Growing Together: Personal Relationships Across the Life Span (Advances in Personal Relationships)

0521813107......Page 1
Half-title......Page 2
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
List of Contributors......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 16
1 Coming Together: A Perspective on Relationships across the Life Span......Page 18
the meaning of personal relationships......Page 20
aspects of the social arena......Page 22
the social arena in a life-span context......Page 25
existing knowledge about personal relationships across the life span: constraints and limitations......Page 27
different histories of the study of child and adult development......Page 28
disparate fields of study......Page 29
methodological and phenomenological challenges......Page 30
structures and outcomes of personal relationships......Page 33
processes and outcomes in personal relationships......Page 35
References......Page 36
2 Relationships as Outcomes and Contexts......Page 41
the convoy model of social relations......Page 42
cultural influences on social relations......Page 44
Personal Characteristics......Page 46
Situational Characteristics......Page 49
relationships as context and predictors of outcomes......Page 50
support/efficacy model......Page 52
Linking the Support/Efficacy and Convoy Models......Page 53
future research......Page 55
References......Page 57
3 Child-Parent Relationships......Page 62
child-parent relationships across the life span......Page 64
Birth and Infancy......Page 65
Preschool and Elementary School Age......Page 67
Adolescence......Page 68
Early Adulthood......Page 69
Middle Adulthood......Page 70
Individuality and Relatedness......Page 72
Relationships between Active Individuals......Page 75
Relationship Biography......Page 77
Child-Parent Relationships in Context......Page 79
future directions......Page 81
References......Page 83
4 A Dynamic Ecological Systems Perspective on Emotion Regulation Development within the Sibling Relationship Context......Page 93
relationships as developmental contexts for emotion regulation in infancy......Page 94
Beyond the Parent-Infant Dyad......Page 95
A Model of Interpersonal Regulation and Self-Regulation of Emotions......Page 96
Sibling Relationships in Childhood and Processes of Interpersonal Regulation......Page 97
The Role of Individual Characteristics and the Sibling Relationship Context......Page 99
Sibling Relationships in Adulthood and Processes of Interpersonal Regulation......Page 102
Regulation of the Sibling Social Environment and Its Influence on Development......Page 105
the dynamics of change......Page 110
conclusion......Page 115
References......Page 116
5 Romantic and Marital Relationships......Page 120
how do various aspects of love relate to each other? an integrative hierarchical model......Page 123
Continuities and Discontinuities in Attachment......Page 125
Development of Relationship Experiences across the Life Span......Page 126
Age-Graded Love Styles......Page 128
Differences in the Development of Love Depending on Sexual Orientation......Page 131
Love Styles at Young Adulthood and Midlife – Cross-sectional Data......Page 132
Starting Line and Final Stage of Love across the Life Span......Page 136
A Longitudinal Study on Love Styles over Four Years......Page 137
concluding comments......Page 140
References......Page 143
the nature of close relationships......Page 147
Articulations of Psychological Functions among Multiple Significant Others......Page 148
Internal Framework of Close Relationships......Page 149
Individual Patterns of Close Relationships......Page 150
Affective Relationships Model......Page 151
Measuring Affective Relationships......Page 152
typology of close relationships......Page 156
Frequencies of Affective Relationships Types across the Life Span......Page 157
Differences in Behaviors among Affective Relationships Types......Page 159
Culture and Close Relationships......Page 165
Affective Relationships Types in Various Cultural Contexts......Page 166
Typology of Close Relationships......Page 167
future directions......Page 168
References......Page 169
7 Friendship across the Life Span: Reciprocity in Individual and Relationship Development......Page 176
Relationship Development and the Influence of Partners......Page 177
Friendship as the Ideal Relationship for Studying Reciprocal Developmental Influences......Page 178
a life-span developmental perspective on friendship......Page 179
Psychosocial Development......Page 180
Friendship Phases......Page 181
Friendship before Adulthood......Page 183
Adult Friendship......Page 187
Expanded Approaches to the Study of Reciprocal Individual and Relationship Development......Page 191
References......Page 194
8 The Consequential Stranger: Peripheral Relationships across the Life Span......Page 200
defining the peripheral social network......Page 201
Parameters of the Peripheral Network......Page 202
Members of the Peripheral Network......Page 204
Social Structures and the Peripheral Network......Page 207
Reciprocal Influences between Close and Peripheral Social Ties......Page 208
Discrete Functions of Peripheral Ties......Page 210
Similarities in Functions of Peripheral and Intimate Ties......Page 212
Infancy......Page 213
Childhood......Page 214
Adolescence......Page 216
Young Adulthood......Page 217
Midlife......Page 218
Late Life......Page 219
future research and conclusion......Page 220
References......Page 222
9 Stress in Social Relationships: Coping and Adaptation across the Life Span......Page 227
interpersonal conflicts and disappointments......Page 229
Kinds of Interpersonal Conflicts and Disappointments......Page 230
Coping Responses......Page 231
Coping Goals......Page 233
Coping Effectiveness......Page 235
losses and disruptions of social relationships......Page 236
Kinds of Relationship Losses and Disruptions......Page 237
Coping Responses......Page 238
Coping Goals......Page 240
Coping Effectiveness......Page 242
Coping Responses, Goals, and Effectiveness across the Life Span......Page 245
Substantive Issues......Page 248
Methodological Issues......Page 250
References......Page 251
10 Social Support and Physical Health across the Life Span: Socioemotional Influences......Page 257
socioemotional health model......Page 258
No Man Is an Island – Evolutionary Models of Social Relationships and Emotion......Page 260
emotion, social support, and health across the life span......Page 261
The Prenatal Period......Page 262
Infancy and Early Childhood......Page 264
Later Childhood and Adolescence......Page 267
Adulthood......Page 269
Measurement......Page 274
conclusion......Page 275
References......Page 276
11 Social Cognition and Social Relationships......Page 285
the nature of attributions in personal relationships......Page 286
Attributions and Personal Relationships......Page 288
The Social Content of Memory Representations and Attributional Processing......Page 289
aging and attributional judgment biases......Page 292
Age Differences in Social Schemas......Page 294
Social Schemas and Attributional Processing......Page 295
implications for personal relationships in older adulthood......Page 296
the role of emotion in social judgments about personal relationships......Page 298
conclusions and future directions......Page 301
References......Page 302
12 Dyadic Fits and Transactions in Personality and Relationships......Page 307
personality and relationships across the life span......Page 308
Stability and Change of Personality......Page 309
Stability and Change of Relationships......Page 311
Two Basic Rules of Personality-Relationship Transaction......Page 313
Mechanisms of Personality-Relationship Transaction......Page 314
Individual Perspective......Page 316
Dyadic Perspective......Page 317
Birds of a Feather Flock Together......Page 319
Assumed Similarity......Page 321
personality-relationship transaction over time......Page 322
Personality Effects on Relationships......Page 323
Relationship Effects on Personality......Page 325
conclusions and future directions......Page 328
References......Page 329
13 Relational Competence across the Life Span......Page 334
the two-component model of relational competence......Page 336
developmental issues in relational competence......Page 338
Reorganizations in the Development of Relational Competence......Page 339
Relational Competence and Adjustment......Page 343
Hardiness/Resiliency......Page 345
Relational Competence and Productive, Successful Aging......Page 346
Convoys of Support......Page 348
Increasing Dependency (and Loss) in Later Life......Page 350
conclusions and directions for future research......Page 352
References......Page 353
14 Social Motivation across the Life Span......Page 358
a life span perspective on the regulation of personal relationships......Page 360
(2) Contextual Influences Determine the Course and Outcome of Personal Relationships......Page 362
(3) The Structure and Function of Personal Relationships Are Differently Associated with Age......Page 363
(4) Personal Relationships May Contribute to Mastery at All Stages of Life When Age Adequate......Page 365
(5) Each and Every Personal Relationship Is Vulnerable and at Risk of Being Ended......Page 366
(6) There Is Much Diversity and Variability between and among the Personal Relationships that Individuals Maintain over the Life Course......Page 367
motivation of personal relationships across the life span: goals and resources......Page 369
social motivation and the maintenance of personal relationships: types of goals......Page 370
social goals and personal relationships over the life course: moderating influences of resources......Page 373
perceptions of the future as a developmental resource: empirical illustrations across the life span......Page 376
future directions and outlook......Page 378
References......Page 379
15 A Lifetime of Relationships Mediated by Technology......Page 385
changes in the technological context......Page 386
technology as a mediator of social relationships......Page 388
research findings on the effects of internet technology on social relationships......Page 391
Adulthood: Foci of Activities......Page 392
Adulthood: Types of Relationships and Processes......Page 394
synthetic dynamic framework for the study of a lifetime of relationships mediated by technology......Page 398
Individual Development Theory......Page 400
Life Course Theory......Page 402
Family Development Theory......Page 403
Social Network Change Theory......Page 404
conclusions......Page 405
References......Page 406
Subject Index......Page 412
Author Index......Page 424