Green Approaches for Chemical Analysis

Front Cover
Green Approaches for Chemical Analysis
Green Approaches for Chemical Analysis
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Biography
1 - Green Analytical Chemistry: concepts, evolution, and recent developments
	1. Green Analytical Chemistry: origin and evolution
	2. Beyond the 12 principles of Green Analytical Chemistry
	3. How Green Analytical Chemistry becomes quantitative?
	4. Greening sample treatment
		4.1 Gaseous samples
		4.2 Liquid samples
		4.3 Solid samples
	5. Greening instrumental analysis
	6. Chemometrics as an alternative tool for greening analytical practices
	7. Conclusions and future trends
	References
2 - Green sorbents in analytical chemistry
	1. Green analytical chemistry: analytical sample preparation and eco-metrics
	2. General overview on the evolution of solid-phase extraction and microextraction techniques within analytical sample prepara ...
	3. Green sorbents in analytical sample preparation, mainly in (micro)extraction methods
		3.1 Materials from natural sources as green sorbents
		3.2 Biopolymers as green sorbents
		3.3 MIPs as green sorbents
		3.4 Polymeric crystalline frameworks as green sorbents
		3.5 Mesoporous silica as green sorbent
		3.6 Carbonaceous materials as green sorbents
		3.7 Metallic NPs as green sorbents
	4. Greenness assessment of green sorbents in (micro)extraction methods
	5. General overview on green sorbents in chromatography
	6. Concluding remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
3 - Green strategies for analysis of natural products
	1. Introduction
	2. Green sample preparation approaches for natural product analysis
		2.1 Green sample preparation approaches for the analysis of plant volatile fraction
		2.2 Green solvents and sorbents for the extraction of natural products
	3. Green analytical methods for natural samples
		3.1 Strategies for the improvement of column selectivity
		3.2 Strategies for the reduction of the analysis time
		3.3 Instrument miniaturization
	4. Analytical strategies for in vivo evaluation of plant volatile emissions
	References
4 - Direct sample preparation mass spectrometry analysis: toward greener analytical methods
	1. Introduction
	2. Liquid extraction mass spectrometry
	3. Thermal and laser-based extraction/desorption mass spectrometry
	4. Solid-phase extraction (and microextraction) mass spectrometry
	5. Concluding remarks and future perspectives
	References
5 - Sample preparation in a green perspective
	1. The role of sample preparation and extraction in the analytical workflow
	2. Green and White Analytical Chemistry applied to sample preparation
		2.1 Scope of application (red 1)
		2.2 LOD and LOQ (red 2)
		2.3 Accuracy (red 3)
		2.4 Precision (red 4)
		2.5 Waste produced and reagents used (green 1)
		2.6 Toxicity of reagents (green 2)
		2.7 Energy consumption (green 3)
		2.8 Immediate impact (green 4)
		2.9 Management of time (blue 1)
		2.10 Management of cost (blue 2)
		2.11 Practical requirements (blue 3)
		2.12 Simplicity of the method (blue 4)
	3. Evolution of sample preparation and extraction methodologies in an eco-friendly perspective
		3.1 Sample preparation and extraction techniques
	4. Methods to assess greenness of sample preparation and extraction methodologies
	5. Examples of extraction methodologies and their greenness
	6. Future trends and perspectives
	References
6 - Green aspects of multidimensional separation techniques
	1. Introduction
	2. Green metrics applied to chromatography-based separations
	3. Multidimensional chromatographic separations
	4. Liquid-phase multidimensional methods
		4.1 Column switching and heart-cutting 2D-LC
		4.2 Comprehensive 2D-LC (LC×LC)
	5. Gas-phase multidimensional methods
		5.1 Heart-cutting 2D-GC (GC-GC)
		5.2 Comprehensive 2D-GC (GC×GC)
	6. Hybrid-phase multidimensional methods
	References
	Further reading
7 - Applying green sample preparation techniques to in vivo analysis and metabolomics
	1. Introduction
	2. Sample preparation approaches for in vivo analysis
		2.1 Description of in vivo sampling approaches
		2.2 In vivo applications
			2.2.1 Solid-phase microextraction
			2.2.2 Microdialysis
		2.3 Eco-scale assessment
			2.3.1 Sampling (extraction) method
			2.3.2 Before sampling
			2.3.3 After sampling (prior to instrumental analysis)
			2.3.4 After analysis
	3. Sample preparation approaches for metabolomics
		3.1 Overview of traditional sample preparation for metabolomics
		3.2 Green sample preparation strategies applied in MS-based metabolomics
			3.2.1 Solid-phase microextraction
				3.2.1.1 Plant metabolomics and food commodities
				3.2.1.2 Cell culture media and samples of clinical interest
			3.2.2 Other green extraction techniques
	4. Concluding remarks and future directions
	References
8 - Green sample preparation techniques in environmental analysis
	1. Introduction
	2. Green sample preparation techniques for the analysis of organic pollutants in water samples
		2.1 Solid-phase extraction and miniaturized alternatives
			2.1.1 Confined μSPE
			2.1.2 Unconfined μSPE
		2.2 Solid-phase microextraction
		2.3 Liquid-phase microextraction
			2.3.1 Unconfined liquid-phase microextraction
			2.3.2 Confined liquid-phase microextraction
	3. Green sample preparation techniques for the analysis of organic pollutants in air samples
	4. Green sample preparation techniques for the analysis of organic pollutants in soil samples
	5. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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