Green composites for automotive applications

Front Cover......Page 1
Green Composites for Automotive Applications......Page 2
Green Composites for Automotive Applications......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 16
I - Processing and characterization of green composites......Page 18
  1.1 Introduction......Page 20
  1.3 Surface modification techniques......Page 23
    1.3.1.1 Plasma treatment......Page 27
     Corona treatment......Page 28
     Dielectric barrier treatment......Page 29
     Atmospheric pressure glow discharge......Page 30
     Atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)......Page 31
   1.3.2 Chemical methods......Page 32
    1.3.2.2 Silane treatment......Page 33
    1.3.2.3 Acetylation......Page 34
    1.3.2.5 Maleated coupling treatment......Page 35
    1.3.2.7 Other chemical treatments......Page 36
   1.4.1 Effects of plasma treatment on NFPCs......Page 37
   1.4.2 Natural fibers—chemical treatments and their influence on NFPCs......Page 40
  1.5 Biological methods as an alternative to chemical/physical treatments......Page 45
   1.5.1 Enzymatic treatment......Page 46
   1.5.3 Bacterial cellulose coating......Page 47
  1.6 Nanoparticles deposition/functionalization......Page 48
  1.7 Concluding remarks and future trends......Page 49
  References......Page 50
  2.1 Introduction......Page 60
   2.2.1 Cone calorimetry......Page 61
   2.2.3 Limiting oxygen index......Page 62
   2.2.4 Underwriters laboratories 94 (UL94)......Page 63
   2.3.1 Biopolymers and biocomposites......Page 64
   2.3.2 Use of green flame retardants......Page 71
  References......Page 73
II - Thermosetting and thermoplastic materials for structural applications......Page 76
  3.1 Introduction......Page 78
  3.2 Vegetable oil resins and composites......Page 81
   3.2.2 Soybean oil thermoset composites......Page 82
   3.2.3 Wheat gluten matrix composites......Page 85
   3.2.4 Castor oil resin composites......Page 86
   3.2.5 Bio-based polyurethanes......Page 87
   3.2.6 Cashew shell nut liquid......Page 88
   3.2.7 Zein matrix composites......Page 90
  3.3 Conclusion and challenges......Page 92
  References......Page 93
  Further reading......Page 97
  4.1 Introduction......Page 98
  4.2 Natural fibers......Page 99
  4.3 Green composites in the automotive industry......Page 101
   4.4.1 Materials used......Page 102
    4.4.1.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates......Page 103
    4.4.1.2 Poly(lactic acid)......Page 104
    4.4.1.3 Cellulosic fibers......Page 106
     Experimental study......Page 107
  4.5 Conclusions......Page 112
  References......Page 113
  Further reading......Page 114
  5.1 Introduction......Page 116
  5.2 Materials and methods......Page 118
   5.2.1 Functional unit and boundary conditions for the hood......Page 119
   5.2.2 Natural fiber incorporation (ramie reinforcement) and alternative approaches to manufacturing......Page 120
   5.2.3 Materials, manufacture, end of life......Page 121
  5.3 Results and discussion......Page 123
  5.4 Conclusions......Page 128
  References......Page 129
  6.1 Introduction......Page 132
  6.2 Cellulose and nanocellulose......Page 133
   6.2.1 Architecture of cellulose......Page 134
    6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystal......Page 135
   6.3.1 Enzyme......Page 136
   6.3.3 Ionic liquids......Page 138
   6.4.1 Homogenization......Page 139
   6.4.3 Ultrasonication......Page 140
   6.4.4 Electrospinning......Page 141
   6.4.6 Steam explosion......Page 142
  6.6 Modifications of nanofibrillated cellulose......Page 143
   6.6.1 Acetylation......Page 144
   6.6.2 Silylation......Page 145
   6.6.4 Grafting......Page 147
   6.7.1 General applications......Page 148
   6.7.2 Applications in automobile industry......Page 149
  References......Page 150
III - Nanomaterials and additive manufacturing composites......Page 160
  7.1 Introduction......Page 162
  7.2 Nanomaterials......Page 163
  7.3 Renewable nanomaterials......Page 164
   7.4.1 Nanoclays......Page 165
   7.4.2 Nanocellulose......Page 166
  7.6 Polymer composites......Page 171
   7.7.1 Characterization and applications of nanocomposites......Page 174
  7.8 Renewable nanomaterial–based polymer nanocomposites......Page 175
  7.9 Applications of nano fillers or nanofibers reinforced polymer nanocomposites......Page 178
  Acknowledgment......Page 179
  References......Page 180
  8.1 Introduction......Page 188
  8.2 3D printing technologies......Page 191
  8.3 Composites and its properties for fabrications......Page 194
   8.3.1 Challenges for 3D printing material properties......Page 196
  8.4 3D printing of composite materials......Page 200
   8.4.1 3D printing of green composite materials......Page 206
  References......Page 207
  9.1 Introduction......Page 214
  9.2 Reinforcement phase......Page 216
   9.3.1 Renewable source......Page 218
   9.4.2 Improved properties......Page 219
  9.5 Bionanocomposites......Page 220
   9.5.2 Hemicellulose-based bionanocomposites......Page 223
   9.5.3 Nanocellulose-based bionanocomposites......Page 224
  9.6 Challenges......Page 225
   9.6.1 Challenges at industrial scale......Page 226
  9.7 Conclusion......Page 227
  References......Page 228
IV - Life cycle assessment and risk analysis......Page 234
  10.1 Introduction......Page 236
   10.2.1 Green composites based on natural fibers......Page 238
   10.2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of natural fiber-based composites......Page 242
   10.2.3 LCA of Green Composites......Page 245
   10.3.1 Modeling risks......Page 250
   10.3.2 Management of modeling risks......Page 253
   10.4.1 Real-world risks of green composites......Page 256
   10.4.2 Management of real-world risks......Page 258
  10.5 Example from the Automotive Industry......Page 260
  10.6 Conclusion......Page 263
  References......Page 264
 11 - Ramie and jute as natural fibers in a composite part—a life cycle engineering comparison with an aluminum part......Page 270
   11.1.2 Motivation and contribution......Page 271
   11.2.1 Natural fibers and green composites......Page 272
   11.2.2 Industrial applications of natural fibers......Page 277
   11.2.3 Life cycle analysis and case studies from literature......Page 279
  11.3 Bonnet case study......Page 284
   11.3.2 Materials and assumptions......Page 285
   11.3.3 Requirements and FEM analysis......Page 287
  11.4 Life cycle studies of different alternatives......Page 288
    11.4.1.1 Environmental impact of ramie......Page 289
   11.4.3 Use phase......Page 291
   11.4.5 Overall environmental impact and costs during whole life cycle......Page 292
  11.5 Life cycle engineering and CLUBE analysis......Page 293
   11.5.1 CLUBE analysis......Page 294
  11.6 Conclusions and outlook......Page 296
  References......Page 297
  12.1 Introduction......Page 302
  12.2 Polymers recycling......Page 303
  12.3 Polymer composites/nanocomposites......Page 304
   12.3.1 Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites......Page 305
  12.4 Recycling and natural fiber-reinforced composites in the automotive industry......Page 312
  12.5 Conclusion......Page 313
  References......Page 314
 B......Page 318
 E......Page 319
 G......Page 320
 M......Page 321
 N......Page 322
 P......Page 323
 V......Page 324
 Z......Page 325
Back Cover......Page 326