Graphene and its Derivatives (Volume 2): Water/Wastewater Treatment and Other Environmental Applications (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Insights into Graphene-Based Materials as an Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Preparation Methods of Graphene-Based Materials
		1.2.1 Cost-Intensive Processes
		1.2.2 Low-Cost Processes
	1.3 Graphene-Based Material(s): A Potent Sorbent Candidate for Contaminants Removal
	1.4 Adsorption Insights
		1.4.1 Adsorption Isotherm Studies
		1.4.2 Adsorption Kinetics
		1.4.3 Adsorption Thermodynamics
	1.5 Physico-chemical Properties Accountable for Adsorption
	1.6 Role of Physico-chemical Properties During Adsorption—Plausible Adsorption Mechanism
	1.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
2 Graphene and Its Composites for Water and Wastewater Treatment
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Properties and Preparation Techniques of Graphene-Based Materials
		2.2.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide, and Reduced Graphene Oxide
		2.2.2 Synthesis Techniques
	2.3 Graphene and Its Composite for Adsorption
		2.3.1 Functionalized-Graphene Composites
		2.3.2 Graphene—Macromolecular Organic Material Composites
		2.3.3 Graphene-Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Composites
		2.3.4 Photocatalytic Graphene-Based Composites
		2.3.5 3D Graphene-Based Graphene Architecture
	2.4 Graphene and Its Composites for Membrane Filtration
		2.4.1 Single-Layer GO Membrane
		2.4.2 Lamellar GO Membrane
		2.4.3 GO in Mixed Matrix Membrane (MMMs)
	2.5 Graphene and Its Composites for Capacitive Deionization
	2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
3 Graphene-Based Materials in Effective Remediation of Wastewater
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives
	3.3 Application of Graphene and Graphene Derivatives in Various Wastewater Treatment Processes
		3.3.1 Graphene and Its Derivatives in Membrane Technology
		3.3.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives in Various Advanced Oxidation Processes
		3.3.3 Graphene and Its Derivatives in Adsorption
	3.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Solutions for Different Environmental Problems
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Graphene
		4.1.2 Graphene Oxide (GO)
		4.1.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)
	4.2 Global Research on Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
	4.3 Preparation Methodology for Graphene Polymeric Nanocomposites
		4.3.1 Fabrication Methods
	4.4 Different Environmental Applications by Functionalized Graphene Nanocomposites
		4.4.1 Heavy Metal Ion Detection and Removal
		4.4.2 Environmental Gas Sensing for Organic as Well as Inorganic Ions
		4.4.3 Reduction and Removal of Organic Species
		4.4.4 Removal and Detection of Bacteria
	4.5 SWOT Analysis for the Different Applications Mentioned
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 Application of Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Composites for Removal of Chlorophenols from Aqueous Media
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Presence of CPs in Environmental Matrices
	5.3 Removal of CPs by Various Processes
		5.3.1 Adsorptive Removal
		5.3.2 Catalytic Removal
	5.4 Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Extraction of CPs
	5.5 Characterization
		5.5.1 FTIR Analysis
		5.5.2 Electron Microscopy Analysis
		5.5.3 XRD Analysis
		5.5.4 XPS Analysis
		5.5.5 Other Characterization Techniques
	5.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspective
	References
6 Graphene Oxide and Its Derivatives as Additives in Polymeric Membranes for Water Treatment Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Graphene Oxide
		6.2.1 Preparation
		6.2.2 Characterization
		6.2.3 Application of GO in Polymeric Membranes for Water Treatment Applications
	6.3 Reduced GO
		6.3.1 Preparation
		6.3.2 Characterization
		6.3.3 Application of rGO in Polymeric Membranes for Water Treatment Applications MMMs
	6.4 GO/rGO-Based Nanohybrid
		6.4.1 GO-Based Nanohybrid
		6.4.2 rGO-Based Nanohybrid
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Harnessing of 2D Carbon-Based Heterostructures as a Photocatalyst Towards Wastewater Treatment
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Photocatalysis and Its Mechanism
		7.1.2 Essential Factors Involved in a Semiconductor Photocatalyst
		7.1.3 Historical Journey of Semiconducting Photocatalysts
	7.2 Photocatalysts in the Realm of Wastewater Treatment
	7.3 Graphene: The Game Changer
		7.3.1 Importance of Graphene Oxide (GO) in Photocatalysis
		7.3.2 Importance of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) in Photocatalysis
		7.3.3 GO-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts
		7.3.4 Fabrication of GO-Based Ternary Composites
		7.3.5 Fabrication of RGO-Based Binary Composites
		7.3.6 Fabrication of RGO-Based Ternary Composites
		7.3.7 Other Applications of Graphene-Based Photocatalysts
	7.4 Future Prospective
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
8 Impact of Graphene Oxide Synthesis Method on Eosin-Y Decolourization Activity of Graphene Oxide-TiO2 Nanocomposite Under UV and LED Light
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials and Methods
		8.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
		8.2.2 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide-TiO2 Nanocomposites
		8.2.3 Photocatalytic Experiment
		8.2.4 Characterization of Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide-TiO2
	8.3 Results and Discussions
		8.3.1 Characterization of GO and GOT
		8.3.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Eosin-Y
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9 Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for the Removal of Antibiotics, Pharmaceuticals and Other Chemical Waste from Water and Wastewater
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
	9.3 Removal of Antibiotics, Pharmaceuticals, and Other Chemical Waste Pollutants
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10 Graphene and Its Derivatives Based Membranes for Application Towards Desalination
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives
	10.3 Current Research Trends in Graphene Desalination Membranes
	10.4 Applications of Graphene-Based Membranes Towards Water Desalination
		10.4.1 Graphene Monolayers as Desalination Membranes
		10.4.2 Hurdles to Overcome
		10.4.3 Comparison of Desalination Capacities of Different Graphene Derivatives
		10.4.4 Current Status of Graphene Membranes in Mainstream Desalination Processes
	10.5 Outlook
	References
11 Graphene Nanoparticles and Their Derivatives for Oil Spill Treatment
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Nanotechnology
		11.1.2 Origin of Graphene—A Miraculous Material
		11.1.3 Properties of Graphene Nanomaterial
		11.1.4 Derivatives of Graphene Nanoparticles
	11.2 Approach and Methods of Synthesis
		11.2.1 The Top-Down Approach to Graphene Nanoparticles Synthesis
		11.2.2 The Bottom-Up Approach to Graphene Nanoparticles Synthesis
	11.3 Oil Spill and Its Management
		11.3.1 The Havoc of Oil Spill
		11.3.2 Damage Caused by an Oil Spill
		11.3.3 Oil Spill Management
	11.4 Conclusion
	References