Graphene: Preparations, Properties, Applications, and Prospects

Graphene
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 -
Introduction
	1.1 What is graphene?
	1.2 Fundamentals of materials science for carbon materials
		1.2.1 Classification of carbon materials
		1.2.2 Structure and nanotexture of carbon materials
		1.2.3 Carbonization and graphitization
		1.2.4 Carbon materials
			1.2.4.1 Highly oriented graphite materials
			1.2.4.2 Synthetic graphite materials
			1.2.4.3 Fibrous carbon materials
			1.2.4.4 Nanoporous carbons
			1.2.4.5 Spherical carbon materials
			1.2.4.6 Glass-like carbons
	1.3 Construction and purposes of the current book
	References
2 -
Preparation of graphene
	2.1 Chemical vapor deposition
		2.1.1 Synthesis of graphene films
			2.1.1.1 On platinum
			2.1.1.2 On nickel
			2.1.1.3 On copper
			2.1.1.4 On other metals
			2.1.1.5 On silicon carbide
			2.1.1.6 On other metal carbides
			2.1.1.7 On others
			2.1.1.8 Transfer of graphene films
			2.1.1.9 Structure analysis of graphene films
		2.1.2 Synthesis of graphene flakes
		2.1.3 Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanohorns
		2.1.4 Substitutional doping of heteroatoms
		2.1.5 Graphene foams
	2.2 Cleavage (peeling)
		2.2.1 Mechanical cleavage
		2.2.2 Cleavage in solution
		2.2.3 Cleavage via intercalation compounds
	2.3 Exfoliation via graphene oxide
		2.3.1 Synthesis of graphene oxide
		2.3.2 Exfoliation of graphene oxide
		2.3.3 Reduction of graphene oxide
			2.3.3.1 Thermal reduction
			2.3.3.2 Chemical reduction
			2.3.3.3 Hydrogen reduction
			2.3.3.4 Hydrothermal reduction
			2.3.3.5 Irradiation reduction
			2.3.3.6 Electrochemical reduction
		2.3.4 Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide foams (sponges)
		2.3.5 Functionalization of reduced graphene oxide
		2.3.6 Substitutional doping of heteroatoms
		2.3.7 Fabrication of transparent reduced graphene oxide films
	2.4 Other processes
		2.4.1 Chemical synthesis
		2.4.2 Synthesis via pyrolysis
		2.4.3 Unzipping of carbon nanotubes
	2.5 Concluding remarks
	References
3 -
Electrical properties and applications
	3.1 Fundamental electrical properties
		3.1.1 Electronic structure of graphene
		3.1.2 Effects of defects and edges
	3.2 Applications to information technology
		3.2.1 Transistor devices
		3.2.2 Spintronics devices
		3.2.3 Transparent electrode
	3.3 Applications to social fields
		3.3.1 Sensor devices
		3.3.2 Photon detectors
		3.3.3 Resistance standard
		3.3.4 Electron field emission
	3.4 Concluding remarks
	References
4 -
Chemical properties and applications
	4.1 Fundamental chemical properties
		4.1.1 Hydrogenation
		4.1.2 Oxygenation
		4.1.3 Layer modification
	4.2 Applications to energy storage and conversion
		4.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries
		4.2.2 Electrochemical capacitors
		4.2.3 Lithium-ion capacitors
		4.2.4 Lithium-sulfur batteries
		4.2.5 Solar cells (photovoltaic cells)
			4.2.5.1 Semiconductor solar cells (Schottky junction solar cells)
			4.2.5.2 Polymer solar cells (dye-sensitized solar cells)
		4.2.6 Fuel cells
		4.2.7 Hydrogen storage
	4.3 Applications to environment remediation
		4.3.1 Adsorption of polluting molecules and ions
		4.3.2 Sorption and recovery of oils
		4.3.3 Capacitive deionization for water desalination
		4.3.4 Catalysts
		4.3.5 Chemical sensors
	4.4 Concluding remarks
	References
5 -
Mechanical properties and applications
	5.1 Fundamental mechanical properties
	5.2 Nanolubricants
	5.3 Mechanical sensors
	5.4 Mechanical reinforcement
		5.4.1 Reinforcement of plastics
		5.4.2 Reinforcement of ceramics
		5.4.3 Reinforcement of metals
	5.5 Reduced graphene oxide fibers
	5.6 Concluding remarks
	References
6 -
Thermal properties and applications
	6.1 Fundamental thermal properties
	6.2 Thermal interface materials
	6.3 Nanofluids
	6.4 Thermoelectric power
	6.5 Thermal energy storage
	6.6 Concluding remarks
	References
7 -
Biomedical properties and applications
	7.1 Biocompatibility
	7.2 Cell management
		7.2.1 Scaffolds for cell culturing
		7.2.2 Stem cell differentiation
		7.2.3 Cell imaging
		7.2.4 Antibacterial activity
	7.3 Drug delivery systems
	7.4 Biosensors
	7.5 Concluding remarks
	References
8 -
Beyond graphene
	8.1 Graphene derivatives
		8.1.1 Graphane (hydrogenated graphene)
		8.1.2 Fluorographene (fluorinated graphene)
		8.1.3 Graphene oxide (oxidized graphene)
		8.1.4 Graphyne and graphdiyne
	8.2 Single-layer materials
		8.2.1 Honeycomb layers of group IV elements
		8.2.2 Honeycomb layers of group III–V compounds
		8.2.3 Single layers of transition metal dichalcogenides
	8.3 Layer-by-layer composites
	8.4 Concluding remarks
	References
9 -
Summary and prospects
	9.1 Summary on graphene
	9.2 Prospects
		9.2.1 Importance of number of layers stacked
		9.2.2 Two kinds of graphene materials
		9.2.3 Field effect and zero bandgap
		9.2.4 Extremely high thermal conductivity
		9.2.5 Basics for molecular sensing
		9.2.6 Basics for foreign atom doping
		9.2.7 Importance of π–π interaction
		9.2.8 Biomedical applications
		9.2.9 New composite materials
		9.2.10 Extension to organic chemistry
	References
Index
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