Green Nanoparticles: The Future of Nanobiotechnology

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Green Nanotechnology: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
		Box 1.1 Definitions of nanotechnology
	1.2 Nanobiotechnology
	1.3 Historical Perspectives
		Box 1.2 Richard Feynman: contributions in nanosciences
	1.4 Generation Map of Nanotechnology
	1.5 Green Nanotechnology
	References
2: The Nanodomain
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of Nanomaterials
		2.2.1 Natural Nanomaterials
		2.2.2 Engineered Nanomaterials
	2.3 Types of Nanomaterials
	References
3: Tools and Techniques Used in Nanobiotechnology
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Microscopy
		3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
			3.2.1.1 SEM Setup
			3.2.1.2 Advantages of SEM
			3.2.1.3 Disadvantages of SEM
		3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
			3.2.2.1 TEM Setup
			3.2.2.2 Difference Between SEM and TEM
			3.2.2.3 Advantages of TEM
			3.2.2.4 Disadvantages of TEM
		3.2.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
			3.2.3.1 Limitations of STM
		3.2.4 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
			3.2.4.1 Principle and Components
			3.2.4.2 Advantages of AFM
			3.2.4.3 Disadvantages/Limitations of AFM
	3.3 Spectroscopic Techniques
		3.3.1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
			3.3.1.1 Advantages of UV-Spectroscopy
			3.3.1.2 Limitations of UV-Spectroscopy
		3.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
			3.3.2.1 Advantages of FTIR Spectroscopy
		3.3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
		3.3.4 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX)
	3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
		3.4.1 Advantages of NMR
		3.4.2 Disadvantages of NMR
	3.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.5.1 Advantages of X-Ray Diffraction
		3.5.2 Disadvantages of X-Ray Diffraction
	3.6 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
		3.6.1 Advantages of DLS Technique
		3.6.2 Disadvantages of Dynamic Light Scattering
	3.7 Zeta Potential
	References
4: Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Top-Down Approach
		4.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach
	4.2 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
	4.3 Physical Methods
		4.3.1 High-Energy Ball Milling
		4.3.2 Inert Gas Condensation (IGC)
		4.3.3 Physical Vapor Deposition
		4.3.4 Laser Pyrolysis
		4.3.5 Flame Spray Pyrolysis
		4.3.6 Electrospraying
		4.3.7 Melt Mixing
	4.4 Chemical Methods
		4.4.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis
		4.4.2 Microemulsion Method
		4.4.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis
		4.4.4 Polyol Synthesis
		4.4.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition
		4.4.6 Chemical Vapor Synthesis/Chemical Vapor Precipitation
		4.4.7 Wet-Chemical Method
		4.4.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemical Methods
	4.5 Biological Methods
	References
5: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Bacteria
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Bacteria in Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	5.3 Gram-Positive Bacteria
	5.4 Gram-Negative Bacteria
	5.5 Bacterial Biosurfactants in Nanoparticle Production
	5.6 Mechanistic Aspects of Nanoparticle Production by Bacteria
	5.7 Future Prospects
	References
6: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Fungi
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fungal Classification
	6.3 Fungi in Nanoparticle Production
	6.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis by Fungi
	6.5 Filamentous Fungi in Nanoparticle Production
	6.6 Yeast in Nanoparticle Production
	6.7 Mushrooms in Nanoparticle Production
	6.8 Lichens in Nanoparticle Production
	6.9 Advantages of Using Fungi in Nanoparticle Production
	6.10 Future Prospects
	References
7: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Algae
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Algal Classification
	7.3 Use of Algae in Nanoparticle Synthesis
	7.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis by Algae
	7.5 Blue-Green Algae or Cyanobacteria in Nanoparticle Production
	7.6 Green Algae in Nanoparticle Production
	7.7 Diatoms in Nanoparticle Production
	7.8 Brown Algae in Nanoparticle Production
	7.9 Red Algae in Nanoparticle Production
	7.10 Future Prospects
	References
8: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Bryophytes
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Evolutionary Trends in Bryophytes
	8.3 Bryophytes in Nanoparticle Production
	8.4 Future Prospects
	References
9: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Pteridophytes
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Phylogenetic Relationships in Pteridophytes
	9.3 Pteridophytes in Nanoparticle Production
	9.4 Future Prospects
	References
10: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Gymnosperms
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Phylogenetic Studies in Gymnosperms
	10.3 Gymnosperms in Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		10.3.1 Conifers in Nanoparticle Production
		10.3.2 Nanoparticle Synthesis from Other Gymnosperms
			10.3.2.1 Ginkgo
			10.3.2.2 Cycads
			10.3.2.3 Gnetophytes
	10.4 Future Prospects
	References
11: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Angiosperms: Monocotyledons
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Origin of Monocotyledonous Plants
	11.3 Monocots for Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
	References
12: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Dicotyledons
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Dicotyledonous Plants in Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		12.2.1 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Leaves
		12.2.2 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Roots
		12.2.3 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Fruits
		12.2.4 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Seeds
		12.2.5 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Flowers
		12.2.6 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Bark
		12.2.7 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Other Plant Parts
	12.3 Future Perspectives
	References
13: Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Animal Systems
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Insect Wings
	13.3 Chitosan
	13.4 Honeybee
		13.4.1 Honey
		13.4.2 Propolis
	13.5 Spider Silk
	13.6 Paper Wasp Nest
	13.7 Wasp Venom
	13.8 Silk Moth and Its Derivatives
		13.8.1 Silk Fibroin
		13.8.2 Silk Sericin
	13.9 Eggs
		13.9.1 Egg White
		13.9.2 Yolk
	13.10 Earthworms
	13.11 Milk
	13.12 Future Prospects
	References
14: Applications of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Insecticidal Activities
		14.2.1 Nanoparticles Against Storage Pests
		14.2.2 Nanoparticles Against Mosquito Vectors
	14.3 Environmental Applications
		14.3.1 Remediation of Pesticides
		14.3.2 Remediation of Dyes
		14.3.3 Heavy Metal Sensing and Remediation
		14.3.4 Removal of Antibiotics
	14.4 Nanoparticles in Agriculture
	14.5 Green Nanoparticles in Medicine
		14.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity
		14.5.2 Anticancer Activity
		14.5.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity
		14.5.4 Drug Delivery
		14.5.5 Bioimaging
	References
15: Toxicity Aspects of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Health Risks
		15.2.1 Pulmonary and Respiratory Effects
		15.2.2 Cutaneous Toxicity
		15.2.3 Cardiovascular Toxicity
		15.2.4 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
	15.3 Environmental Hazards
	15.4 Toxicity Toward Plant Forms
	15.5 Ethical Issues
	References
16: Nanobiotechnology: Present Status and Future Prospects
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Present Status and the Expanding Market
	16.3 Challenges in Nanobiotechnology
		16.3.1 Nanomedicines
			Box 16.1. Considerations for the Translational Development of Nanomedicines (Reprinted from Hua et al. 2018)
		16.3.2 Food Industry
		16.3.3 Agriculture
	16.4 Thrust Areas
	References