Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Evolution

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Editorial board......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
The relevance of evolution to contemporary society......Page 9
Evolutionary agriculture......Page 10
Evolution and epidemics......Page 11
Conclusion: The evolving present......Page 12
Resources......Page 13
Contributing writers......Page 14
knowing......Page 16
Human cognitive abilities......Page 17
Scientific methods, part 1......Page 18
Scientific methods, part 3......Page 20
Hypotheses become theories......Page 21
Resources......Page 22
Creation stories: The human journey to understand the origins of life on Earth......Page 24
Indigenous peoples: North, Central, and South America......Page 25
Indigenous peoples: Africa......Page 27
Indigenous peoples: Europe and the Middle East......Page 29
Indigenous peoples: Australia and the Pacific Islands......Page 32
Indigenous peoples: Asia......Page 34
Pan-global religions......Page 35
Conclusions......Page 36
Resources......Page 37
The Enlightenment......Page 38
Lamarck and Darwin......Page 39
Darwin\'s contributions......Page 40
Origin of Species......Page 41
Evolution after Darwin......Page 42
Is there a post-modern synthesis?......Page 43
Resources......Page 45
The voyage......Page 46
Riding the tide......Page 47
The ever-changing Earth......Page 49
Galápagos Islands......Page 50
Malthus and population......Page 52
Marriage and family......Page 53
A life of poor health......Page 54
Delaying or delayed?......Page 55
Natural selection......Page 56
Darwin on religion......Page 57
Resources......Page 58
The Origin and natural selection......Page 60
Genetic mechanisms of evolution......Page 61
Balancing selection......Page 63
Interactions between different mechanisms......Page 64
Selfishness and altruism......Page 65
Mechanisms of speciation......Page 66
Resources......Page 68
Cepheids, M31, and the universe of galaxies......Page 70
Hubble\'s law and the expansion of the universe......Page 71
Hubble space telescope key program......Page 72
Formation of galaxies......Page 73
Cosmic microwave background fluctuations......Page 74
Life in the universe......Page 75
Resources......Page 76
Carbon and biochemistry......Page 78
Reactivity......Page 79
Curved arrows describe the synthesis of biological molecules......Page 80
Extraterrestrial sources of organic building blocks......Page 81
Problems in origins and their partial solution......Page 83
Final thoughts......Page 85
Resources......Page 86
Natural selection and speciation......Page 88
How new species evolve......Page 89
Biogeography and species formation......Page 91
Geographic speciation......Page 92
Making species the nonallopatric way......Page 93
Resources......Page 102
The evolution of sex......Page 104
Selection and associations between alleles......Page 105
Changing environments......Page 106
Sexual selection and the evolution of sex......Page 107
Resources......Page 108
Why taxonomy matters......Page 110
Taxonomic inflation......Page 111
Potential solutions......Page 113
Should we look before we leap?......Page 115
Resources......Page 116
Geological roots......Page 118
How fossils are formed......Page 119
Discovering and preparing fossils......Page 120
How old is this fossil?......Page 122
Interpreting fossils......Page 123
Resources......Page 124
Fossil succession: A key discovery......Page 126
The neo-Darwinian synthesis......Page 127
Three and one-half billion years of life......Page 128
Coping with change and surviving extinction......Page 132
Resources......Page 134
Biogeography: The distribution of life......Page 138
Historical biogeography......Page 139
Vicariance and dispersal......Page 140
Island biogeography......Page 142
Human impacts on species distribution......Page 144
Resources......Page 146
How genes are inherited......Page 148
The structure and function of DNA......Page 150
The growing importance of genetic research and development......Page 153
Resources......Page 154
From Haeckel\'s biogenetic law to evo-devo......Page 156
Genecentrism versus epigeneticism......Page 158
The theory of saltatory ontogeny......Page 160
The theory of synchrony and heterochrony in ontogeny......Page 161
Inheritable epigenetics......Page 162
Genes and environment......Page 163
Genes, phenotype plasticity, and humans......Page 164
Resources......Page 165
Predator avoidance......Page 166
Levels of selection......Page 169
Physiological ecology......Page 170
Feeding ecology......Page 171
Mating ecology......Page 172
Population structure and reproductive strategies......Page 173
Competition and ecological niche......Page 175
Predation......Page 176
Food webs......Page 177
Species diversity......Page 179
Resources......Page 180
Sensory adaptations......Page 184
Adaptations to extreme environments......Page 186
Mimicry among species......Page 187
Levels of natural selection......Page 188
Mutation......Page 190
Biomechanics......Page 191
Resources......Page 192
Sexual selection versus natural selection......Page 194
Sexual difference and sexual conflict......Page 195
Mechanism of sexual selection: male competition......Page 196
Mechanism of sexual selection: Female choice......Page 197
The evolution of female preferences......Page 198
Resources......Page 199
The scope of kin selection......Page 202
The process of kin selection......Page 203
The history of kin selection......Page 204
Natural examples of kin selection......Page 205
Resources......Page 206
Coevolution......Page 208
What is coevolution?......Page 209
The geographic mosaic of coevolution......Page 212
Resources......Page 213
Darwinian fitness......Page 216
Frequency-dependent selection......Page 218
Trade-offs......Page 219
Resources......Page 221
Comparative studies and the evolution of physiological traits......Page 222
Population comparisons and population selection......Page 223
Quantitative genetics......Page 225
Combining approaches: Thermal tolerance in Drosophila......Page 227
Resources......Page 229
The rise of the black peppered moth......Page 230
The post-Kettlewell period......Page 231
The peppered moth story comes under attack......Page 232
Conclusion......Page 233
Resources......Page 234
Adaptive radiations......Page 236
Early studies......Page 237
Evolutionary history......Page 238
Ecological species interactions......Page 239
Species and speciation......Page 240
The genetic basis of trait differences......Page 241
Resources......Page 242
The process of domestication......Page 244
Breeds from artificial selection combined with natural selection......Page 247
Artificial selection in plants and genetic engineering......Page 248
Resources......Page 249
Mimicry......Page 250
Convergent evolution of molecules......Page 251
Ecological equivalence......Page 252
Colorful tails......Page 253
Convergence in sandy deserts......Page 254
Community convergence......Page 255
Resources......Page 256
Natural selection and eye evolution......Page 258
Disparate eye morphologies......Page 259
Photoreceptor cells......Page 260
The biochemical basis of vision......Page 261
Visual physiology......Page 262
Summary......Page 265
Resources......Page 266
Gliding animals......Page 268
Powered flight......Page 271
A unifying concept: Directed aerial descent......Page 275
Resources......Page 276
Reptiles......Page 278
Resources......Page 284
Time and place of domestication......Page 286
From wolf to dog: How and why?......Page 287
Changes associated with domestication......Page 288
The social skills of dogs......Page 291
Resources......Page 292
Fossil record of the dinosaurs......Page 294
Origin and diversity of the dinosaurs......Page 295
Dinosaur biology......Page 300
Dinosaur contemporaries: Non-dinosaurian amniotes of the Mesozoic......Page 302
Resources......Page 304
The how and why of gigantism......Page 306
Susceptibility to extinction......Page 309
Resources......Page 311
Establishing evidence: Approaches in paleoanthropology......Page 314
Primate origins and evolution......Page 315
Natural history and evolutionary anatomy of human ancestors......Page 316
The future......Page 322
Resources......Page 323
Nervous systems of early multicellular animals......Page 326
Early stages of evolution of the vertebrate nervous system......Page 327
Brains of early mammals......Page 329
Brain evolution in primates......Page 331
Resources......Page 333
Language as communication......Page 334
Cross-fostering......Page 335
A robust phenomenon......Page 337
Developmental patterns......Page 338
Resources......Page 339
Causes of disease......Page 340
Evolution of virulence......Page 344
Genetic diseases and genetic dolutions to new environments......Page 346
Resources......Page 347
Habitat destruction......Page 350
Habitat fragmentation......Page 351
Global climate change......Page 352
Overexploitation......Page 353
Disease......Page 354
Genetic variability......Page 355
Environmental variation and catastrophes......Page 356
In the light of evolution......Page 357
Conclusion......Page 358
Resources......Page 359
Further reading......Page 362
Organizations......Page 366
Glossary......Page 368
INDEX......Page 374