Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking

Cover......Page 1
Abstract......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 9
1 Introduction to Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 15
References......Page 16
2 Object Concepts and Action......Page 18
Object concepts and interaction with objects......Page 19
Affordances and Interaction with Objects......Page 20
Neural Basis: “What” and “How” Systems......Page 23
Behavioral Evidence......Page 24
Affordances and Concept-Nouns......Page 30
Concepts Elicit Actions: Indirect Evidence......Page 32
Concepts Elicit Actions: Direct Evidence......Page 36
True only for manipulable objects?......Page 38
Conclusion......Page 39
References......Page 40
3 Constraints on Spatial Language Comprehension: Function and Geometry......Page 45
Geometric Influence......Page 47
Functional Influence......Page 50
Combining Geometric and Functional Influences......Page 53
A Possible Theoretical Account......Page 55
Predictions Derived from This Account......Page 56
The Contribution of the Identity of the Located Object......Page 57
The Direction of Interaction......Page 63
The Contribution of Context......Page 66
Summary of Empirical Findings......Page 69
Conclusion......Page 70
References......Page 71
4 Embodiment in Metaphorical Imagination......Page 75
Hypotheses on embodied metaphorical imagination......Page 76
Image Schemas......Page 78
Linguistic Action......Page 81
Political Ideas......Page 84
Illness......Page 86
Theories......Page 87
Hypothesis 3: embodiment in interpreting metaphorical language......Page 89
Word Meaning......Page 90
Idiomatic and Conventional Expressions......Page 92
Hypothesis 4: embodiment and immediate language processing......Page 96
Conclusion......Page 98
References......Page 100
5 Passionate Thoughts: The Emotional Embodiment of Moral Concepts......Page 103
Empiricism Defined......Page 104
Empirical Support for Empiricism......Page 107
Emotions in Moral Cognition......Page 109
Emotions Embodied......Page 113
Good and Bad......Page 116
The Role of Reason......Page 117
Where Do Moral Concepts Come From?......Page 118
Oher Moral Concepts......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 121
References......Page 122
Why language must be grounded outside the linguistic system......Page 125
Grounding language in emotional states......Page 130
References......Page 137
7 Situating Abstract Concepts......Page 139
Situation Availability......Page 140
Word Association......Page 141
Metaphor......Page 143
Hypothesis 1. Concreet and Abstract Concepts Share Situational Content......Page 144
Hypothesis 2. Concreet and Abstract Concepts Differ in Situational Focus......Page 145
Hypothesis 4. The Content of Abstract Concepts Could, in Principle, Be Simulated......Page 146
An exploratory study......Page 147
Method......Page 148
Analysis 1: Establishing the Content of Protocol Elements......Page 150
Analysis 2: Establishing Hierarchical Systems of Larger Protocol Units......Page 154
Summary of Analyses 1 and 2......Page 162
Was the Particular Nature of the Task Responsible for the Results?......Page 163
Does the Conceptual Content Observed Here Constitute Core Knowledge?......Page 165
Can Embodied Theories Explain the Content of Abstract Concepts?......Page 166
Taxonomic Caregory (T)......Page 167
Events......Page 168
Acknowledgments......Page 169
References......Page 170
Cognitive semantics......Page 174
Dynamicity......Page 177
Fictivity......Page 180
Fictive scanning......Page 187
“Logical” elements......Page 192
Quantifier meanings......Page 196
Conclusion......Page 203
References......Page 204
9 The Emergence of Grammar from Perspective......Page 208
Imagery and Decoupling......Page 210
Level 2: space and time......Page 212
Temporal Perspective......Page 214
Level 3: events......Page 215
Ambiguity......Page 217
Relativization......Page 219
Pronominal Co-reference......Page 220
Reflexivization......Page 225
Clitic Assimilation......Page 227
Levels 4 and 5: social roles and mental acts......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 230
References......Page 231
10 Embodied Sentence Comprehension......Page 234
Interconnected experiential traces......Page 237
Construal......Page 240
Empirical evidence......Page 245
Abstract representations......Page 250
Conclusion and outlook......Page 251
References......Page 253
11 On the Perceptual-Motor and Image-Schematic Infrastructure of Language......Page 256
Interaction between language and vision......Page 257
Interaction between language and space......Page 259
Image schemas affect metalinguistic judgments......Page 261
Image schemas affect perception and memory......Page 270
Perceptual space and conceptual metaphor......Page 274
General discussion......Page 281
Acknowledgments......Page 284
References......Page 285
12 Connecting Concepts to Each Other and the World......Page 292
Grounded concepts......Page 293
Conceptual webs......Page 295
Translating between conceptual systems......Page 297
ABSURDIST......Page 300
Tolerance to Distortion......Page 303
Integrating Internal and External Determinants of Conceptual Correspondences......Page 305
Discussion of initial simulations......Page 309
Aligning Subsystems......Page 310
Object Recognition and Shape Analysis......Page 312
Pre- and Postprocessing for Multidimensional Scaling......Page 314
Interpretation of Neural Networks......Page 315
Human Analogy and Comparison......Page 316
Large-Scale System Translation......Page 317
Translating Structured Representations......Page 318
Conclusion......Page 319
References......Page 321
Author Index......Page 325
Subject Index......Page 332