Green Polymeric Nanocomposites

Chapter 1: Introduction about green molecules and present scenario and previous research on green polymer nanocomposites 
Neelamshobha Nirala1* 
Importance of green molecules …………………………………………………………..xx
Importance of green nanoparticles…………………………………………….………..xx
Importance of natural polymer…………………………………………………………..xx
Importance of nanocomposites……………………………….…………………………..xx
Types of natural polymers with properties……………………………………………..xx
Why we combine natural polymers with green nanoparticles………………….……..xx
Present scenario and previous research on green polymer nanocomposites…………..xx
Comparative study of their synthesis process………………………..………………..xx
1.8.1 In-situ polymerization………………………….………………………..xx
1.8.2 Melt intercalation………………………………………………………..xx
1.8.3 Exfoliation adsorption……………………….…………………………..xx
1.9. Comparative study of their properties………………………………………………..xx
1.10. Comparative study of their quality of assessment…………………………………..xx
1.10.1 Infrared Spectroscopy………………………………………………..xx
1.10.2 X-ray diffraction……………………………………………………..xx
1.10.3 Wide Angle X-ray diffraction………………………………………..xx
1.10.4 Fourier-transform infrared…………………………………………..xx
1.10.5 Scanning Electron Microscope……………………..………………..xx
1.10.6 Transmission Electron Microscope………………….……….……..xx
1.10.7 Zeta Potential………………………………………………………..xx
1.10.8 Differential thermal analysis………………………………………..xx
1.10.9 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis…………………………….………..xx
1.11. Comparative study of their drawbacks………………………………….………..xx
1.12. Conclusion……………………………………………..………………….………..xx
Chapter 2: Synthesis of Green Polymeric Nanocomposites using Electrospinning
Sweta Naik, K. Chandrasekhar and J. Satya Eswari*
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………xx
Principle of Electro-spinning………………………………………………………………xx
Effect of Process Parameters on Electrospun Nanofibers……………….xx
Solution Properties Parameters………………………………………….xx
Viscosity …………………………………………………………………xx
Concentration of the Solution……………………………………………xx
Molecular Weight – MW………………………………………………..xx
Surface Tension –ST……………………………………………………xx
Solution Conductivity…………………………………………………..xx
Voltage Applied………………………………………………………….xx
Feed Rate………………………………………………………………..xx
Fabrication Electro spun Nano-composites………………………………………………xx
Poly ethylene oxide - PEO, poly-L-lactide-PLLA based formed oleic acid-coated magnetite nano-composites by electro-spinning……………….xx
Gelatin based Silver Na- nano-composites by electro-spinning………..xx
Chitosan Nanoparticles Self-Assembled from Electro spun Composite Nano-fibers……………………………………………………………xx
Preparation of Electrospun Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone/Cellulose Nanocrystal/Silver Nanoparticle Composite Fibers…………………..xx
Starch-based composite scaffolds by electro-spinning……………….xx
Characterization of Electro spun Nano-composites…………………………………..xx
Morphological characteristics………………………………………..xx
Structural, compositional and physicochemical properties…………..xx
Mechanical strength………………………………………………….xx
Modelling and simulation……………………………………………………………………………………xx
Modelling of the ES process…………………………………………xx
Jet initiation…………………………………………………………..xx
Jet thinning-JT………………………………………………………..xx
Jet solidification………………………………………………………..xx
Applications of Electro spun Nanocomposites…………………………………………..xx
Wound dressing…………………………………………………………xx
Food Packing……………………………………………………………xx
Water and air filters……………………………………………….……xx
Super-capacitor and battery…………………………………………….xx
Tissue template…………………………………………………………xx
Drug delivery and pharmaceutical composition………………………..xx
Cosmetics……………………………………………………………….xx
Fuel cell…………………………………………………………………xx
2.7 Conclusion and Future Trends……………………………………………………………xx
2.8 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xx
Chapter3: Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposites from Animal Origin polymer with green nanoparticles
Sweta Naik, Anita Tirkey, Dr. J. Satya Eswari*
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..xx
Eco-friendly Bio fabrication of Polymeric Nanocomposite……………………………..xx
Collagen /Gelatine based Nanocomposites…………………………………..xx
Silk fibroin based Nanocomposites……………………………..……………xx
Alginate based Nanocomposites………………………………………………xx
Chitosan-based Nanocomposites……………………………………………..xx
Albumin based Nanocomposites………………………………………………xx
Hyaluronic acid-based composites……………………………………………xx
Optimization of the Various Physicochemical Parameters………………………………xx
Size and Surface Area of the nanocomposites………………………………..xx
Effect of Particle Shape and Aspect Ratio……………………………………xx
Effect of Aggregation and Concentration…………………………………….xx
Effect of Surface Charge……………………………………………………..xx
Effect of Surface Coating and Surface Roughness…………………………..xx
Effect of Solvents/Medium…………………………………………………..xx
Physical Characterizations………………………………………………………………..xx
Nanocomposites, their Uses, and Applications…………………………………………..xx
Food and Beverage Packaging………………………………………………..xx
Tissue engineering…………………………………………………………….xx
Drug delivery system………………………………………………………….xx
Environmental protection and wastewater treatment…………………………xx
Application in Cosmetics…………………………………….………….……xx
Making lightweight sensors with nanocomposites……………………………xx
Making flexible batteries by using nano-composites…………………………xx
Making tumors more visible and easy to remove…………………………….xx
Conclusion and Future Perspectives……………………………………………………….xx
References……………………………………………………………………………………xx
Chapter 4: Sources of natural polymers from plants with green nanoparticles
J.Satya Eswari, K. Chandrasekhar, Sweta Naik, NK Prasanna Kumari, Aditya L Toppo and Dr. Veena Thakur*
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………xx
Natural Polymers…………………………………………………………………………..xx
Agar and its composites…………………………………………………………xx
Natural rubber……………………………………………………………………xx
Pectin and its composites………………………………………………………..xx
Starch……………………………………………………………………………xx
Cellulose and its composites……………………………………………………xx
Carbohydrates and their composites…………………………………………….xx
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………xx
References…………………………………………………………………………………xx
Chapter 5: Source of natural polymers from microorganisms with green nanoparticles
K. Chandrasekhar*, J. Satya Eswari, Prasun Kumar, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Potla Durthi Chandrasai, Enamala Manoj Kumar, Murthy Chavali
5.1 Source of natural polymers from microbes with green nanoparticles …….………………. xx
5.2 Dextran and their composites ……………………………………………………………… xx
5.2.1 Dextran blend with sulfate coated chitosan ………………………………….…….. xx
5.2.2 Dextran mixture using curcumin ………………….……………………………….. xx
5.3 Xanthan and their composites ……………………………………………………………. xx
5.3.1 Xanthan gum mixture using poly(acrylamide) …………….………………………. xx
5.3.2 Xanthan mixture using polypyrrole ………………………………………………… xx
5.3.3 Xanthan gum mixture using polyaniline ………………….……………………….. xx
5.4 Bacterial Alginate and their composites …………….……………………………………. xx
5.5 Bacterial cellulose and their composites ……………………….…………………………. xx
5.5.1 Scaffold ……………………………………………………………………………. xx
5.5.2 Cornea …………………………..………………………………………………….. xx
5.5.3 Heart valves ……………………………..…………………………………………. xx
5.5.4 Blood vessels …………………………………….………………………………… xx
5.5.5 Bone and cartilage ………………………………………………………………….. xx
5.6 Microbial Hyaluronic Acid and their composites …………………………………………. xx
5.6.1 Hyaluronic acid grafted using polyacrylic acid ………………….………………… xx
5.6.2 Hyaluronic blend acid using polypyrrole ……………………………………….…… xx
5.6.3 Hyaluronic acid mixture using poly(ethylene glycol) ……………………………… xx
5.6.4 Hyaluronic acid mixture by poly(Ne-acryloyl l-lysine) ……………………………. xx
5.6.5 Hyaluronic acid mixture using poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) ………………….…… xx
5.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates and their composites ……………………………………………. xx
5.8 Pullulan …………………………………………………………………………………… xx
5.9 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….… xx
Chapter 6: Enhancement of Polymeric Material Surface Properties Using Various Surface Modification Techniques
M.C. Ramkumar, K. Navaneetha Pandiyaraj*, P.V.A. Padmanabhan, P. Gopinath*, R.R. Deshmukh
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….xx
Surface Modification Techniques………………………………………………………….xx
Ozone treatment………………………………………………………………….xx
Wet Chemical treatment…………………………………………………………xx
UV induced polymerization………………………………………………………xx
Gamma radiation…………………………………………………………………xx
Laser treatment……………………………………………………………………xx
Classification of Plasma……………………………………………………………………………………………xx
Non-thermal plasma………………………………………………………………xx
Plasma treatment……………………………………………………………..…..xx
Plasma polymerization……………………………………………………………xx
Acrylic acid coatings………………………………………………………………..…..xx
Poly(ethylene)Glycol coatings……………………………………………………xx
Allylamine Coatings………………………………………………………………xx
Siloxane Coatings………………………………………………………………..xx
Titanium Coatings………………………………………………………………..xx
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..xx
References……………………………………………………………………………………xx
Chapter 7: Green Polymeric Nanocomposites Applications
Mukesh Kumar Meher*, Krishna Mohan Poluri
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… xx
Green polymers………………………………………………………………………..…… xx
Proteins and polypeptides………………………………………………………. xx
Zein……………………………………………………………………………… xx
Casein……………………………………………………………………….……xx
Serum albumin……………………………………………………………………xx
Silk………………………………………………………………………….….…xx
Collagen/gelatin………………………………………………………………….xx
Keratin…………………………………………………………………………….xx
Poly (amino acid)……………………………………………………………..….xx 
Polysaccharides………………………………………………………………….xx
Starch…………………………………………………………………………….xx
Cellulose…………………………………………………………………….…….xx
Chitin/chitosan……………………………………………………………..…….xx
Alginate………………………………………………………………….……….xx
Pectin………………………………………………………………………….….xx
Carrageenan………………………………………………………………….….xx
Glycosaminoglycans……………………………………………………….…….xx
Microbial polysaccharides……………………………………………………….xx
Pulluan………………………………………………………………..….xx
Xanthan gum…………………………………………………………….xx
Gellan gum……………………………………………………………….xx
Dextran…………………………………………………………….…….xx
Curdlan…………………………………………………………….…….xx
Levan…………………………………………………………………….xx
Polycarbonates and polyesters…………………………………………….…….xx
Polyhydroxyalkanoates…………………………………………………………..xx 
Poly (lactic acid) ……………………………………………………………….. xx
Application of green polymeric nanocomposites………………………………………… xx
Tissue engineering…………………………………………………………….….xx
Drug delivery and biomedical applications…………………………….….…….xx
Food packaging
Adsorption of dye and heavy metal ions
Air filtration
Catalyst
Nano-sensor
Energy storage devices
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8: Bio-nanocomposites: Green Materials for Orthopedic Applications
Archita Gupta, Padmini Padmanabhan, Sneha Singh*
Introduction
Bone structure and remodeling
Requirements of bone scaffolds
Bionanocomposite- a facsimiled bone
Components, properties and classification of BnC
Morphological structure
Mechanical properties
Thermal stability
Biodegradability
Methods of BnC synthesis
Solvent-Casting based Particulate-Leaching
Gas-Foaming based Particulate-Leaching
Co-precipitation Method
Phase Separation and Emulsion Freeze Drying
Template synthesis
Fiber Bonding
In situ intercalative polymerization and melt intercalation
Melt Molding
Cryogelation
Sol-gel method
Hydrothermal Method
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
BnC in orthopedics- Present and future
Final Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Life Cycle Assessment and Future Perspectives of Green Polymeric Nanocomposites
Sharanya Sarkar, Khushboo Gulati, Krishna Mohan Poluri*
Introduction
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA
Importance of LCA
Exposure Scenarios of Nanomaterials during Different Life Cycle Stages of Nanocomposites
Product Design Phase
Product Manufacture Phase
Product Use Phase
Product Disposal Phase
Methodology of LCA
Goal and Scope Definition
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Environmental Fate Modelling
Effect Modelling
Exposure Modelling
Interpretation of Results
LCA case studies
Challenges in LCA
Concluding remarks
Future Perspective of LCA
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10: Limitations in Commercialization of Green Polymeric Nanocomposites and Avenues for Rectification
Deepak Kumar Tripathi,Sharanya Sarkar, Mukesh Kumar Meher, Krishna Mohan Poluri*
Introduction
GPNC and its market
Stages of Development
Raw materials: Advantages and Limitations
Starch
Cellulose
Chitosan
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
Poly lactic acid (PLA
Miscellaneous
Production of GPNC
Shelf-life of GPNC
Applications
Environmental effects and nano-toxicology
Limitations in commercialization of GPNC
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References