Grossman's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention, 7th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
DVD Table of Contents......Page 11
Preface to the 7th Edition......Page 13
Preface to the DVD Companion to Grossman’s 7th Edition......Page 15
Contributing Authors......Page 17
SECTION I: General Principles......Page 21
CHAPTER 1: Cardiac Catheterization History and Current Practice Standards......Page 23
INDICATIONS FOR CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION......Page 25
DESIGN OF THE CATHETERIZATION PROTOCOL......Page 28
THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION FACILITY......Page 29
TRAINING STANDARDS......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 32
BASIC X-RAY PHYSICS......Page 34
THE OPERATION OF A CINEFLUOROGRAPHIC SYSTEM......Page 37
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION (GENERAL)......Page 44
BRACHYTHERAPY ISSUES......Page 50
INTRAVASCULAR CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 53
OVERVIEW......Page 56
DEATH......Page 57
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION......Page 59
CEREBROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS......Page 61
LOCAL VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS......Page 62
ALLERGIC AND ANAPHYLACTOID REACTIONS......Page 0
RENAL DYSFUNCTION......Page 66
OTHER COMPLICATIONS......Page 67
ADJUNCTIVE PHARMACOLOGY FOR CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 84
SECTION II: Basic Techniques......Page 90
CATHETERIZATION VIA THE FEMORAL ARTERY AND VEIN......Page 92
ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR LEFT HEART CATHETERIZATION......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 117
PREPROCEDURE EVALUATION......Page 120
INCISION, ISOLATION OF VESSELS, AND CATHETER INSERTION......Page 121
ADVANCING THE RIGHT HEART CATHETER......Page 124
ADVANCING THE LEFT HEART CATHETER......Page 126
REPAIR OF VESSELS AND AFTERCARE......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 130
CHAPTER 6: Diagnostic Catheterization in Childhood and Adult Congenital Heart Disease......Page 131
GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CATHETERIZATION OF PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE......Page 132
SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 141
SECTION III: Hemodynamic Principles......Page 144
PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES......Page 146
WHAT FREQUENCY RESPONSE IS DESIRABLE?......Page 149
EVALUATION OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 150
TRANSFORMING PRESSURE WAVES INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS: THE ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAUGE......Page 151
PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSDUCER SYSTEM FOR THE CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY......Page 152
PHYSIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE WAVEFORMS......Page 154
SOURCES OF ERROR AND ARTIFACT......Page 157
MICROMANOMETERS......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
ARTERIOVENOUS DIFFERENCE AND EXTRACTION RESERVE......Page 161
PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL CENTRAL SHUNTS......Page 172
ASSESSMENT OF VASODILATOR DRUGS......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
DETECTION OF LEFT-TO-RIGHT INTRACARDIAC SHUNTS......Page 176
DETECTION OF RIGHT-TO-LEFT INTRACARDIAC SHUNTS......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 185
GORLIN FORMULA......Page 186
MITRAL VALVE AREA......Page 187
AORTIC VALVE AREA......Page 190
ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC STENOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT......Page 194
VALVE RESISTANCE......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
SECTION IV: Angiographic Techniques......Page 198
CURRENT INDICATIONS......Page 200
HISTORY AND GENERAL ISSUES......Page 201
THE FEMORAL APPROACH......Page 202
THE BRACHIAL OR RADIAL APPROACH......Page 212
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 213
INJECTION TECHNIQUE......Page 214
ANATOMY, ANGIOGRAPHIC VIEWS, AND QUANTITATION OF STENOSIS......Page 215
NONATHEROSCLEROTIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE......Page 224
MISTAKES IN INTERPRETATION......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 232
INJECTION CATHETERS......Page 235
INJECTION SITE......Page 237
INJECTION RATE AND VOLUME......Page 238
FILMING PROJECTION AND TECHNIQUE......Page 240
ANALYSIS OF THE VENTRICULOGRAM......Page 241
INTERVENTION VENTRICULOGRAPHY......Page 242
COMPLICATIONS AND HAZARDS......Page 243
ALTERNATIVES TO CONTRAST VENTRICULOGRAPHY......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 246
ANATOMY......Page 247
PROCEDURE......Page 248
PULMONARY EMBOLISM......Page 253
OTHER INDICATIONS FOR PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 265
NONINVASIVE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 267
VASCULAR ACCESS......Page 269
CATHETERS AND GUIDEWIRES......Page 270
CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 271
THORACIC AORTA......Page 272
ABDOMINAL AORTA......Page 276
SUBCLAVIAN AND VERTEBRAL ARTERIES......Page 277
CAROTID ARTERIES......Page 278
RENAL ARTERIES......Page 281
PELVIC AND LOWER EXTREMITIES......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 289
SECTION V: Evaluation of Cardiac Function......Page 294
DYNAMIC EXERCISE......Page 296
ISOMETRIC EXERCISE......Page 305
PACING TACHYCARDIA......Page 306
REFERENCES......Page 315
VOLUMES......Page 317
EJECTION FRACTION AND REGURGITANT FRACTION......Page 320
OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING VENTRICULAR VOLUME AND EJECTION FRACTION......Page 321
LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS......Page 322
WALL STRESS......Page 323
REGIONAL LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL MOTION......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 326
SYSTOLIC FUNCTION......Page 328
DIASTOLIC FUNCTION......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 343
SECTION VI: Special Catheter Techniques......Page 346
CONTROL OF MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW: THE MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND RELATIONSHIP......Page 348
MEASUREMENT OF MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM......Page 353
ANGIOGRAPHIC BLOOD FLOW ESTIMATION......Page 354
MEASUREMENTS OF INTRACORONARY PRESSURE AND FLOW VELOCITY USING SENSOR-TIPPED GUIDEWIRES......Page 358
MEASUREMENT OF CORONARY FLOW RESERVE......Page 360
ASSESSMENT OF SERIAL STENOSES......Page 367
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CORONARY BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENTS......Page 368
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COLLATERALS IN THE CATH LAB......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 381
INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND......Page 384
ANGIOSCOPY......Page 392
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY......Page 395
SPECTROSCOPY......Page 399
INTRAVASCULAR THERMOGRAPHY......Page 401
INTRAVASCULAR MR IMAGING......Page 403
REFERENCES......Page 404
HISTORICAL APPROACHES......Page 408
BIOPSY TECHNIQUE......Page 410
BIOPSY COMPLICATIONS......Page 417
TISSUE PROCESSING......Page 418
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 423
INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON COUNTERPULSATION......Page 425
LEFT VENTRICULAR SUPPORT......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 440
SECTION VII: Interventional Techniques......Page 444
HISTORY......Page 446
EQUIPMENT......Page 447
PROCEDURE......Page 452
POSTPROCEDURE MANAGEMENT......Page 455
MECHANISM OF PTCA......Page 456
ACUTE RESULTS OF ANGIOPLASTY......Page 458
COMPLICATIONS......Page 459
THE HEALING RESPONSE TO CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY—RESTENOSIS......Page 464
LONG-TERM RESULTS OF ANGIOPLASTY......Page 467
CURRENT INDICATIONS......Page 468
FINANCIAL AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 474
THE ROLE OF BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY IN THE NEW DEVICE ERA......Page 475
REFERENCES......Page 476
ATHERECTOMY......Page 480
ABLATIVE LASER TECHNIQUES......Page 489
MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY......Page 493
EMBOLIZATION PROTECTION DEVICES......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 501
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES......Page 505
STENT DESIGN: IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES......Page 508
STENT IMPLANTATION TECHNIQUE......Page 515
ADJUNCT PHARMACOTHERAPY......Page 520
COMPLICATIONS OF CORONARY STENTING......Page 521
DRUG-ELUTING STENTS......Page 526
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CORONARY STENTS: A PATIENT- AND LESION-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 547
PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON MITRAL VALVULOPLASTY......Page 556
PULMONIC VALVULOPLASTY......Page 564
BALLOON AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY......Page 565
PERCUTANEOUS VALVE REPLACEMENT AND REPAIR......Page 571
REFERENCES......Page 572
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 575
THORACIC AORTA......Page 578
VESSELS OF THE AORTIC ARCH......Page 586
ABDOMINAL AORTA......Page 595
LOWER EXTREMITY......Page 605
TRAINING AND CREDENTIALING......Page 612
REFERENCES......Page 613
THE CONGENITAL CATH LAB......Page 617
CONGENITAL OBSTRUCTIVE LESIONS......Page 618
OBSTRUCTION OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT......Page 624
COARCTATION OF THE AORTA......Page 627
INTRACARDIAC SHUNT LESIONS......Page 629
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS......Page 638
OTHER EXTRACARDIAC SHUNTS......Page 641
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH FONTAN PHYSIOLOGY......Page 643
REFERENCES......Page 644
SECTION VIII: Profiles of Specific Disorders......Page 648
MITRAL STENOSIS......Page 650
MITRAL REGURGITATION......Page 654
AORTIC STENOSIS......Page 660
AORTIC REGURGITATION......Page 666
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION......Page 669
RELATIVE STENOSIS OF PROSTHETIC VALVES......Page 670
REFERENCES......Page 671
STABLE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE......Page 673
ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (STEMI)......Page 675
NON–ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (NSTEMI)......Page 678
BIFURCATION DISEASE......Page 680
SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT DISEASE......Page 681
TOTAL CORONARY OCCLUSION......Page 684
UNPROTECTED LEFT MAIN DISEASE......Page 686
REFERENCES......Page 687
ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM......Page 690
RISK STRATIFICATION......Page 692
ANTICOAGULATION......Page 693
THROMBOLYSIS, CATHETER INTERVENTION, AND SURGICAL EMBOLECTOMY......Page 694
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION......Page 696
REFERENCES......Page 704
CHAPTER 31: Profiles in Cardiomyopathy and Congestive Heart Failure......Page 707
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY......Page 708
HEART TRANSPLANTATION......Page 713
VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES......Page 719
GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS......Page 723
DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE AND RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHIES......Page 724
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY......Page 730
REFERENCES......Page 734
CHAPTER 32: Profiles in Pericardial Disease......Page 738
PERICARDIOCENTESIS......Page 739
CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS......Page 744
EFFUSIVE-CONSTRICIVE PERICARDITIS......Page 749
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY......Page 750
OTHER PERICARDIAL PROCEDURES......Page 751
ANOMALIES OF THE PERICARDIUM......Page 754
REFERENCES......Page 755
ADULT WITH PULMONIC STENOSIS......Page 757
COARCTATION OF THE AORTA......Page 759
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT......Page 762
POST–MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE SHUNT REDUCTION......Page 764
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS......Page 766
CORONARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA......Page 768
REFERENCES......Page 770
AORTIC ARCH AND CAROTID ARTERY ANGIOPLASTY......Page 772
THORACIC AORTIC INTERVENTION......Page 780
CELIAC AND MESENTERIC ARTERY ANGIOPLASTY......Page 782
RENAL ARTERY ANGIOPLASTY......Page 784
FEMOROPOPLITEAL AND PROFUNDA FEMORIS ANGIOPLASTY......Page 788
INFRAPOPLITEAL ANGIOPLASTY......Page 793
PERCUTANEOUS TREATMENT OF ACCESS SITE COMPLICATIONS......Page 794
REFERENCES......Page 798
Index......Page 802
Color Plates......Page 821