Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics

GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR......Page 2
Editorial page......Page 3
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
1.1. Grammatical metaphor and the lexicogrammar continuum......Page 12
1.2. Ideational grammatical metaphor......Page 15
1.3. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor......Page 17
1.5. Conclusion......Page 19
2.1.1.                   Congruence, markedness and probability value......Page 20
2.1.2. Congruence and social varieties of language......Page 21
2.2. Congruence in the interpersonal component: Halliday 1984......Page 24
2.3. Congruence in the ideational component: Fawcett 1980......Page 26
3. An initial framework for ideational grammatical metaphor: Ravelli 1985,1988......Page 27
4. Review: Leading motifs in the initial studies of grammatical metaphor......Page 33
4.1. Incongruence......Page 34
4.2. Metaphor and realization......Page 35
4.3. Metaphor and system network representations......Page 36
Notes......Page 38
References......Page 39
Part I. Grammatical metaphor: Clarification and application......Page 42
1. Introduction......Page 44
2. Renewing definitions......Page 45
2.1. Early definitions of grammatical metaphor......Page 46
2.2. Metaphor as simple versus compound semantic choice......Page 48
2.3. Pushing the (definitional) boundaries......Page 50
3. From theory to practice: Metaphors in the teaching of metaphor......Page 51
3.1. Grasping at nominal straws: \'Translation \' as a metaphor for metaphor......Page 53
3.2. Metaphor as a resource in its own right......Page 54
4. Motivating metaphor:Metafunctional and contextual considerations......Page 55
4.1. Broader contextual considerations......Page 59
5. Difficult nuts to crack: The hoary chestnuts of metaphor......Page 62
6. Conclusions......Page 68
References......Page 69
1. Introduction
......Page 72
2.2. Agnation as systematic grammatico-semantic relationship between structures......Page 75
2.3. Agnation and enation are mutually defining......Page 77
2.4. Agnation networks vs. the systemic-functional focus on one clausal agnate......Page 79
2.5. Agnation as heuristic: The interplay between a syntagm and its paradigms......Page 81
3. 1. Lees\'s (I960) network of related structures......Page 83
3.2.1. The units cleaning and the windows constitute a form-function unit
......Page 86
3.2.2. -ing as an alternative    to    tense/modality......Page 88
3.2.3. The possessive as premodifier of the nominal Head......Page 89
3.3. Gerundive nominalization: Conclusion......Page 92
4.1. A metafunctional approach to grammatical metaphor?......Page 93
4.2.1. Introduction......Page 94
4.2.3. Non-agentive -er nominals and middle formation......Page 95
4.2.4. The system of-er nominalization......Page 98
5. Nominalization as ideational metaphor?......Page 99
6. Conclusion......Page 102
Notes......Page 103
References......Page 104
1. Introduction......Page 108
2.1. Different uses of the term \'ergative \'......Page 110
2.2. The transitive/ergative split in Systemic-Functional Grammar......Page 112
3.1. Ambiguity and vagueness......Page 114
3.2. Nominalization of transitive processes......Page 116
3.3. Nominalization of ergative processes......Page 117
4.1. Ambiguity and vagueness as products of the flow of discourse......Page 118
4.2.1. The press as a source......Page 119
4.2.2. The rough figures......Page 120
4.2.3. Transitive nominalizations in headlines......Page 122
4.2.4. Ergative nominalizations in headlines......Page 125
4.3. Interpretation of the data......Page 126
5. Concluding remarks......Page 128
Notes......Page 130
References......Page 131
1. Introduction......Page 134
2. The beginnings of English scientific discourse......Page 137
3. Situating Newton\'s Treatise......Page 139
4. Scientific writing just before Newton......Page 140
5. Development in the biological sciences......Page 142
6. Faraday: A contemporary of Darwin......Page 143
7. The early twentieth century......Page 144
8. The late twentieth century......Page 146
9. Grammatical function......Page 148
10. Closing remarks......Page 149
References......Page 151
Corpus references......Page 153
Part II. Development of metaphor in children......Page 156
1. Introduction......Page 158
2. Protolanguage and first words......Page 159
3. Grammatical metaphor......Page 164
4. Interpreting metaphor in the grammar of saying......Page 170
5. Conclusion......Page 172
Notes......Page 173
References......Page 174
1. Introduction......Page 176
2. This study......Page 177
3. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor: Ontogenesis in early childhood......Page 178
4. Ideational grammatical metaphor: Ontogenesis in early childhood......Page 179
5. Analytical framework......Page 180
6. Trends evident in the data......Page 183
6.1. Children from 1:8 to 2:0 years......Page 184
6.2. Children from 2:0 to 3:0 years......Page 185
6.3. Children from 3:0 to 4:0 years......Page 186
6.4. Children from 4:0 to 5:0 years......Page 187
7. Issues arising from the study: Significance for teachers......Page 188
References......Page 189
1. Introduction......Page 192
2,1.1. Playing with interstratal relationships......Page 194
2.2. Protometaphor......Page 195
2.2.2. Rankshifted embeddings as protometaphor......Page 197
2.2.3. Faded metaphors......Page 199
3.1. (I) Shift to \'thing\'......Page 203
3.1.1. (Ia) quality: thing......Page 204
3.1.2. (Ib) process: thing......Page 205
3.1.3. (Ic) phase of process (time): thing......Page 208
3.1.4. (Id) conation: thing......Page 209
3.1.6. (If) minor process: thing (including \'circumstance: thing\')......Page 210
3.1.7. (Ih) relator: thing......Page 211
3.2.1. (IIa) thing: class (of things)......Page 212
3.2.2. (IIb) thing: circumstantial quality1......Page 213
3.2.4. (IId) process: quality......Page 214
3.2.5. (IIe) aspect or phase of process: quality......Page 215
3.2.6. (llf) modality/modulation of process: quality......Page 216
3.3.1. (IIIa) circumstance : process......Page 217
3.3.2. (IIIb) relator: process......Page 218
3.3.4. Summary of \'shift to process \'......Page 219
4. Discussion......Page 220
5. Conclusion......Page 224
References......Page 225
Part III. Interpersonal metaphor: Enactment and positioning......Page 228
1. Introduction: Aims of this article......Page 230
2.1. Parallels between GM and LM......Page 231
2.2. Differences between GM and LM......Page 233
3. Data: Metaphorical realisations of verbal Processes......Page 236
4.1. Verbal Process as material Process......Page 238
4.2. Verbal Process as Participant or Circumstance in a material Process......Page 239
5.1. Verbal interaction = possession and exchange of object......Page 241
5.2. Verbal interaction = location and movement......Page 242
5.4. Verbal interaction = vocal and non-vocal behaviour......Page 243
6. Interpersonal meaning in verbal Process metaphors: Evidence from the dictionary......Page 244
6.4. Judgement: social sanction: veracity......Page 246
6.6. Graduation: Scales of quantity, duration and frequency......Page 247
6.8. Graduation: Scale of intensity......Page 248
7. Interpersonal meaning in metaphors: An illustration from corpus data......Page 250
8. Conclusions......Page 257
References......Page 260
1. Introduction......Page 264
2.1. An example......Page 265
2.2. Nominalisation......Page 267
2.3. Passivisation......Page 269
3.1. Eliding the Senser in methods and findings......Page 270
3.1.1. Indexing the W-participant......Page 274
3.2. Eliding the Senser in discussion and conclusions......Page 275
3.2.1. Metonymy......Page 278
3,3. Summary of environments for eliding participants......Page 279
4. Issues remaining......Page 280
References......Page 284
1. Introduction......Page 286
2. Defining grammatical metaphor......Page 287
3. Types of grammatical metaphor......Page 289
4. The imperative......Page 291
4.1. Categorization of the imperative......Page 292
4.3. Context......Page 299
4.4. Towards a typology of processes based on semantic features......Page 300
5. Describing the experiment......Page 302
6. Results and discussion......Page 304
6.1. Analysis of non-co-operative response to a warning......Page 307
6.2. Analysis of co-operative response to the same example......Page 309
7. Towards a cline of metaphoricity......Page 310
8. Summary and conclusions......Page 312
Notes......Page 313
References......Page 314
Part IV. \'Metaphor\' in grammar and in other modes of meaning......Page 316
1. Engagement with phonological metaphor......Page 318
2. A framework for phonological metaphor......Page 319
3. Phonological metaphor and the problem of channel......Page 322
4. Metaphor in SFG and phonological metaphor......Page 327
5. Metaphor and phonological metaphor as exploratory precision tools......Page 330
6. Two \'Magic Rectangle\' texts......Page 334
7. Interpersonal grammatical metaphor and phonological metaphor......Page 337
8. Concluding remarks......Page 338
References......Page 339
1. Introduction......Page 344
2. Multimodal discourse......Page 345
3. The language of science: The stable experience......Page 346
4. Mathematical symbolism: The dynamic experience......Page 348
4.1. Logical meaning in Newton\'s mathematics paper......Page 350
4.2. Experiential meaning in Newton\'s mathematics paper......Page 352
5. Experiential meaning in mathematical symbolism......Page 357
6. Semiotic metaphor in mathematics and science......Page 363
References......Page 369
Part V. Metaphor in metalinguistic perspectives......Page 374
1. Introduction......Page 376
1.2. Indexical and Symbolic Legisigns, and the analysis of performativity......Page 381
2. 1. Cognitive Grammar (CG)......Page 382
2.2. Peircean Semiotics and Cognitive Grammar: A comparison......Page 386
3. Systemic Functional Grammar......Page 388
4. Questions about meaning......Page 391
Notes......Page 394
References......Page 395
1. Introduction......Page 398
2.1. The systemic account......Page 403
2.2. The cognitive approach to metaphor......Page 405
2.3.1. The problem of scope: Where a metaphorical meaning begins and ends......Page 406
2.3.2. The problematic nature of a congruent meaning......Page 407
2.3.3. Congruent language and the problem of literality......Page 408
2.3.4. How congruency is a function of the acceptability of a given form at one time......Page 409
2.3.5. Is child language prototypically congruent?......Page 410
2.3.6. Congruent language as the representation of the physical experience inwhich abstract thought is conceptualised......Page 412
3.1.1. Culture and conceptualisation......Page 414
3.1.2. Grammatical metaphor as the product of a conceptual hierarchy:Process as actor......Page 415
4. Conclusions......Page 418
References......Page 420
2. Semantics, genre and ideology......Page 424
3. Ideology, discourse and text semantics......Page 426
4. Grammatica! metaphor in the MIND text......Page 430
5. Grammatical metaphor and everyday practices......Page 434
6. Topological meaning, systems of interpretance and the two-faced grammatical metaphor......Page 436
7. Conclusion......Page 441
References......Page 443
Appendix 1......Page 444
Material Processes......Page 446
Relational Processes......Page 447
Mental Processes......Page 448
Appendix 4: Analysis of interpersonal elements......Page 449
Subject index......Page 450