Greenhouse technology and management by

Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 16
Preface to the First Edition (Spanish)......Page 18
Preface to the Second Edition (Spanish)......Page 20
Acknowledgements......Page 22
1.2 Types of Protection......Page 24
1.3 Objectives of Protected Cultivation......Page 26
1.4 History......Page 29
1.5 Importance......Page 30
1.6 Plastic Materials......Page 48
1.7 Summary......Page 49
2.2.2 The seasons......Page 50
2.3 Day Length......Page 51
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.4.2 Quality of solar radiation......Page 55
2.4.3 Quantity of solar radiation......Page 58
2.4.4 Measurement of solar radiation......Page 60
2.5 The Earth’s Radiation......Page 61
2.7.2 Soil temperature......Page 62
2.9.1 Water vapour content......Page 63
2.11 Altitude and Topography......Page 66
2.12 Summary......Page 67
3.2 The Greenhouse Effect......Page 69
3.3.2 Transmissivity to radiation......Page 71
3.3.3 Orientation and transmissivity......Page 73
3.3.4 Optimization of the transmissivity......Page 74
3.4.2 Plant temperature......Page 76
3.4.4 Thermal inertia in the greenhouse......Page 77
3.6.2 Air humidity......Page 78
3.6.4 Pollutant gases......Page 79
3.7 Summary......Page 80
4.2 Evolution of the Greenhouse Concept......Page 82
4.3 Geographical Production Areas......Page 83
4.4.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.4.3 Obtaining the required climate conditions......Page 86
4.4.4 Climate suitability......Page 87
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 89
4.5.3 Plastic additives......Page 90
4.5.4 Properties of plastic films......Page 91
4.5.5 Plastic films most commonly used in greenhouses......Page 95
4.5.6 Rigid plastic materials......Page 99
4.6.1 Introduction......Page 100
4.6.2 Greenhouse types......Page 101
4.6.3 Structure materials......Page 102
4.6.4 Covering materials......Page 104
4.6.5 Greenhouse screens......Page 107
4.7 The Selection of the Greenhouse: Options......Page 109
4.8 Greenhouse Site Selection......Page 111
4.9.2 Criteria for the design of plastic-film greenhouses......Page 112
4.9.3 Design criteria in areas with a Mediterranean climate......Page 113
4.9.5 Greenhouses for other climate conditions......Page 114
4.10.2 Factors determining the available solar radiation......Page 115
4.10.4 Greenhouse orientation......Page 116
4.11 Normalization of Greenhouse Structures......Page 118
4.12 Summary......Page 121
5.1.2 Convection......Page 123
5.1.3 Radiation......Page 125
5.3 Heat Exchanges in the Greenhouse and Energy Balance......Page 127
5.5 Summary......Page 128
6.1 Introduction......Page 130
6.2 Physiological Functions and Growth......Page 131
6.3.1 Introduction......Page 132
6.3.2 The stomata......Page 133
6.3.3 Internal factors affecting photosynthesis......Page 134
6.3.4 External factors influencing photosynthesis......Page 135
6.4.2 Vegetable pigments......Page 139
6.4.4 Photoperiodism......Page 140
6.6.2 Distribution of assimilates between organs......Page 141
6.6.3 Management of the assimilate distribution......Page 142
6.7.2 Influence of the microclimate on growth......Page 143
6.7.3 Growth analysis......Page 144
6.8.2 Development stages in greenhouse crops......Page 145
6.9.1 Bioproductivity and harvest index (HI)......Page 146
6.9.2 Interception of radiation by the crop......Page 147
6.9.3 Efficiency in the use of solar radiation......Page 148
6.9.4 Strategies to maximize the use of radiation......Page 149
6.10.2 Effects of climate factors on quality......Page 150
6.10.3 Other factors affecting quality......Page 151
6.11 Summary......Page 152
7.2.2 Reduction of heat losses per unit surface......Page 154
7.2.3 Total heat losses......Page 155
7.3.1 Inflated double cover......Page 156
7.3.2 Mobile thermal screens......Page 157
7.3.3 External double sidewalls......Page 158
7.3.5 Other insulation devices......Page 159
7.4.1 Convective heating......Page 160
7.4.2 Radiative-convective heating......Page 162
7.4.3 Soil or substrate heating......Page 166
7.4.4 Heat production......Page 167
7.4.6 Heating and temperature management......Page 169
7.5 Summary......Page 172
8.2 Function of Ventilation......Page 173
8.4.1 The thermal effect......Page 175
8.4.2 The wind effect......Page 176
8.4.3 Characteristics of the openings......Page 179
8.4.5 Measuring the ventilation of greenhouses......Page 181
8.4.6 Anti-insect screens......Page 182
8.5 Mechanical or Forced Ventilation......Page 183
8.6.1 Pad and fan......Page 184
8.6.2 Fogging and misting......Page 185
8.7 Shading......Page 187
8.9.1 Temperature management......Page 189
8.10.2 Dehumidification systems......Page 190
8.11 Summary......Page 191
9.1.3 Plant responses......Page 193
9.1.4 Air movement regulation......Page 194
9.2.2 Recommended (CO[sub(2)]) concentrations......Page 195
9.2.3 CO[sub(2)] enrichment techniques......Page 196
9.2.4 Distribution of CO[sub(2)]......Page 197
9.2.6 CO[sub(2)] control......Page 198
9.3.1 Introduction......Page 199
9.3.3 Artificial light to increase the illumination......Page 200
9.3.4 Partial light reduction......Page 202
9.3.5 Control of the duration of day/night......Page 203
9.4 Summary......Page 205
10.2.2 Chemical characteristics......Page 207
10.2.3 Considerations on the management of greenhouse soils......Page 208
10.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of substrate-grown crops......Page 209
10.3.4 Characteristics of the substrates......Page 210
10.3.5 Types of substrate......Page 213
10.4 Changes in the Management of the Root Medium......Page 216
10.5 Summary......Page 217
11.2 Transpiration......Page 218
11.4.2 Characterization of the soil water stress......Page 219
11.4.3 Measurement of the soil water content......Page 221
11.5.2 Characterization of the water in the plant......Page 223
11.6.2 Components of the drip irrigation system......Page 224
11.6.4 Water and salts movements with drip irrigation......Page 226
11.6.5 Greenhouse irrigation scheduling (soil-grown crops)......Page 227
11.6.6 Irrigation scheduling in soilless crops......Page 233
11.6.7 Water use efficiency......Page 234
11.7.2 The nutrients cycle (soil cultivation)......Page 235
11.7.4 Tolerance to salinity......Page 236
11.7.6 A practical example: a soil-grown tomato crop......Page 237
11.7.7 Fertigation of soilless crops......Page 238
11.8 Summary......Page 240
12.1.2 Input–output systems......Page 243
12.1.4 Application to climate management......Page 244
12.1.5 Types of controllers......Page 245
12.1.7 Models......Page 247
12.2.1 Controls performed by greenhouse management systems......Page 248
12.2.4 Functions of climate control computers......Page 249
12.3.1 Introduction......Page 252
12.3.2 Mechanization of operations......Page 253
12.3.3 Occupancy of the greenhouse......Page 254
12.4 Summary......Page 256
13.2.1 Main aspects......Page 259
13.3 Biological Control......Page 260
13.4 Integrated Pest Management......Page 261
13.6 Most Common Greenhouse Diseases......Page 263
13.10 Summary......Page 265
14.1.1 Introduction......Page 267
14.1.2 Greenhouse structures and equipment......Page 268
14.1.3 The Spanish greenhouse horticultural farm......Page 269
14.1.4 Production costs......Page 270
14.1.5 Other aspects of interest......Page 273
14.2.1 Introduction......Page 274
14.2.2 Most important residues......Page 275
14.2.3 Environmental impact assessment......Page 276
14.3 Summary......Page 278
15.2 Postharvest Respiratory Metabolism......Page 279
15.3 Ripening......Page 280
15.4 Ethylene......Page 281
15.5 Postharvest Handling......Page 282
15.6 Quality......Page 284
15.7 Food Safety: Traceability......Page 286
15.8 Postharvest Pathologies......Page 287
15.9 Summary......Page 288
16.1 Introduction......Page 289
16.2 Postharvest Alterations: Storage......Page 290
16.3 Standardization and Classification......Page 291
16.4 Marketing Channels......Page 292
16.5 Transport......Page 294
16.6 Distribution......Page 295
16.7 Quality......Page 297
16.8 Quality Management......Page 298
16.10 Summary......Page 299
17.1 Introduction......Page 301
17.5.1 General aspects......Page 302
17.5.3 Strategies and tactical management......Page 303
17.6 Summary......Page 304
A.1.3 Day length......Page 306
A.2.1 Thermal integral......Page 307
A.4.2 Convection without phase change......Page 308
A.4.5 Air renewal......Page 309
A.4.9 Global heat transfer coefficient......Page 310
A.5.3 Growth parameters......Page 311
A.6.1 Wind effect in natural ventilation......Page 312
A.8.1 Crop water stress index......Page 313
A.8.3 Estimation of the evapotranspiration (ET[sub(0)]) in a greenhouse......Page 314
A.9.1 Transmissivity models......Page 315
Appendix 2 Symbols and Abbreviated Forms......Page 316
Volume......Page 322
Temperature......Page 323
Prefixes......Page 324
List of Tables......Page 326
List of Figures......Page 330
List of Photos......Page 338
List of Plates......Page 342
References......Page 346
C......Page 366
E......Page 367
G......Page 368
H......Page 369
P......Page 370
S......Page 372
W......Page 373
Z......Page 374