Grid computing: Making the global infrastructure a reality

Grid Computing
 Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 11
List of Contributors......Page 33
PART A 
Overview and motivation......Page 42
SUMMARY OF THE BOOK......Page 44
PART B: ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGIES OF THE GRID......Page 46
PART C: GRID COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS......Page 47
PART D: GRID APPLICATIONS......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
1.1 THE GRID......Page 50
Box 1.1 Summary of Chapter 1......Page 52
1.2 BEGINNINGS OF THE GRID......Page 53
1.3 A COMMUNITY GRID MODEL......Page 56
1.4.1 Networks......Page 57
1.4.2 Computational ¡® nodes¡¯ on the Grid......Page 64
1.4.3 Pulling it all together......Page 65
1.4.4 Common infrastructure: standards......Page 70
1.5.1 Life science applications......Page 71
1.5.2 Engineering- oriented applications......Page 73
1.5.3 Data- oriented applications......Page 75
1.5.4 Physical science applications......Page 76
1.5.5 Trends in research: e- Science in a collaboratory......Page 79
1.5.6 Commercial Applications......Page 80
1.5.7 Application Summary......Page 81
1.6 FUTURES ¨C GRIDS ON THE HORIZON......Page 82
1.6.1 Adaptative and autonomic computing......Page 83
1.6.2 Grid programming environments......Page 84
1.6.3 New Technologies......Page 85
Box 1.2 Summary of Parts A and B of book ( Chapters 1 to 19)......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 88
2 The Grid: A new infrastructure for 21st century science......Page 92
2.1 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS......Page 93
2.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND TOOLS......Page 95
2.3 GRID ARCHITECTURE......Page 96
Box 2.1 Historical origins......Page 97
Box 2.2 The Globus Toolkit......Page 98
2.4 AUTHENTICATION, AUTHORIZATION,AND POLICY......Page 99
2.5 CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 101
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 103
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 106
3.2.1 FAFNER......Page 107
3.2.2 I- WAY......Page 108
3.3 THE EVOLUTION OF THE GRID: THE SECOND GENERATION......Page 110
3.3.1 Requirements for the data and computation infrastructure......Page 112
3.3.2 Second- generation core technologies......Page 113
3.3.3 Distributed object systems......Page 115
3.3.4 Grid resource brokers and schedulers......Page 117
3.3.5 Grid portals......Page 119
3.3.6 Integrated systems......Page 120
3.3.7 Peer- to- Peer computing......Page 123
3.4 THE EVOLUTION OF THE GRID: THE THIRD GENERATION......Page 125
3.4.1 Service- oriented architectures......Page 127
3.4.2 Information aspects: relationship with the World Wide Web......Page 130
3.4.3 Live information systems......Page 132
3.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 134
3.5.2 The Semantic Grid......Page 135
3.5.3 Research issues......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 138
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 142
4.2.2 The I- WAY network......Page 144
4.3.1 Requirements......Page 145
4.4 POINT OF PRESENCE MACHINES......Page 146
4.4.1 I- POP design......Page 147
4.5 SCHEDULER......Page 148
4.5.1 Scheduler design......Page 149
4.6 SECURITY......Page 150
4.6.2 Security discussion......Page 151
4.7.1 Parallel tools design......Page 152
4.8 FILE SYSTEMS......Page 153
4.9 RELATED WORK......Page 154
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 155
REFERENCES......Page 156
5.1 INTRODUCTION: LESSONS LEARNED FOR BUILDING LARGE- SCALE GRIDS......Page 158
5.2 THE GRID CONTEXT......Page 160
5.3.1 Grid computing models......Page 162
5.3.2 Grid data models......Page 166
5.4 GRID SUPPORT FOR COLLABORATION......Page 169
5.5.3 Build the initial test bed......Page 170
5.6 CROSS- SITE TRUST MANAGEMENT......Page 171
5.6.1 Trust......Page 172
5.6.2 Establishing an operational CA3......Page 173
5.7.3 The model for the Grid Information System......Page 176
5.7.4 Local authorization......Page 178
5.7.6 High performance communications issues......Page 179
5.7.7 Batch schedulers4......Page 180
5.7.9 Moving from test bed to prototype production Grid......Page 181
5.7.11 Data management and your Grid service model......Page 182
5.7.12 Take good care of the users as early as possible......Page 183
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 185
NOTES AND REFERENCES......Page 186
PART B Grid architecture and technologies......Page 210
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 212
6.2 THE EMERGENCE OF VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS......Page 215
6.3 THE NATURE OF GRID ARCHITECTURE......Page 217
6.4 GRID ARCHITECTURE DESCRIPTION......Page 218
6.4.1 Fabric: Interfaces to local control......Page 219
6.4.2 Connectivity: Communicating easily and securely......Page 221
6.4.3 Resource: Sharing single resources......Page 222
6.4.4 Collective: Coordinating multiple resources......Page 223
6.5 GRID ARCHITECTURE IN PRACTICE......Page 226
6.6 ‘On the Grid’: the need for intergrid protocols......Page 227
6.7.1 World Wide Web......Page 228
6.7.3 Enterprise computing systems......Page 229
6.8 OTHER PERSPECTIVES ON GRIDS......Page 230
APPENDIX: DEFINITIONS......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 235
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 240
7.2 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DATA FOR e- SCIENCE......Page 241
7.3.1 Web services......Page 242
7.3.2 The Open Grid Services Architecture......Page 243
7.4 CASE FOR OGSA......Page 244
7.5 THE CHALLENGE OF OGSA......Page 246
7.7 ESTABLISHING COMMON INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 247
7.7.2 Standard types......Page 248
7.8.1 An overview of the OGSA- DAI architecture......Page 249
7.9 BASELINE LOGGING INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 252
7.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 258
8.2.1 The evolution of enterprise computing......Page 261
8.3.1 The Globus Toolkit......Page 263
8.3.2 Web services......Page 265
8.4 AN OPEN GRID SERVICES ARCHITECTURE......Page 266
8.4.1 Service orientation and virtualization......Page 267
8.4.2 Service semantics: The Grid service......Page 269
8.4.3 The role of hosting environments......Page 272
8.4.4 Using OGSA mechanisms to build VO structures......Page 273
8.5 APPLICATION EXAMPLE......Page 275
8.6.1 The OGSA service model......Page 276
8.6.3 Service lifetime management......Page 278
8.6.4 Managing handles and references......Page 280
8.6.5 Service data and service discovery......Page 281
8.6.6 Noti . cation......Page 282
8.7 NETWORK PROTOCOL BINDINGS......Page 283
8.8 HIGHER- LEVEL SERVICES......Page 284
8.9 RELATED WORK......Page 285
8.10 SUMMARY......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 292
9.1.1 An overview of the application factory service......Page 294
9.2 XCAT AND WEB SERVICES......Page 295
9.2.1 The OGSA Grid services port and standard CCA ports......Page 300
9.3 THE APPLICATION FACTORY SERVICE......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 304
10.1 GRIDS ARE HERE......Page 306
10.2 GRID ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS......Page 307
10.3 LEGION PRINCIPLES AND PHILOSOPHY......Page 310
10.4 USING LEGION IN DAY- TO- DAY OPERATIONS......Page 312
10.4.1 Creating and administering a Legion Grid......Page 313
10.4.2 Legion Data Grid......Page 315
10.4.3 Distributed processing......Page 318
10.4.4 Security......Page 319
10.5 THE LEGION GRID ARCHITECTURE: UNDER THE COVERS......Page 320
10.5.1 Naming with context paths, LOIDs and object addresses......Page 321
10.5.3 Security......Page 323
10.6.1 Class objects......Page 326
10.6.2 Hosts......Page 327
10.6.4 Implementation objects......Page 328
10.7 THE TRANSFORMATION FROM LEGION TO AVAKI......Page 329
10.7.1 Avaki today......Page 330
10.7.2 How are Grid requirements relevant to a commercial product?......Page 331
10.7.3 What is retained, removed, reinforced?......Page 332
10.8 MEETING THE GRID REQUIREMENTS WITH LEGION......Page 333
10.9 EMERGING STANDARDS......Page 336
10.10 SUMMARY......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 338
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 340
11.2 THE PHILOSOPHY OF FLEXIBILITY......Page 342
11.3 THE CONDOR PROJECT TODAY......Page 343
11.3.1 The Condor software: Condor and Condor- G......Page 345
11.4 A HISTORY OF COMPUTING COMMUNITIES......Page 348
11.5 PLANNING AND SCHEDULING......Page 356
11.5.1 Combinations of planning and scheduling......Page 358
11.5.2 Matchmaking in practice......Page 359
11.6.1 Master ¨C Worker......Page 360
11.6.2 Directed Acyclic Graph Manager......Page 362
11.7 SPLIT EXECUTION......Page 363
11.7.1 The standard universe......Page 364
11.7.2 The Java universe......Page 366
11.8.1 Micron Technology, Inc.......Page 368
11.8.3 NUG30 Optimization Problem......Page 369
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 378
12.2 BACKGROUND......Page 380
12.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING......Page 381
12.4 ENTROPIA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE......Page 382
12.5 LAYERED ARCHITECTURE......Page 383
12.6 PROGRAMMING DESKTOP GRID APPLICATIONS......Page 385
12.8 APPLICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE......Page 386
12.9 SUMMARY AND FUTURES......Page 387
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 388
REFERENCES......Page 389
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 392
13.2 AUTONOMIC SERVER COMPONENTS......Page 394
13.3 APPROXIMATION WITH IMPERFECT KNOWLEDGE......Page 396
13.3.1 Self- observation......Page 397
13.3.2 Collective observation......Page 398
13.4.1 Synergy between the two approaches......Page 400
13.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 402
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 404
14.2 TERMINOLOGY......Page 406
14.3 THE RANGE OF USES OF DATABASES ON THE GRID......Page 407
14.4 THE DATABASE REQUIREMENTS OF GRID APPLICATIONS......Page 408
14.5 THE GRID AND DATABASES: THE CURRENT STATE......Page 413
14.6 INTEGRATING DATABASES INTO THE GRID......Page 415
14.7 FEDERATING DATABASE SYSTEMS ACROSS THE GRID......Page 418
14.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 422
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 424
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 426
15.1.2 Desirable features of Grids......Page 427
15.1.4 Motivation for the desirable features in Data Grids......Page 428
15.2 THE OGSA APPROACH......Page 429
15.3 DATA GRID SERVICES......Page 431
15.3.1 The data......Page 432
15.3.2 The functionality and the services......Page 434
15.3.3 Data Grid and OGSA......Page 439
15.4 ISSUES......Page 442
15.4.3 Monitorability......Page 443
15.4.6 Interoperability and compatibility......Page 444
15.5 SUMMARY......Page 445
REFERENCES......Page 446
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 450
16.2 DIGITAL ENTITIES......Page 451
16.2.1 Long- term persistence......Page 452
16.3.1 A unifying abstraction......Page 453
16.3.2 Virtualization and levels of data abstraction......Page 457
16.3.3 Data Grid infrastructure......Page 462
16.3.4 Data Grid projects......Page 463
16.4 INFORMATION INTEGRATION......Page 465
16.4.1 Data warehousing......Page 468
16.4.2 Database and application integration......Page 469
16.4.3 Semantic data integration......Page 472
16.5 SUMMARY......Page 473
REFERENCES......Page 474
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 478
17.2 A SEMANTIC GRID SCENARIO......Page 481
17.3 A SERVICE- ORIENTED VIEW......Page 483
17.3.1 Justi . cation of a service- oriented view......Page 484
17.3.2 Key technical challenges......Page 489
17.3.3 A service- oriented view of the scenario......Page 492
17.4.1 The knowledge life cycle......Page 496
17.4.2 Ontologies and the knowledge layer......Page 501
17.4.3 Knowledge layer aspects of the scenario......Page 503
17.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 506
REFERENCES......Page 508
18.1 PEER- TO- PEER GRIDS......Page 512
18.2 KEY TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS FOR P2P GRIDS......Page 513
18.3 PEER- TO- PEER GRID EVENT SERVICE......Page 518
18.4 COLLABORATION IN P2P GRIDS......Page 522
18.5 USER INTERFACES AND UNIVERSAL ACCESS......Page 528
REFERENCES......Page 530
19.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 532
19.2.1 Content link and content provider......Page 539
19.2.2 Publication......Page 541
19.2.3 Query......Page 543
19.2.4 Caching......Page 545
19.2.5 Soft state......Page 546
19.2.6 Flexible freshness......Page 547
19.3 WEB SERVICE DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE......Page 548
19.3.1 Interfaces......Page 549
19.3.2 Network protocol bindings and services......Page 553
19.3.3 Properties......Page 554
19.4 PEER- TO- PEER GRID DATABASES......Page 555
19.4.1 Routed versus direct response, metadata responses......Page 556
19.4.2 Query processing......Page 559
19.4.3 Static loop time- out and dynamic abort time- out......Page 563
19.4.4 Query scope......Page 566
19.5 PEER DATABASE PROTOCOL......Page 568
19.6 RELATED WORK......Page 571
19.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 575
REFERENCES......Page 577
PART C Grid computing environments......Page 582
20.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 584
20.2 OVERALL CLASSIFICATION......Page 585
20.3.1 Technology for building GCE systems......Page 587
20.3.3 Largely basic GCEShell portals......Page 588
20.3.6 Data management......Page 589
20.3.8 GCE computing model......Page 590
REFERENCES......Page 592
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 596
21.2 GRID PROGRAMMING ISSUES......Page 597
21.2.3 Performance......Page 598
21.3 A BRIEF SURVEY OF GRID PROGRAMMING TOOLS......Page 599
21.3.1 Shared- state models......Page 600
21.3.2 Message- passing models......Page 601
21.3.3 RPC and RMI models......Page 602
21.3.4 Hybrid models......Page 604
21.3.5 Peer- to- peer models......Page 605
21.3.6 Frameworks, component models, and portals......Page 606
21.3.7 Web service models......Page 608
21.4.1 Traditional techniques......Page 609
21.4.3 Speculative or optimistic techniques......Page 610
21.4.6 Advanced communication services......Page 611
21.4.8 Fault tolerance......Page 613
21.4.9 Program metamodels and Grid- aware run- time systems......Page 614
21.5 CONCLUSION......Page 615
REFERENCES......Page 616
22.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 620
22.2 NARADABROKERING......Page 622
22.2.1 Broker organization and small worlds behavior......Page 623
22.2.2 Dissemination of events......Page 624
22.2.4 Support for dynamic topologies......Page 625
22.2.5 Results from the prototype......Page 626
22.3.1 Rationale for JMS compliance in NaradaBrokering......Page 627
22.3.2 Supporting JMS interactions......Page 628
22.3.3 The distributed JMS solution......Page 629
22.3.4 JMS performance data......Page 630
22.4 NARADABROKERING AND P2P INTERACTIONS......Page 633
22.4.1 JXTA......Page 634
22.5 JXTA INTEGRATION IN NARADABROKERING......Page 635
22.5.2 Interaction disseminations......Page 636
22.5.4 NaradaBrokering- JXTA systems......Page 638
22.6 CONCLUSION......Page 639
REFERENCES......Page 640
23.1 A NEW CHALLENGE FOR APPLICATION DEVELOPERS......Page 642
23.2 APPLICATIONS MUST BE THE LIFEBLOOD!......Page 643
23.3 CASE STUDY: REAL- WORLD EXAMPLES WITH THE CACTUS COMPUTATIONAL TOOLKIT......Page 645
23.4.1 Generic types of Grid applications......Page 646
23.4.2 Grid operations for applications......Page 647
23.5 THE WAY FORWARD: GRID PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTIVE USE......Page 651
23.6 IN CONCLUSION......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
24.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 656
24.2 HOW NetSolve WORKS TODAY......Page 657
24.3.2 MCell......Page 660
24.3.5 LSI- based conference organizer......Page 661
24.4.1 Network address translators......Page 662
24.4.2 Resource selection criteria......Page 663
REFERENCES......Page 664
25.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 666
25.2 GLOBUS TOOLKIT......Page 668
25.3.3 API of Ninf- G......Page 669
25.3.4 Server side IDL......Page 670
25.4.1 ¡® Gridifying¡¯ a library or an application using GridRPC......Page 671
25.4.2 Performing GridRPC......Page 673
25.5.2 Client program......Page 674
25.6.2 Results and discussion......Page 676
25.7 CONCLUSION......Page 677
REFERENCES......Page 678
26.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 680
26.2 GRID COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS AND PORTALS......Page 681
26.3 COMMODITY TECHNOLOGIES......Page 684
26.4 OVERVIEW OF THE JAVA COG KIT......Page 686
26.5.2 Web services......Page 688
26.6 ADVANCED COG KIT COMPONENTS......Page 689
26.6.1 Sample components......Page 690
26.6.2 Community use......Page 691
26.7 CONCLUSION......Page 693
REFERENCES......Page 695
27.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 698
27.2 OVERVIEW OF THE GRID PORTAL DEVELOPMENT KIT......Page 700
27.3 GRID PORTAL ARCHITECTURE......Page 701
27.4 GPDK IMPLEMENTATION......Page 702
27.5 GPDK SERVICES......Page 704
27.5.1 Security......Page 705
27.5.2 Job submission......Page 706
27.5.4 Information services......Page 707
27.6 GPDK AS A PORTAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT......Page 708
27.7 RELATED WORK......Page 711
27.8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK......Page 712
REFERENCES......Page 713
28.1.1 What are Grid computing portals?......Page 716
28.1.2 History and motivation......Page 717
28.1.3 Grid portal users and developers......Page 720
28.2.1 GridPort architecture......Page 721
28.2.2 GridPort capabilities......Page 723
28.2.3 GridPort security......Page 724
28.3 GRIDPORT PORTALS......Page 725
28.3.1 HotPage user portal......Page 727
28.3.2 Laboratory for Applied Pharmacokinetics modeling portal......Page 728
28.3.3 Telescience portal......Page 730
28.3.4 NBCR computational portal environment......Page 731
28.4 SUMMARY OF LESSONS LEARNED......Page 732
28.5 CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK......Page 734
28.5.1 GridPort GCE architecture......Page 735
28.5.2 GridPort Grid Web services......Page 736
28.5.3 Grid portals and applications......Page 738
REFERENCES......Page 739
29.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 742
29.2.1 Infrastructure and architecture......Page 743
29.2.2 Supported Grid Services......Page 746
29.3.1 Are GridService extensions to WSDL really needed?......Page 748
29.3.3 Is the ¡® Push Only¡¯ noti . cation framework suf . cient?......Page 751
29.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 752
REFERENCES......Page 753
30.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 754
30.2 DEPLOYMENT AND USE OF COMPUTING PORTALS......Page 755
30.2.2 Gateway support for commodity codes......Page 756
30.3 COMPUTING PORTAL SERVICES......Page 757
30.4.1 The user interface......Page 758
30.4.2 Component- based middleware......Page 759
30.5 APPLICATION DESCRIPTORS......Page 763
30.6.2 Context management......Page 764
30.7 KERBEROS SECURITY REQUIREMENTS IN MULTITIERED ARCHITECTURES......Page 765
30.8 SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK......Page 767
REFERENCES......Page 768
31.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 770
31.2 THE DISCOVER MIDDLEWARE SUBSTRATE FOR GRID- BASED COLLABORATORIES......Page 772
31.2.1 DISCOVER middleware substrate design......Page 773
31.2.2 DISCOVER middleware substrate implementation......Page 775
31.2.3 DISCOVER middleware operation......Page 776
31.2.4 DISCOVER middleware substrate experimental evaluation......Page 778
31.3 DIOS: DISTRIBUTED INTERACTIVE OBJECT SUBSTRATE......Page 779
31.3.1 Sensors, actuators and interaction objects......Page 780
31.3.3 DIOS control network and interaction agents......Page 781
31.3.4 Experimental evaluation......Page 783
31.4 THE COLLABORATIVE INTERACTION AND STEERING PORTAL......Page 784
31.5 SUMMARY AND CURRENT STATUS......Page 785
REFERENCES......Page 786
32.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 788
32.2 COMPUTATIONAL ECONOMIES AND THE GRID......Page 790
32.2.1 Price- setting mechanisms: commodities markets and auctions......Page 792
32.2.2 Pricing functions......Page 793
32.3 AN EXAMPLE STUDY: G- COMMERCE......Page 796
32.3.1 Producers and consumers......Page 797
32.3.2 Commodities markets......Page 800
32.3.3 Auctions......Page 802
32.4 SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS......Page 803
32.4.1 Market conditions, under- demand case......Page 804
32.4.2 Ef . ciency......Page 806
32.5 DISCUSSION......Page 808
32.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 809
REFERENCES......Page 810
33.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 814
33.2.1 Motivation......Page 815
33.2.2 Principles and architecture......Page 816
33.2.3 Software architecture......Page 817
33.2.4 Scheduling......Page 818
33.2.5 Implementation......Page 819
33.3.1 APST and Grid resources......Page 821
33.3.2 Running applications with APST......Page 822
33.3.3 Discussion......Page 823
33.4 RELATED WORK......Page 824
REFERENCES......Page 825
34.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 830
34.1.2 Architecture......Page 831
34.2.1 Data Grids......Page 832
34.2.2 File/ dataset catalogs......Page 833
34.2.3 Storage resource management Web service ¨C JSRM......Page 834
34.2.4 Reliable . le transfer......Page 836
34.3.1 Grid . le interface ¨C a Java API......Page 838
34.3.2 Grid File Manager......Page 839
34.5 LESSONS LEARNED AND FUTURE PLANS......Page 841
REFERENCES......Page 842
PART D Grid applications......Page 844
35.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 846
35.2 GRID APPLICATIONS......Page 847
REFERENCES......Page 849
36.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 850
36.2.1 Introduction......Page 852
36.2.2 Normalization......Page 853
36.2.4 Bioinformatics......Page 854
36.2.5 Environmental science......Page 855
36.2.8 Social sciences......Page 856
36.3 SCIENTIFIC METADATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE......Page 857
36.4 DATA GRIDS AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES......Page 859
36.5 OPEN ARCHIVES AND SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING......Page 860
36.6 DIGITAL PRESERVATION AND DATA CURATION......Page 861
36.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 862
REFERENCES......Page 863
37 Metacomputing......Page 866
37.1 LAN METACOMPUTER AT NCSA......Page 868
37.2.1 Theoretical simulation......Page 870
37.2.3 User- executed simulation/ analysis of severe thunderstorm phenomena......Page 872
37.3 INTERACTIVE FOUR- DIMENSIONAL IMAGING......Page 873
37.4 SCIENTIFIC MULTIMEDIA DIGITAL LIBRARY......Page 874
37.5 NAVIGATING SIMULATED AND OBSERVED COSMOLOGICAL STRUCTURES......Page 875
FURTHER READING......Page 876
38.1 THE VIRTUAL OBSERVATORY......Page 878
38.1.1 Data federation......Page 879
38.2 WHAT IS A GRID?......Page 880
38.3.1 Virtual Sky: multiwavelength imaging......Page 881
38.3.3 Science with federated images......Page 885
38.3.4 MONTAGE architecture......Page 886
38.3.5 Quest: multitemporal imaging......Page 888
38.3.6 A galaxy morphology study......Page 890
38.4 DATABASE COMPUTING......Page 891
38.4.1 The VOTable XML proposal......Page 892
38.4.2 Database mining and visualization......Page 893
38.5 A SEMANTIC WEB OF ASTRONOMICAL DATA......Page 894
38.5.1 The Strasbourg ontology......Page 895
38.5.3 Ontology mapping......Page 897
REFERENCES......Page 898
39.1 INTRODUCTION: SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION AT THE HIGH- ENERGY FRONTIER......Page 900
39.3 Meeting the challenges: Data Grids as managed distributed systems
for global virtual organizations......Page 902
39.4.1 The CMS computing model circa 1996......Page 904
39.4.2 GIOD......Page 905
39.4.3 MONARC......Page 906
39.4.4 ALDAP......Page 907
39.5.1 PPDG......Page 908
39.5.2 GriPhyN......Page 910
39.5.4 DataGrid......Page 911
39.5.5 LCG......Page 912
39.5.6 CrossGrid......Page 914
39.6.1 TeraGrid prototype......Page 915
39.6.2 MOP for Grid- enabled simulation production......Page 916
39.6.3 GRAPPA......Page 917
39.6.4 SAM......Page 919
39.7.1 HICB......Page 920
39.7.3 DataTAG......Page 921
39.7.4 Global Grid Forum......Page 922
39.8.1 HEP Grids versus classical Grids......Page 923
39.8.2 Grid system architecture: above ( or within) the collective layer......Page 924
39.8.3 Grid system software design and development requirements......Page 926
39.8.4 HEP Grids and networks......Page 927
39.8.5 Strategic resource planning: the key role of modeling and simulation......Page 928
39.9 A DISTRIBUTED SERVER ARCHITECTURE FOR DYNAMIC HEP GRID SERVICES......Page 929
39.9.1 The station server framework......Page 930
39.9.3 Station server operation......Page 931
39.9.4 Possible application to a scalable job scheduling service......Page 932
39.9.5 An agent- based monitoring system using the DDSA......Page 933
39.10 THE GRID- ENABLED ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENT......Page 938
39.10.2 Access to object collections......Page 939
39.10.4 Clarens......Page 940
39.10.5 Caigee......Page 941
39.11 Conclusion: relevance of meeting these challenges for future
net works and society......Page 943
REFERENCES......Page 944
40.1.1 The . rst wave: compute- driven biology applications......Page 948
40.1.2 The next wave: data- driven applications......Page 949
40.2.1 Example 1: CEPAR and CEPort ¨C 3D protein structure comparison......Page 951
40.2.2 Example 2: Chemport ¨C a quantum mechanical biomedical framework......Page 955
40.3 The challenges of the Grid from the perspective of bioinformatics
re searchers......Page 959
40.3.1 A future data- driven application ¨C the encyclopedia of life......Page 960
40.4 SUMMARY......Page 962
REFERENCES......Page 963
41.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 964
41.2 MEDICAL IMAGES......Page 966
41.3.1 Breast cancer facts......Page 969
41.3.2 Mammographic images and standard mammogram form ( SMF)......Page 972
41.4 MEDICAL DATABASES......Page 974
41.5.1 Introduction......Page 977
41.5.3 Objectives......Page 978
41.5.4 Project structure......Page 979
41.6 RELATED PROJECTS......Page 981
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 983
REFERENCES......Page 984
42.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 986
42.3 ‘Split & mix’ approach to combinatorial chemistry......Page 987
42.4 CHEMICAL MARKUP LANGUAGE ( cML)......Page 991
42.5 STATISTICS & DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS......Page 993
42.7 THE MULTIMEDIA NATURE OF CHEMISTRY INFORMATION......Page 994
42.8 THE PERVASIVE GRID AND METADATA......Page 996
42.9 VIRTUAL DATA......Page 997
42.11 A GRID OR INTRA- GRIDS......Page 998
42.12 e- SCIENCE AND e- BUSINESS......Page 1000
APPENDIX 1: THE COMB- e- CHEM e- SCIENCE PILOT PROJECT......Page 1001
REFERENCES......Page 1002
43.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 1004
43.2 WEB SERVICE PARADIGM FOR THE ENTERPRISE......Page 1005
43.3 IMPLEMENTING WEB SERVICES......Page 1010
43.4 EDUCATION AS A WEB SERVICE......Page 1011
REFERENCES......Page 1016
Index......Page 1018
VIEWS OF THE GRID......Page 1043
INDIRECT GLOSSARY......Page 1045
List of Grid Projects......Page 1048