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دانلود کتاب Gray's Basic Anatomy Richard Drake PhD, A. Wayne Vogl PhD, Adam W. M. Mitchell MB BS FRCS FRCR
دانلود کتاب Gray's Basic Anatomy Richard Drake PhD, A. Wayne Vogl PhD, Adam W. M. Mitchell MB BS FRCS FRCR
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Gray's Basic Anatomy Richard Drake PhD, A. Wayne Vogl PhD, Adam W. M. Mitchell MB BS FRCS FRCR
ویرایش: نویسندگان: Gray's Basic Anatomy Richard Drake PhD, A. Wayne Vogl PhD, Adam W. M. Mitchell MB BS FRCS FRCR سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9780323834421 ناشر: سال نشر: 2022 تعداد صفحات: [1187] زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 17 Mb
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Front Cover IFC BASIC ANATOMY NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS BASIC ANATOMY Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments Preface Index of Clinical Apps, Imaging Apps, and Surface Anatomy Boxes Contents 1 - The Body HOW CAN GROSS ANATOMY BE STUDIED? IMPORTANT ANATOMICAL TERMS The anatomical position Anatomical planes Terms to describe location Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), medial and lateral, superior and inferior Proximal and distal, cranial and caudal, and rostral Superficial and deep Trans/Non-Binary Anatomical Terminology Imaging DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES Plain radiography Contrast agents Subtraction angiography Ultrasound Doppler ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine imaging Positron emission tomography IMAGE INTERPRETATION Plain radiography Chest radiograph Abdominal radiograph Gastrointestinal contrast examinations Urological contrast studies Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine imaging SAFETY IN IMAGING Body systems SKELETAL SYSTEM Cartilage Bone Joints Synovial joints Descriptions of synovial joints based on shape and movement Specific types of synovial joints (Fig. 1.15) Solid joints SKIN AND FASCIAS Skin Fascia MUSCULAR SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks and ducts NERVOUS SYSTEM Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Meninges Functional subdivisions of the CNS Somatic part of the nervous system Dermatomes Myotomes Visceral part of the nervous system Sympathetic system 1. Peripheral sympathetic innervation at the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber 2. Peripheral sympathetic innervation above or below the level of origin of the preganglionic fiber 3. Sympathetic innervation of thoracic and cervical viscera 4. Sympathetic innervation of the abdomen and pelvic regions and the adrenals Parasympathetic system Sacral preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Cranial nerve preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Visceral sensory innervation (visceral afferents) Visceral sensory fibers accompanying sympathetic fibers Visceral sensory fibers accompanying parasympathetic fibers The enteric system Nerve plexuses Somatic plexuses Visceral plexuses OTHER SYSTEMS 2 - Back SKELETAL FRAMEWORK Vertebrae Typical vertebra Cervical vertebrae Atlas and axis Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Intervertebral foramina Posterior spaces between vertebral arches Curvatures of vertebral column JOINTS Joints between vertebrae in the back Symphyses between vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs) Joints between vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints) “Uncovertebral” joints LIGAMENTS Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamenta flava Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae Interspinous ligaments BACK MUSCULATURE Superficial group of back muscles Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor and rhomboid major Intermediate group of back muscles Deep group of back muscles Spinotransversales muscles Erector spinae muscles Transversospinales muscles Segmental muscles Suboccipital muscles Thoracolumbar fascia SPINAL CORD Vasculature Arteries Veins Meninges Spinal dura mater Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal Spinal nerves Nomenclature of spinal nerves 3 - Thorax PECTORAL REGION Breast Arterial supply Venous drainage Innervation Lymphatic drainage Breast in men Muscles of the pectoral region THORACIC WALL Superior thoracic aperture Inferior thoracic aperture Skeletal framework Thoracic vertebrae A typical thoracic vertebra Articulation with ribs Ribs Distinct features of upper and lower ribs Rib I Rib II Rib X Ribs XI and XII Sternum Manubrium of sternum Body of the sternum Xiphoid process Joints Costovertebral joints Joint with head of rib Costotransverse joints Sternocostal joints Interchondral joints Manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints Intercostal spaces Muscles Intercostal muscles Arterial supply Posterior intercostal arteries Anterior intercostal arteries Venous drainage Lymphatic drainage Innervation Intercostal nerves DIAPHRAGM Venous drainage Innervation MOVEMENTS OF THE THORACIC WALL AND DIAPHRAGM DURING BREATHING PLEURAL CAVITIES Pleura Parietal pleura Peripheral reflections Visceral pleura Costomediastinal recesses Costodiaphragmatic recesses Lungs Root and hilum Right lung Left lung Bronchial tree Bronchopulmonary segments Pulmonary arteries Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Bronchial arteries and veins Innervation Lymphatic drainage MEDIASTINUM Anterior mediastinum Middle mediastinum Pericardium Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium Vessels and nerves Heart Cardiac orientation Base (posterior surface) and apex Surfaces of the heart Margins and borders External sulci Cardiac chambers Right atrium Right ventricle Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Left atrium Left ventricle Mitral valve Aortic valve Cardiac skeleton Coronary vasculature Coronary arteries Variations in the distribution patterns of coronary arteries. Several major variations in the basic distribution patterns of the... Cardiac veins Other cardiac veins. Two additional groups of cardiac veins are also involved in the venous drainage of the heart Coronary lymphatics Cardiac conduction system Sinu-atrial node Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle Cardiac innervation Parasympathetic innervation Sympathetic innervation Visceral afferents Pulmonary trunk Ascending aorta Other vasculature Superior mediastinum Thymus Right and left brachiocephalic veins Left superior intercostal vein Superior vena cava Arch of aorta and its branches The first branch The second branch The third branch Ligamentum arteriosum Trachea and esophagus Nerves of the superior mediastinum Vagus nerves Right vagus nerve Left vagus nerve Phrenic nerves Right phrenic nerve Left phrenic nerve Thoracic duct in the superior mediastinum Posterior mediastinum Esophagus Relationships to important structures in the posterior mediastinum Arterial supply and venous and lymphatic drainage Innervation Esophageal plexus Thoracic aorta Azygos system of veins Azygos vein Hemiazygos vein Accessory hemiazygos vein Thoracic duct in the posterior mediastinum Sympathetic trunks Branches from the ganglia 4 - Abdomen SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY Four-quadrant pattern Nine-region pattern ABDOMINAL WALL Superficial fascia Superficial layer Deeper layer Anterolateral muscles Flat muscles External oblique Associated ligaments Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Transversalis fascia Vertical muscles Rectus abdominis Pyramidalis Rectus sheath Extraperitoneal fascia Peritoneum Innervation Arterial supply and venous drainage Lymphatic drainage GROIN Inguinal canal Deep inguinal ring Superficial inguinal ring Anterior wall Posterior wall Roof Floor Contents Spermatic cord Continued Round ligament of the uterus ABDOMINAL VISCERA Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Omenta, mesenteries, and ligaments Omenta Greater omentum Lesser omentum Mesenteries Mesentery Transverse mesocolon Sigmoid mesocolon Ligaments Organs Abdominal esophagus Stomach Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine Cecum and appendix Colon Rectum and anal canal Liver Diaphragmatic surface Visceral surface Associated ligaments Lobes Gallbladder Pancreas Duct system for bile Spleen Arterial supply to the gastrointestinal tract Anterior branches of the abdominal aorta Celiac trunk Left gastric artery Splenic artery Common hepatic artery Superior mesenteric artery Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Jejunal and ileal arteries Middle colic artery Right colic artery Ileocolic artery Inferior mesenteric artery Left colic artery Sigmoid arteries Superior rectal artery Venous drainage Portal vein Splenic vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein Lymphatics Innervation Sympathetic trunks Splanchnic nerves Thoracic splanchnic nerves Lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves Pelvic splanchnic nerves Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia Parasympathetic innervation Vagus nerves Pelvic splanchnic nerves Enteric system Example—sympathetic innervation of stomach POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL REGION Posterior abdominal wall Lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum Pelvic bones Ribs Muscles Psoas major and minor Quadratus lumborum Iliacus Diaphragm Structures passing through or around the diaphragm Domes Blood supply Innervation Viscera Kidneys Relationships to other structures Renal fat and fascia Kidney structure Renal vasculature and lymphatics Ureters Ureteric vasculature and lymphatics Ureteric innervation Suprarenal glands Suprarenal vasculature Suprarenal Innervation Vasculature Abdominal aorta Visceral branches Posterior branches Inferior vena cava Lymphatic system Pre-aortic and lateral aortic or lumbar nodes (para-aortic nodes) Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves Abdominal prevertebral plexus and ganglia Lumbar plexus Iliohypogastric and ilio-inguinal nerves (L1) Iliohypogastric nerve Ilio-inguinal nerve Genitofemoral nerve (L1 and L2) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2 and L3) Obturator nerve (L2 to L4) Femoral nerve (L2 to L4) 5 - Pelvis and Perineum PELVIS Bones Pelvic bone Components of the pelvic bone Ilium Pubis Ischium Sacrum Coccyx Joints Lumbosacral joints Sacro-iliac joints Pubic symphysis joint Orientation Differences between men and women True pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic wall Ligaments of the pelvic wall Muscles of the pelvic wall Apertures in the pelvic wall Obturator canal Greater sciatic foramen Lesser sciatic foramen Pelvic outlet Pelvic floor The pelvic diaphragm Levator ani The perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch Perineal body Viscera Gastrointestinal system Rectum Anal canal Urinary system Ureters Bladder Neck of bladder Urethra In women In men Preprostatic part. The preprostatic part of the urethra is about 1 cm long, extends from the base of the bladder to the prostate... Prostatic part. The prostatic part of the urethra (Fig. 5.24C) is 3 to 4 cm long and is surrounded by the prostate. In this regi... Membranous part. The membranous part of the urethra is narrow and passes through the deep perineal pouch (Fig. 5.24B). During it... Spongy urethra. The spongy urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue (the corpus spongiosum) of the penis. It is enlarged to form... Reproductive system In men Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate Bulbourethral glands In women Ovaries Uterus Uterine tubes Cervix Vagina Fascia In women In men Peritoneum In women Broad ligament In men Nerves Sacral and coccygeal plexuses Sacral plexus Sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the body and carries contributions from L4 to S3 (Table 5.4, Figs. 5.35... Pudendal nerve. The pudendal nerve forms anteriorly to the lower part of piriformis muscle from ventral divisions of S2 to S4 (T... Other branches of the sacral plexus (see Table 5.4). Other branches of the sacral plexus include Coccygeal plexus Visceral plexuses Paravertebral sympathetic chain Pelvic extensions of the prevertebral plexus Sympathetic fibers Parasympathetic fibers Visceral afferent fibers Blood vessels Arteries Internal iliac artery Posterior trunk Anterior trunk Ovarian arteries Median sacral artery Veins Lymphatics PERINEUM Borders and ceiling Perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses Anal triangle Urogenital triangle Structures in the superficial perineal pouch Erectile tissues Clitoris Penis Erection Greater vestibular glands Muscles Superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle Somatic nerves Pudendal nerve Other somatic nerves Visceral nerves Blood vessels Arteries Internal pudendal artery Inferior rectal arteries Perineal artery Terminal part of the internal pudendal artery External pudendal arteries Testicular and cremasteric arteries Veins Lymphatics 6 - Lower Limb THE HIP Bony pelvis Ilium Ischial tuberosity Ischiopubic ramus and pubic bone Acetabulum Proximal femur Greater and lesser trochanters Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Shaft of the femur Hip joint Ligaments Blood supply and innervation Gateways to the lower limb Nerves Arteries Femoral artery Superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the obturator artery Veins Lymphatics Superficial inguinal nodes Deep inguinal nodes Popliteal nodes Deep fascia and the saphenous opening Fascia lata Iliotibial tract Saphenous opening Femoral triangle Femoral sheath GLUTEAL REGION Muscles Nerves Superior gluteal nerve Sciatic nerve Nerve to quadratus femoris Nerve to obturator internus Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh Pudendal nerve Inferior gluteal nerve Perforating cutaneous nerve Arteries Inferior gluteal artery Superior gluteal artery Veins Lymphatics THIGH Bones Shaft and distal end of femur Patella Proximal end of tibia Tibial condyles and intercondylar areas Tibial tuberosity Shaft of tibia Proximal end of fibula Muscles Anterior compartment (Table 6.3, Fig. 6.40) Patellar ligament Medial compartment (Table 6.4, Fig. 6.42) Posterior compartment (Table 6.5, Fig. 6.44) Arteries Femoral artery Deep artery of thigh Lateral circumflex femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Perforating arteries Obturator artery Veins Great saphenous vein Nerves Femoral nerve Obturator nerve Sciatic nerve Knee joint Articular surfaces Menisci Synovial membrane Fibrous membrane Ligaments Patellar ligament Collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Locking mechanism Vascular supply and innervation Tibiofibular joint Popliteal fossa Contents Roof of popliteal fossa LEG Bones Shaft and distal end of tibia Shaft and distal end of fibula Joints Interosseous membrane of leg Posterior compartment of leg Muscles Superficial group Deep group Arteries Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Veins Nerves Tibial nerve Sural nerve Medial calcaneal nerve Lateral compartment of leg Muscles Arteries Veins Nerves Superficial fibular nerve Anterior compartment of leg Muscles Arteries Veins Nerves Deep fibular nerve FOOT Bones Tarsal bones Proximal group Talus Calcaneus Intermediate tarsal bone Distal group Metatarsals Phalanges Joints Ankle joint Medial ligament (deltoid ligament) Lateral ligament Intertarsal joints Subtalar joint Talocalcaneonavicular joint Ligaments Calcaneocuboid joint Ligaments Tarsometatarsal joints Metatarsophalangeal joints Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments Interphalangeal joints Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle Flexor retinaculum Extensor retinacula Fibular retinacula Arches of the foot Longitudinal arch Transverse arch Plantar aponeurosis Fibrous sheaths of toes Extensor hoods Intrinsic muscles First layer Second layer Third layer Fourth layer Arteries Posterior tibial artery and plantar arch Lateral plantar artery Medial plantar artery Dorsalis pedis artery Veins Nerves Tibial nerve Medial plantar nerve Lateral plantar nerve Deep fibular nerve Superficial fibular nerve Sural nerve Saphenous nerve 7 - Upper Limb SHOULDER Bones Clavicle Scapula Proximal humerus Greater and lesser tubercles Surgical neck Joints Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Glenohumeral joint POSTERIOR SCAPULAR REGION Gateways to the posterior scapular region Suprascapular foramen Quadrangular space (from posterior) Triangular space Triangular interval Nerves Suprascapular nerve Axillary nerve Arteries and veins Suprascapular artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery Circumflex scapular artery Veins AXILLA Axillary inlet Anterior wall Clavipectoral fascia Medial wall Lateral wall Posterior wall Gateways in the posterior wall Quadrangular space Triangular space Triangular interval Floor Contents of the axilla Axillary artery Superior thoracic artery Thoracoacromial artery Lateral thoracic artery Subscapular artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery Axillary vein Brachial plexus Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Branches (Table 7.7) Branches of the roots Branches of the trunks Branches of the lateral cord Branches of the medial cord Branches of the posterior cord Lymphatics Axillary process of the mammary gland ARM Bones Shaft and distal end of the humerus The condyle The two epicondyles The three fossae Proximal end of the radius Proximal end of the ulna Muscles Nerves Musculocutaneous nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Radial nerve Arteries and veins Brachial artery Profunda brachii artery Veins ELBOW JOINT CUBITAL FOSSA FOREARM Bones Shaft and distal end of radius Shaft and distal end of ulna Joints Distal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Pronation and supination Abduction of the ulna during pronation ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM Muscles Superficial layer Intermediate layer Deep layer Arteries and veins Radial artery Ulnar artery Veins Nerves Median nerve Ulnar nerve Radial nerve POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM Muscles Superficial layer Deep layer Arteries and veins Posterior interosseous artery Anterior interosseous artery Radial artery Veins Nerves Radial nerve HAND Bones Carpal bones Proximal row Distal row Articular surfaces Carpal arch Metacarpals Phalanges Joints Wrist joint Carpal joints Carpometacarpal joints Metacarpophalangeal joints Deep transverse metacarpal ligaments Interphalangeal joints of hand Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist Palmar aponeurosis Anatomical snuffbox Fibrous digital sheaths Extensor hoods Muscles Interossei Thenar muscles Hypothenar muscles Lumbrical muscles Arteries and veins Ulnar artery and superficial palmar arch Radial artery and deep palmar arch Veins Nerves Ulnar nerve Median nerve Superficial branch of the radial nerve 8 - Head and Neck HEAD NECK SKULL Anterior view Frontal bone Zygomatic and nasal bones Maxillae Mandible Lateral view Lateral portion of the calvaria Temporal bone Visible part of the facial skeleton Mandible Posterior view Occipital bone Temporal bones Superior view Inferior view Anterior part Middle part Anterior half Vomer Sphenoid Body Pterygoid processes Greater wing Posterior half of middle part Occipital bone Temporal bone Posterior part Occipital bone Temporal bone CRANIAL CAVITY Roof Floor Anterior cranial fossa Lesser wings of the sphenoid Middle cranial fossa Sphenoid Sella turcica Fissures and foramina Temporal bone Posterior cranial fossa Boundaries Foramen magnum Grooves and foramina Squamous part of the occipital bone MENINGES Cranial dura mater Dural partitions Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Arterial supply Innervation Arachnoid mater Pia mater Meningeal spaces Extradural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space BRAIN AND ITS BLOOD SUPPLY Brain Blood supply Vertebral arteries Internal carotid arteries Cerebral arterial circle Venous drainage Dural venous sinuses Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal and straight sinuses Confluence of sinuses, transverse and sigmoid sinuses Cavernous sinuses Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses CRANIAL NERVES Olfactory nerve [I] Optic nerve [II] Oculomotor nerve [III] Trochlear nerve [IV] Trigeminal nerve [V] Ophthalmic nerve [V1] Maxillary nerve [V2] Mandibular nerve [V3] Abducent nerve [VI] Facial nerve [VII] Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] Tympanic nerve Vagus nerve [X] Accessory nerve [XI] Cranial root of the accessory nerve FACE Muscles Orbital group Nasal group Oral group Lower group of oral muscles Upper group of oral muscles Other muscles or muscle groups Parotid gland Important relationships Facial nerve External carotid artery and its branches Retromandibular vein and its tributaries Arterial supply Innervation Innervation Ophthalmic nerve [V1] Maxillary nerve [V2] Mandibular nerve [V3] Motor innervation Vessels Arteries Facial artery Transverse facial artery Branches of the maxillary artery Branches of the ophthalmic artery Veins Facial vein Transverse facial vein Intracranial venous connections Lymphatic drainage SCALP Layers Skin Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurotic layer Loose connective tissue Pericranium Innervation Anterior to the ears and the vertex Posterior to the ears and the vertex Vessels Arteries Branches from the ophthalmic artery Branches from the external carotid artery Veins Lymphatic drainage ORBIT Bony orbit Roof Medial wall Floor Lateral wall Eyelids Skin and subcutaneous tissue Orbicularis oculi Orbital septum Tarsus and levator palpebrae superioris Conjunctiva Glands Vessels Innervation Lacrimal apparatus Innervation Sensory innervation Secretomotor (parasympathetic) innervation Sympathetic innervation Vessels Fissures and foramina Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital foramen Other openings Fascial specializations Periorbita Fascial sheath of the eyeball Check ligaments of the medial and lateral rectus muscles Muscles Extrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles and eyeball movements Vessels Arteries Veins Innervation Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Abducent nerve Postganglionic sympathetic fibers Ophthalmic nerve [V1] Lacrimal nerve Frontal nerve Nasociliary nerve Ciliary ganglion Parasympathetic root Sensory root Sympathetic root Eyeball Anterior and posterior chambers Lens and vitreous humor Walls of the eyeball Vessels Arterial supply Venous drainage Fibrous layer of the eyeball Sclera Cornea Vascular layer of the eyeball Choroid Ciliary body Iris Inner layer of the eyeball Optic part of the retina EAR External ear Auricle Muscles Innervation Vessels External acoustic meatus Innervation Tympanic membrane Innervation Middle ear Boundaries Roof (tegmental wall) Floor (jugular wall) Lateral wall (membranous wall) Posterior wall (mastoid wall) Anterior wall Medial wall (labyrinthine wall) Mastoid area Pharyngotympanic tube Vessels Innervation Auditory ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes Muscles associated with the ossicles Vessels Innervation Internal ear Bony labyrinth Semicircular canals Cochlea Membranous labyrinth Organs of balance Utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic duct Sensory receptors Organ of hearing Cochlear duct Vessels Innervation Facial nerve [VII] in the temporal bone Branches Greater petrosal nerve. At the geniculate ganglion, the facial nerve [VII] gives off the greater petrosal nerve (Fig. 8.115A). T... Nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani. Near the beginning of its vertical descent, the facial nerve [VII] gives off a small bran... Transmission of sound TEMPORAL AND INFRATEMPORAL FOSSAE Bony framework Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Ramus of mandible Temporomandibular joints Joint capsule Extracapsular ligaments Movements of the mandible Masseter muscle Temporal fossa Contents Temporalis muscle Deep temporal nerves Zygomaticotemporal nerve Deep temporal arteries Middle temporal artery Infratemporal fossa Contents Sphenomandibular ligament Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles Mandibular nerve [V3] Branches Meningeal branch Nerve to medial pterygoid Buccal nerve Masseteric nerve Deep temporal nerves Nerve to lateral pterygoid Auriculotemporal nerve Lingual nerve Inferior alveolar nerve Chorda tympani and the lesser petrosal nerve Chorda tympani Lesser petrosal nerve Maxillary artery Branches Middle meningeal artery Inferior alveolar artery Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, and accessory meningeal arteries Branches from the second part Pterygoid plexus PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA Skeletal framework Sphenoid bone Pterygoid canal Gateways Contents Maxillary nerve [V2] Branches of maxillary nerve [V2] or pterygopalatine ganglion Orbital branches. The orbital branches are small and pass through the inferior orbital fissure to contribute to the supply of th... Greater and lesser palatine nerves. The greater and lesser palatine nerves (Fig. 8.138) pass inferiorly from the pterygopalatine... Nasal nerves. The nasal nerves (Fig. 8.138), approximately seven in number, pass medially through the sphenopalatine foramen to ... Pharyngeal nerve. The pharyngeal nerve passes posteriorly from the pterygopalatine ganglion and leaves the fossa through the pal... Zygomatic nerve. The zygomatic nerve (Fig. 8.138) originates directly from the maxillary nerve [V2] in the pterygopalatine fossa... Posterior superior alveolar nerve. The posterior superior alveolar nerve (Fig. 8.138) originates from the maxillary nerve [V2] i... Infra- Nerve of the pterygoid canal and the pterygopalatine ganglion Greater petrosal nerve Deep petrosal nerve Pterygopalatine ganglion Innervation of the lacrimal gland Maxillary artery Branches Posterior superior alveolar artery. The posterior superior alveolar artery originates from the maxillary artery as it passes thr... Infra-orbital artery. The infra-orbital artery passes forward with the infra-orbital nerve and leaves the pterygopalatine fos... Greater palatine artery. The greater palatine artery passes inferiorly with the palatine nerves into the palatine canal (Fig. 8.... Pharyngeal branch. The pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery travels posteriorly and leaves the pterygopalatine fossa throug... Sphenopalatine artery. The sphenopalatine artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery (Fig. 8.140). It leaves the pter... Artery of pterygoid canal. The artery of pterygoid canal passes posteriorly into the pterygoid canal (Fig. 8.140). It supplies s... Veins. Veins that drain areas supplied by branches of the terminal part of the maxillary artery generally travel with these bran... NECK Fascia Investing layer Prevertebral layer Pretracheal layer Carotid sheath Fascial compartments Superficial venous drainage External jugular veins Anterior jugular veins Anterior triangle of the neck Muscles Suprahyoid muscles Infrahyoid muscles Vessels Carotid system Common carotid arteries Internal carotid arteries External carotid arteries Veins Nerves Facial nerve [VII] Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] Vagus nerve [X] Accessory nerve [XI] Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Transverse cervical nerve Ansa cervicalis Elements of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems Esophagus Trachea Pharynx and Larynx Thyroid and parathyroid glands Thyroid gland Arterial supply Superior thyroid artery. The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of the external carotid artery (Fig. 8.161). It descend... Inferior thyroid artery. The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, which arises from the first part of... Venous and lymphatic drainage Recurrent laryngeal nerves Parathyroid glands Location of structures in subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck Posterior triangle of the neck Muscles Vessels External jugular vein Subclavian artery and its branches Transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries Veins Nerves Accessory nerve Cervical plexus Muscular branches Cutaneous branches Brachial plexus Root of the neck Vessels Subclavian arteries Vertebral artery Thyrocervical trunk Inferior thyroid artery. The inferior thyroid artery (Fig. 8.172) is the superior continuation of the thyrocervical trunk. It as... Transverse cervical artery. The middle branch of the thyrocervical trunk is the transverse cervical artery (see Fig. 8.172). Thi... Suprascapular artery. The lowest branch of the thyrocervical trunk is the suprascapular artery (see Fig. 8.172). This branch pas... Internal thoracic artery Costocervical trunk Veins Nerves Phrenic nerves Vagus nerves [X] Recurrent laryngeal nerves Sympathetic nervous system Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk Ganglia Superior cervical ganglion. A very large superior cervical ganglion in the area of cervical vertebrae CI and CII marks the super... Middle cervical ganglion. A second ganglion inferior to the superior cervical ganglion along the course of the sympathetic trunk... Inferior cervical ganglion. At the lower end of the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is another ganglion (the inferior cer... Lymphatics Thoracic duct Lymphatics of the neck Superficial lymph nodes Superficial cervical lymph nodes Deep cervical lymph nodes PHARYNX Skeletal framework Anterior vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls First part Second part Third part Pharyngeal wall Muscles Constrictor muscles Longitudinal muscles Fascia Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Tonsils Vessels Arteries Veins Lymphatics Nerves Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] LARYNX Laryngeal cartilages Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate Cuneiform Extrinsic ligaments Thyrohyoid membrane Hyo-epiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament Intrinsic ligaments Fibro-elastic membrane of the larynx Conus elasticus (cricovocal membrane) Quadrangular membrane Laryngeal joints Cricothyroid joints Crico- Cavity of the larynx Division into three major regions Laryngeal ventricles and saccules Rima vestibuli and rima glottidis Intrinsic muscles Function of the larynx Respiration Phonation Effort closure Swallowing Vessels Arteries Veins Lymphatics Nerves Superior laryngeal nerves Recurrent laryngeal nerves NASAL CAVITIES Lateral wall Regions Skeletal framework Ethmoid bone External nose Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinuses Ethmoidal cells Maxillary sinuses Sphenoidal sinuses Walls, floor, and roof Medial wall Floor Roof Lateral wall Nares Choanae Gateways Cribriform plate Sphenopalatine foramen Incisive canal Small foramina in the lateral wall Vessels Arteries Sphenopalatine artery Greater palatine artery Superior labial and lateral nasal arteries Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries Veins Innervation Olfactory nerve [I] Branches from the ophthalmic nerve [V1] Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves Branches from the maxillary nerve [V2] Parasympathetic innervation Sympathetic innervation Lymphatics ORAL CAVITY Skeletal framework Maxillae Palatine bones Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube Mandible Hyoid bone Walls: the cheeks Floor Tongue Papillae Inferior surface of tongue Pharyngeal surface Muscles Vessels Arteries Veins Innervation Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] Lingual nerve Facial nerve [VII] Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Lymphatics Salivary glands Parotid gland Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Vessels Innervation Parasympathetic Greater petrosal nerve Chorda tympani Sympathetic Roof—palate Hard palate Soft palate Muscles of the soft palate Vessels Arteries Ascending palatine artery and palatine branch Greater palatine artery Veins Lymphatics Innervation Greater and lesser palatine nerves Nasopalatine nerve Oral fissure and lips Oropharyngeal isthmus Teeth and gingivae Vessels Arteries Inferior alveolar artery Anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries Gingival supply Anchor 6016 Veins Lymphatics Innervation Inferior alveolar nerve Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves Innervation of gingivae Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z IBC
