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ویرایش: نویسندگان: Elena López-Gunn, Peter van der Keur, Nora Van Cauwenbergh, Philippe Le Coent, Raffaele Giordano سری: Water Security in a New World ISBN (شابک) : 3031253078, 9783031253072 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2023 تعداد صفحات: 418 [419] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 19 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Greening Water Risks: Natural Assurance Schemes به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب خطرات آب سبز: طرح های تضمین طبیعی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
در مواجهه با افزایش سیل، خشکسالی و سایر مخاطرات طبیعی، شهرها و مناطق هوشیار هستند تا راه حل های مقاوم در برابر آب و هوا را پیدا کنند که بر محدودیت های زیرساخت های خاکستری سنتی غلبه کند. راهحلهای مبتنی بر طبیعت بهعنوان روشی معتبر برای پرداختن به ریسک و سازگاری با تغییرات آب و هوایی و در عین حال افزایش انعطافپذیری از طریق مزایای متعددی که ایجاد میکنند، پیشنهاد میشوند. با این حال، علیرغم حمایت گسترده علمی و سیاسی از NBS، اجرای آنها کم است. به عنوان موانع کلیدی برای پیاده سازی، موانع نهادی و نظارتی، عدم ارزیابی واضح عملکرد NBS، موانع تامین مالی/تامین مالی و موانع دانش و پذیرش وجود دارد. این کتاب دسترسی آزاد، راهنمای عملی برای غلبه بر این موانع، از طریق ایجاد گام به گام طرحهای تضمین طبیعت که ارزش بیمه اکوسیستمها را عملیاتی میکند، ارائه میکند. اساس آن یک ارزیابی بیوفیزیکی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی یکپارچه است که با ملاحظات اجرایی از طریق تولید مدلهای تجاری و طرحهای تأمین مالی و تأمین مالی ترکیبی ادغام میشود. این کتاب برای پزشکان و محققانی که میخواهند درک بهتری از نحوه عملیاتی کردن ارزش بیمه اکوسیستمها داشته باشند، جالب خواهد بود. این کتاب 9 مثال آزمایشی در مورد کاربرد این روش در مقیاس های مختلف ارائه می دهد: حوضه های شهری، متوسط و بزرگ و سیل و خشکسالی را هدف قرار می دهد.
Confronted with an increase in floods, droughts and other natural hazards, cities and regions are alert to find climate proof solutions that overcome the limitations of traditional grey infrastructure. Nature-based solutions are proposed as a valid way to address risk and adapt to climate change while increasing resilience through the multiple benefits they generate. However, in spite of the widespread academic and political support for NBS, their implementation is lacking. As key barriers to implementation there are institutional and regulatory barriers, an absence of clear evaluation of NBS performance, funding/financing barriers and knowledge and acceptance barriers. This Open Access book provides a hands-on guide to overcome these barriers, through the stepwise creation of nature-assurance schemes that operationalize the insurance value of ecosystems. At the basis thereof is an integrated biophysical, economic and social assessment which is integrated with implementation considerations through the generation of business models and blended funding and financing schemes. This book will be of interest to practitioners and researchers who want to better understand how to operationalize the insurance value of ecosystems. The book provides 9 DEMO examples on the application of this method across different scales: urban, medium and large catchments and target both floods and droughts.
Contents Chapter 1: Concepts in Water Security, Natural Assurance Schemes and Nature-Based Solutions 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Evolution of the Concept of Water Security 1.2.1 The Assurance and Insurance Value of Ecosystems 1.2.2 The Concept of Natural Assurance Schemes 1.3 Readiness Level Concepts to Overcome Barriers and Implement NBS and NAS 1.3.1 Technology and Knowledge Readiness 1.3.2 Institutional Readiness 1.3.3 Investment Readiness 1.4 Main Questions to be Addressed by the Book References Chapter 2: A Reader’s Guide to Natural Assurance Schemes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Technical Expert and Researcher’s Guide to Natural Assurance Schemes: The Assessment Frame 2.3 A Planners, Business and Financial Guide: Integration of the Assessment Frame into Real Cases 2.4 A Practitioner’s Guide: Applied Case Studies 2.5 A Policy Maker’s Guide: Policy Uptake of Natural Assurance Schemes 2.6 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Insurance and the Natural Assurance Value (of Ecosystems) in Risk Prevention and Reduction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Evaluation of the Natural Assurance Value (NAV) Integration within the (Re)Insurance Industry for Now and for the Future 3.2.1 Methodology 3.2.2 Fit for Today? 3.2.3 Fit for the Future? 3.2.3.1 The French Example to Mainstream Insurers’ Involvement into Loss Prevention: The Barnier Fund and the GEMAPI Policy 3.3 The Different Roles of Insurance 3.3.1 Insurers as Service Providers 3.3.2 Insurers as Investors 3.3.3 Insurers as Innovators 3.3.4 Insurers as Partners 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Methodologies to Assess and Map the Biophysical Effectiveness of Nature Based Solutions 4.1 Introduction: Understanding the Biophysical Effectiveness of Nature Based Solutions 4.2 The Eco:Actuary Toolkit 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 The //Smart: Tools for Monitoring NFM Effectiveness 4.2.2.1 The //Smart:River System 4.2.2.2 The //Smart:Soil System 4.2.3 The Eco:Actuary Investment Planner 4.2.3.1 Using the EIP to Assess the Effectiveness of NBS Investment 4.2.4 The Eco:Actuary Spatial Policy Support System (PSS) 4.2.4.1 Purpose of Eco:Actuary 4.2.4.2 Using Eco:Actuary to Assess NBS Effectiveness under Different Scenarios 4.3 Challenges in Assessment of NFM Effectiveness 4.3.1 Data Availability and Uncertainty 4.3.1.1 The Complex Drivers of Flooding 4.3.1.2 Model Uncertainty 4.3.1.3 Where the Assets at Risk Are 4.3.1.4 Asset Valuation Uncertainty 4.3.1.5 The Scale of NBS 4.3.2 Ways Forward 4.4 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Participatory Modelling for NBS Co-design and Implementation 5.1 Introduction and Conceptual Frame 5.2 Applied Tools and Methods 5.2.1 Individual Risk Perception and Co-benefits Definition 5.2.2 Detection of the Barriers Hampering NBS Co-design and Implementation 5.2.3 NBS Scenario Simulation and Trade-Offs Analysis 5.3 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 6: Economic Assessment of Nature-Based Solutions for Water-Related Risks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods 6.2.1 Overall Methodology of the Economic Assessment 6.2.2 Implementation Costs and Opportunity Costs Assessment 6.2.3 Assessment of Avoided Damages 6.2.3.1 Overall Approach to the Assessment of Avoided Damage 6.2.3.2 Estimating the Relation Between Hazard and Damage Costs: The CAT Model Framework 6.2.3.3 Estimating the Impact of NBS on Hazards 6.2.3.4 Assessing Avoided Damages 6.2.4 Co-benefits Assessment 6.3 Key Results of the Economic Assessment of NBS for Natural Assurance Schemes 6.4 Discussion-Conclusion References Chapter 7: Designing Natural Assurance Schemes with Integrated Decision Support and Adaptive Planning 7.1 Introduction: Integration of DRR, WRM and Climate Change Adaptation Planning 7.1.1 DRR in a Nutshell 7.1.2 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in a Nutshell 7.1.3 Climate Change Adaptation in a Nutshell 7.1.4 Integration: Merging Approaches and Different Policies 7.2 Strategic Planning Framework 7.2.1 Definition and Main Steps 7.2.2 Towards the Strategic Planning of NBS for Adaptive Management 7.2.3 Towards Implementation: Financing Framework for Water Security 7.3 Tools and Methods Used in the Planning Phases 7.3.1 Why Do We Need Tools for Planning? 7.3.2 Finding the Right Tool at the Right Phase 7.3.2.1 Inception/Scoping 7.3.2.2 Situation Analysis 7.3.2.3 Strategy Building 7.3.2.4 Action Planning 7.3.2.5 Implementation 7.3.3 Linking Case Studies to the Planning Framework 7.4 Lessons Learned and Recommendations References Chapter 8: NAS Canvas: Identifying Business Models to Support Implementation of Natural Assurance Schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The NAS Canvas Conceptual Framework 8.3 Applied Tools and Methods: How the NAS Canvas Is Used 8.4 A Staged Approach in the NAS Canvas Implementation 8.5 Common Factors and Lessons Learnt from NAS Canvas Application to Case Studies 8.5.1 Lessons Learnt from the Case Studies 8.5.2 Lessons Learnt from the Modular Co-design Process: Transferability of the Method 8.6 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Closing the Implementation Gap of NBS for Water Security: Developing an Implementation Strategy for Natural Assurance Schemes 9.1 Introduction and Conceptual Frame 9.2 Financing Framework for Water Security 9.3 Green Versus Grey Infrastructure Projects: Structuring Investable NBS Propositions 9.3.1 Cost-Effectiveness of NBS Versus Grey Infrastructure 9.3.2 Cash Profiles of Green Versus Grey Infrastructure 9.3.3 Specifying Multiple Levels of Service: A Hierarchy of Functions to Guide Trade-Offs 9.4 Spain, Medina Del Campo Aquifer Recovery as Illustration 9.4.1 Strategic Case: Theory of Change and Enabling Environment 9.4.2 Economic Case: Winners and Losers 9.4.3 Commercial, Financial and Management Cases 9.5 The Way Forward 9.5.1 The Missing Link: A Full Business Case 9.5.2 New Partnerships and Expertise Required 9.5.3 Mosaic and the Need for Innovative Contracting Practices 9.5.4 Policy Recommendations References Chapter 10: Reducing Water Related Risks in the Lower Danube Through Nature Based Solution Design: A Stakeholder Participatory Process 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Case Study Characterisation and Physical Risk Assessment 10.3 Nature Based Solution Design Process 10.3.1 Main Beneficiaries and Regulatory Framework 10.3.2 Stakeholders Engagement Process 10.3.3 Proposed NBS Scenarios for the Case Study Area of the Dabuleni-Potelu-Corabia Enclosure 10.4 Economic Assessment 10.4.1 Literature Review on 2006 Flood Damage 10.4.2 GIS-Based Indicators 10.5 Conclusions and Lessons Learned References Chapter 11: Multidisciplinary Assessment of Nature-Based Strategies to Address Groundwater Overexploitation and Drought Risk in Medina Del Campo Groundwater Body 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biophysical Characterization and Assessment of the MCGWB 11.2.1 Improvement of Geological, Geophysical and Hydrogeological Knowledge 11.2.2 Assessment of Groundwater-Related Ecosystem Services 11.2.3 Assessment of Managed Artificial Recharge (MAR) 11.2.4 Hydrological and Water Allocation Assessment 11.3 Risk Assessment of Natural Hazards in MCGWB 11.4 Social Assessment: Risk Perception and Selection of NAS Strategies 11.5 Economic Assessment of NAS Effectiveness 11.6 Integration of Results from the Biophysical, Social and Economic Assessments 11.6.1 Qualitative Integration of Results in Medina Del Campo-Drought 11.6.2 Quantitative Integration of Results: Effectiveness of NBS for Strategic Adaptive Planning in Medina Del Campo 11.7 Conclusions and Lessons Learnt References Chapter 12: Natural Flood Management in the Thames Basin: Building Evidence for What Will and Will Not Work 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Study Site: Thames Basin Context 12.3 Risk Assessment 12.4 Natural Flood Management (NFM) Effectiveness 12.4.1 Ability of NFM Interventions to Hold Water in the Landscape 12.5 Cost Effectiveness of NFM 12.6 Co-benefits of NFM 12.7 Lessons Learned and Advice 12.8 Practical Advice for those Intending to Deploy //Smart: Sensors 12.9 Achievements and Remaining Barriers to NFM in the Thames 12.10 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Giving Room to the River: A Nature-Based Solution for Flash Flood Hazards? The Brague River Case Study (France) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Risk Assessment 13.3 Evaluation of Protection Strategies 13.3.1 Tailoring Protection Strategies 13.3.2 Costs of Strategies 13.3.3 Estimating Physical Efficacy for Hazard and Risk Reduction 13.3.3.1 Protection Efficacy of Small Natural Water Retention Measures 13.3.3.2 Protection Efficacy of Large Dams and Giving-Room-to-the-River 13.3.4 Co-benefit Estimations 13.3.4.1 Top-Down Approach 13.3.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 13.3.5 Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to Assess Strategy Efficiency 13.4 Lessons Learnt and Replication/Scaling/Re-scaling Issues 13.4.1 Should We Perform Top-Down or Bottom-Up CBA or Both? 13.4.2 Evidence of the Importance to Give Room to Rivers Prone to Flash Floods 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Can NBS Address the Challenges of an Urbanized Mediterranean Catchment? The Lez Case Study 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Overall Methodology 14.2.1 Identification of NBS Strategies 14.2.2 Active Management of the Karst 14.2.3 Urbanization Strategies 14.2.4 Green Infrastructure Strategies 14.3 Risk Modelling and the Impact of NBS Strategies 14.3.1 The Impact of the Active Management of the Karst on Overflow Risk 14.3.2 The CCR Risk Modelling Approach and Its Use to Evaluate the Impact of NBS Strategies 14.3.2.1 General Overview 14.3.2.2 Calibration of Damage Curves in the Lez Watershed 14.3.2.3 Impact of Urbanization Strategies on Runoff Hazard 14.3.2.4 Impact of Climate Change on Flood Risk 14.3.2.5 Impact of GI Strategies on Urban Flood Risk 14.4 Economic Valuation of NBS Strategies 14.4.1 Assessment of Implementation and Opportunity Costs of NBS Strategies 14.4.1.1 Method 14.4.1.2 Results 14.4.2 Economic Valuation of Co-benefits 14.4.2.1 Method 14.4.2.2 Results 14.4.2.3 Integration of the Economic Assessment 14.5 Towards Implementation of NBS Strategies in the Lez Catchment Appendix A: Sources for the Estimation of GI Costs References Chapter 15: Glinščica for All: Exploring the Potential of NBS in Slovenia: Barriers and Opportunities 15.1 The Glinščica Catchment Characterization 15.2 Risk Assessment and Perception 15.2.1 Physical Flood Risk Assessment 15.2.2 Risk Perception 15.3 The Participative Search for Solution 15.3.1 Identifying Potential Solutions 15.3.2 Identifying and Modelling Co-benefits 15.3.3 Identifying and Selecting Indicators 15.3.4 Freestation as a Multi-functional Monitoring Tool 15.4 Developing, Testing and Selecting the Most Suitable Strategy 15.5 The Road to Implementation (E/Valuation) 15.5.1 Economics of Glinščica for All Strategy 15.5.2 Co-benefits 15.5.3 Costs of Strategies 15.6 Conclusions and Lessons Learnt 15.6.1 Barriers to Implementation Supplementary Material (Tables 15.8, 15.9 and Fig. 15.9) References Chapter 16: The Opportunities and Challenges for Urban NBS: Lessons from Implementing the Urban Waterbuffer in Rotterdam 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Background 16.1.2 The Case Study Area: Spangen Neighbourhood 16.1.3 Chapter Outline 16.2 Lessons from the Rotterdam Case Study 16.2.1 The NBS Implementation Was Driven by Its Ability to Address Multiple Challenges Integrally 16.2.1.1 Drivers of the Implementation Process 16.2.1.2 Stakeholder Perception Analysis 16.2.2 Current Planning Regulations and Policy Making Do Not Facilitate the Uptake of NBS 16.2.3 NBS Can Compete on Life Cycle Cost with Grey Solutions, Though Strategies Must Be Carefully Designed and Assessed per Location 16.2.4 Monitoring Co-benefits Is Critical to Support the Wider Uptake of NBS 16.2.5 If There Is Space, Full NBS Is Ace; if Space Is Tight, Hybrid Might Be Right 16.2.6 Multi-functionality of NBS Allows for the Development of New Business Cases 16.2.7 Implementing NBS Is Needed to Catalyse Wider Acceptance, Interest and Future Uptake 16.3 Conclusions References Chapter 17: Urban River Restoration, a Scenario for Copenhagen 17.1 Introduction and Characterization 17.2 Case Study Area and Methodology 17.2.1 Hydrological Model 17.2.2 Assessment of Management Alternatives Using Model Scenarios 17.2.3 Assessment of Avoided Damages 17.3 Integrating Stakeholder’s Knowledge in the NBS Designing Process 17.3.1 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as a Tool for Trade-Offs Identification 17.3.2 Fuzzy Cognitive Map Development 17.4 Results and Discussion 17.4.1 Hydrological Modelling and Damage Functions 17.4.2 Participatory Modelling 17.4.3 Uncertainties and Usefulness of the Approach in Assessing NAS Effectiveness 17.5 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Enabling Effective Engagement, Investment and Implementation of Natural Assurance Systems for Water and Climate Security 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Overview of Key Challenges and Enablers for NBS and NAS 18.2.1 Connecting an Evidence-Base to an Experience Gap 18.2.2 Capturing Full Value in Cost-Benefit Assessment 18.2.3 Capitalizing on Existing and Potential Investor Demand 18.2.4 Creating an Enabling Regulatory Environment 18.3 Enabling Conditions for NAS – Learning from Case Studies 18.3.1 Lessons from Glinščica, Slovenia – Overcoming Political Challenges to Considering Nature’s Solutions 18.3.2 Lessons from Brague, France – A Strong Enabling Environment Still Requires Political Will 18.3.3 Lessons from the Lower Danube in Romania: How to Confront Overly Optimistic Risk Perception? 18.4 Priorities to Promote Uptake of NBS and NAS 18.4.1 Solutions to De-risk Private Sector Investment in NBS 18.4.2 Quotas for Financing Natural Infrastructure Projects in Initiatives and Funds 18.4.3 Placing Explicit Criteria for NBS, DRR and Adaptation in Green Finance 18.5 Enabling Effective Engagement with the Insurance Sector 18.5.1 Scientific Exchange and Joint Action to Raise Awareness on Climate Risks 18.5.2 Policy Dialogue on Risk Reduction and Environmental Regulation 18.5.3 Guidance for Insurance Companies to Contribute to Resilience Planning and Investment 18.5.4 Capitalize on the Insurance Sector as Investors 18.5.5 Leverage Loss Data for More Resilient Municipalities 18.5.6 Ensure Institutional Investors Underwriting Risks Fully Consider Climate 18.6 Conclusion References Chapter 19: The Natural Assurance Schemes Methodological Approach – From Assessment to Implementation 19.1 Introduction: NBS and NAS Implementation Readiness 19.2 NAS Approach: From Assessment to Implementation 19.2.1 Participatory Adaptive Planning Framework and Readiness Levels 19.2.2 NAS Framework and Selection of Methods/Tools 19.2.3 Stakeholder Engagement at the Core of the NAS Approach 19.3 Methods: Ex-post Analysis of NAS Using an Integrated Readiness Framework 19.3.1 Selected Case Studies 19.3.2 Checklist of Questions 19.4 Results: Assessment of Readiness and Its Increase Using the NAS Approach 19.4.1 Urban Water Buffer, The Netherlands 19.4.2 Copenhagen City Plan, Denmark 19.4.3 Lez Basin, France 19.4.4 Glinciska River Basin, Slovenia 19.4.5 Medina Aquifer, Spain 19.4.6 Danube Floodplain, Romania 19.5 Discussion 19.5.1 The NAS Toolbox and Contribution of Methods and Tools to Technology and Investment Readiness 19.5.2 Importance of Capacity Building and Stakeholder Engagement for Institutional Readiness 19.5.3 Lessons Learned for NAS Building in Europe and Other Contexts 19.6 Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 20: Looking into the Future: Natural Assurance Schemes for Resilience 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Conceptual Framing: What Added Value Does a Natural Assurance Scheme Bring into the Picture? 20.3 Physical Assessment 20.4 Codesign and Stakeholder Participation: Lessons Learnt and Next Steps 20.5 Economic Valuation of NBS for Risk Reduction and Co-benefits 20.6 Decision Making Processes 20.7 Business Models, Enabling Frameworks and Investments for Risk Prevention and Reduction Through Nature Based Solutions 20.8 Capacity Building and Additional Resources – Do Your Own NAS 20.9 Lessons Learnt and Main Conclusions References