners......Page 504
18.7.3 Traffic Awareness......Page 507
18.7.5 Spectrum Monitoring and Policing......Page 508
18.9 Terminologies......Page 509
References......Page 510
19.1 Introduction......Page 514
19.2 Wireless Mesh Networks......Page 515
19.2.1 System and Network Architecture......Page 516
19.3 How to Study Wireless Mesh Networks......Page 517
19.3.3 Emulation......Page 518
19.3.6 Summary......Page 519
19.4.1 Motivation for a Hybrid Testbed......Page 521
19.4.2 System and Network Architecture......Page 522
19.4.3 Testbed Realization......Page 524
19.5.1 Optimized Link-State Routing Protocol......Page 525
19.5.2 Methodology......Page 526
19.5.3 Flowgrind......Page 527
19.5.4 Measurement Discussion......Page 528
19.6.1 Existing Testbeds......Page 530
19.6.2 Summary......Page 531
19.8 Directions of Future Research......Page 532
19.10 Terminologies......Page 533
19.11 Acronyms......Page 534
References......Page 535
Index......Page 538