GPSA Engineering Data Book (SI)

M01
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf	Section 1 — General Information
		GPA TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
			Technical Committee
			Section A, Facilities Design and Optimization
			Section B, Analysis
			Section C, Specifications
			Section F, Technical Data Development
			Section H, Product Measurement and Handling
			Section L, Computer Technology and Data Distribu-tion
			Section M, Operations and Maintenance
		GPSA TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
			Editorial Review Board
		Definitions of Words and Terms Used in the Gas Processing Industry
		Conversion Factors
		Other useful relationships
		GPA Publications
			Standards and Bulletins
				Specifications
				Analytical Methods
				Measurement Standards
				Sampling Methods
				Miscellaneous Standards
		GPA Research Reports
			GPA TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
		OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION
		FIGURES
			FIG. 1-1: Typical Components of Industry Streams
			FIG. 1-2: Conversion Factor Tables
			FIG. 1-3: A.P.I. and Baumé Gravity Tables and Weight Factors
			FIG. 1-4: Values of the Gas Constant R in PV = nRT
			FIG. 1-5: Commercial Base Pressure Conversion Factors
			FIG. 1-6: Pressure Equivalents
			FIG. 1-7: Viscosity Relationships
M02
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf	Section 2 — Product Specifications
		LP-GAS SPECIFICATION PARAMETERS
			Vapor Pressure
			Moisture Content
			Sulfur Content
			Volatile Residue
			Non-volatile Residue
			Non-Specification Contaminants
			Odorization
		REFERENCES
		FIGURES
			FIG. 2-1: GPA Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications
			FIG. 2-2: GPA Natural Gasoline Specifications and Test Methods
			FIG. 2-3: Representative Quality Criteria for Ethane Streams
			FIG. 2-4: Example Pipeline Quality Natural Gas
			FIG. 2-5: Specifications for Liquefied Petroleum Gases
			FIG. 2-6: Maximum Water Content of Dry Commercial Liquid Propane
			FIG. 2-7: Concentration H2S vs. Copper Strip Produced
M03
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 3 — Measurement
		FLOW CALCULATION GUIDE
		GAS MEASUREMENT
			Orifice-Meter Measurement
				Orifice Flanges
				Single Chamber Orifice Fitting
				Senior Orifice Fitting
				Orifice Plates
				Meter Tubes
				Length of Pipe Preceding and Following an Orifice
				Straightening Vanes
			Gas Orifice Calculations
				Orifice Sizing
				Orifice Flow Rate
			Orifice Well Test
				Pipe (Tube) Rupture – Gas
		LIQUID MEASUREMENT
			Orifice Meters
				Orifice Sizing
				Orifice Flow Rate
			Turbine Meters
			Positive Displacement Meters
			Meter Selection and Performance
			Meter Proving
				Meter Proving Systems
				Meter Proving Reports
			Mass Measurement
			Mass Flow Meters
				Densitometers
		STEAM MEASUREMENT
		MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENT DEVICES
			Pitot
			Vortex Shedding Flowmeters
			Venturis
			Flow Nozzles
			Auxiliary Equipment and Common Terms
				Differential Measuring Devices
				Flow Recorders
				"Roots" or "Roots of Flow"
				Gas Sampling
				Liquid Sampling
		REFERENCES
		FIGURES
			FIG. 3-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 3-2: Flow Calculation Guide
			FIG. 3-3: Flow Calculation Guide Equations
			FIG. 3-4: Orifice Plate Holders
			FIG. 3-5: Orifice Plate Dimensions
			FIG. 3-6: Practical Tolerance for Orifice Diameters (mm)
			FIG. 3-7: Maximum Pipe Diameter Tolerance
			FIG. 3-8: Greater Than Ten Pipe Diameters (D) Between Two Ells in the Same Plane Upstream of Meter Tube
			FIG. 3-9: Less Than Ten Pipe Diameters (D) Between Two Ells in Same Plane Upstream of Meter Tube
			FIG. 3-10: Two Ells Not in Same Plane Upstream of Meter Tube
			FIG. 3-11: Reducer or Expander Upstream of Meter Tube
			FIG. 3-12: Partly Closed Valve Upstream of Meter Tube
			FIG. 3-13: Minimum Meter Tube Lengths in Terms of Pipe Diameters and Beta (b) Ratio – Use For All Pipe Sizes
			FIG. 3-14: Flow Straightening Vanes
			FIG. 3-15: Typical Test Set-Up for Measuring Gas from a Separator Vent
			FIG. 3-16: Flange Taps, Basic Orifice Factors, Fb - m 3 /h
			FIG. 3-17: "b" Values for Reynolds Number Factor, Fr – Flange Taps
			FIG. 3-18: Expansion Factors – Flange Taps, Y2 (static downstream)
			FIG. 3-19: Steam Coefficient Factors, Saturated Steam
			FIG. 3-20: Steam Coefficient Factors, Superheated Steam
			FIG. 3-21: Liquid Compressibility, F; Paraffinic Hydrocarbon Mixtures
			FIG. 3-22: Volume Correction Factors for Temperature, Ctl; Paraffinic Hydrocarbon Mixtures
			FIG. 3-23: Typical Turbine Meter Components
			FIG. 3-24: Sizing Guide for Typical Turbine Meters
			FIG. 3-25: Example Turbine Meter Installation
			FIG. 3-26: Example Positive Displacement Meter
			FIG. 3-27: Meter Proving Report
			FIG. 3-28: Example Bidirectional Pipe Prover
			FIG. 3-29: Small Volume Prover
			FIG. 3-30: Multiple Meter Installation
			FIG. 3-31: Temperature Correction Factors for Mild Steel, Cts
			FIG. 3-32: Temperature Correction Factors for Stainless Steel, Cts
			FIG. 3-33: Pressure Correction Factors for Steel, Cps
			FIG. 3-34: Example Calculation Converting Stream Mass to Component m 3
			FIG. 3-35: Vibrating Tube Densitometer
			FIG. 3-36: Buoyant Force Densitometer
			FIG. 3-37: Basic Operating Principle—Multiple Averaging Pitot
			FIG. 3-38: Vortex Shedding Phenomenon
			FIG. 3-39: Vortex Flowmeter Components
			FIG. 3-40: Venturi Meter
			FIG. 3-41: Flow Nozzle Assembly
			FIG. 3-42: Gas Sampler
			FIG. 3-43: Liquid Sampler
M04
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 4 — Instrumentation
		GENERAL INSTRUMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS
			Type Selection
			Identification
		PNEUMATIC POWER SUPPLIES
		ELECTRONIC POWER SUPPLIES
			Power Outages and Interruptions
			Power Supply Specifications
			Uninterruptible Power Supplies
		SENSING DEVICES
			Pressure Sensors
				Manometer
				Bourdon tubes
				Bellows
				Diaphragm
			Electrical Pressure Transducers
			Level Sensors
				Gauge glass
				Chain and tape float gauges
				Lever and shaft float gauges
				Displacer level measuring device
				Head-pressure level gauges
				Electrical type level gauges and switches
				Capacitance probes
				Other methods
				Temperature Sensors
					Thermocouples
					Resistance thermometers
					Filled-system thermometers
					Glass stem thermometers
					Bimetallic thermometers
				Flow Sensors
					Variable head flow meters
					Variable area flow meters
					Turbine meters
					Positive displacement meters
					Other flowmeters
		SIGNAL TRANSMITTERS
			Pneumatic Transmitters
			Electronic Transmitters
				Connection Methods
				Two-wire transmitters
				Three-wire transmitters
				Four-wire transmitters
			Signal Converters
				Pneumatic-to-electronic (P/I)
				Electronic-to-pneumatic (I/P)
				Isolators
				Electric signal converters
				Frequency converters
		RECORDERS AND INDICATORS
			Recorders
			Indicators
				Mechanical type
				Electronic analog type
				Digital type
		CONTROL CONCEPTS
			Control Loops
				Open loop
				Closed loop
				Feedback control
				Feedforward control
		CONTROL MODES AND CONTROLLERS
			Two-Position (on-off) Controllers
			Proportional, Integral, and Derivative Control Modes
			Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers
			Proportional Mode (P)
			Offset
			Proportional Plus Integral Mode (PI)
			Proportional Plus Derivative Mode (PD)
			Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Mode (PID)
			Controller Tuning
			Ziegler-Nichols Method
			Control Mode Considerations
		CONTROL VALVES
			Control-Valve Bodies
			Control-Valve Actuators
			Discussion of Flow Characteristics and Valve Selection
		FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROL VALVE SIZING AND NOISE PREDICTION
			Gas Service
				Critical Pressure Drop
				Sizing Calculation Procedure
			Liquid Service
				Cavitation
				Flashing
				Sizing Information
		INSTALLATION, TROUBLESHOOTING, AND CALIBRATION
			Installation and Troubleshooting
			Failed Systems
			Poorly Commissioned Systems
			Poor Performance
			Calibration
				Pressure transmitters
				Differential pressure transmitters
				Temperature transmitters
		COMPUTER SYSTEMS
			Analog Computers
			Digital Computers
				Programmable logic controllers (PLC)
				Microcomputers
				Minicomputers
				Process input/output equipment
		DIGITAL FIRST-LEVEL CONTROL
			Individual controllers
			Direct digital controllers (DDC)
			Distributed control systems (DCS)
		ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
			Cyclic Analyzers
			Continuous Analyzers
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG. 4-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 4-2: Instrumentation Symbols
			FIG. 4-3: Instrument Type Features
			FIG. 4-4: Typical Reclosure Gear Operation for Power Outages of Commercial Utilities
			FIG. 4-5: Types of Manometers
			FIG. 4-6: Types of Bourdon Tubes
			FIG. 4-7: Types of Bellows
			FIG. 4-8: Diaphragm Pressure Elements
			FIG. 4-9: Flat Glass Gauge Glasses
			FIG. 4-10: Chain and Tape Float Gauge
			FIG. 4-11: Lever and Shaft Float Gauge
			FIG. 4-12: Displacer Level Measuring Device
			FIG. 4-13: Head Pressure Level Gauges
			FIG. 4-14: Electrical Level Gauges/Switches
			FIG. 4-15: Properties of Thermocouples
			FIG. 4-16: Rotameter
			FIG. 4-17: Connection Methods
			FIG. 4-18: Control Concepts
			FIG. 4-19: Responses of Proportional, Integral, and Derivative Control Modes to Various Process Inputs and Disturbances
			FIG. 4-20: Control Mode Comparisons
			FIG. 4-21: Typical Response Curve
			FIG. 4-22: Typical Responses Obtained When Determining Ultimate Gain and Ultimate Period
			FIG. 4-23: Ziegler-Nichols Settings for 1/4 Decay Response
			FIG. 4-24: Typical Controller Settings
			FIG. 4-25: Control Mode vs. Application
			FIG. 4-26: Relationship of Major Components
			FIG. 4-27: Push-Down-to-Close Valve Body Assembly
			FIG. 4-28: Typical Spring-and-Diaphragm Actuator Assemblies
			FIG. 4-29: Example Flow Characteristic Curves
			FIG. 4-30: Valve Sizing Equations
			FIG. 4-31: Numerical Constants for Gas and Vapor Flow Equations
			FIG. 4-32: Typical Cv, Xc and FL Values for Valves
			FIG. 4-33: Critical Pressure Ratios for All Liquids
			FIG. 4-34: Critical Pressure of Various Liquids
			FIG. 4-35: Liquid Valve Sizing Equations
			FIG. 4-36: Numerical Constants for Liquid Flow Equations
			FIG. 4-37: Common Measurement Problems
			FIG. 4-38: Square Root Input/Output Relationship
			FIG. 4-39: Typical Process Chromatograph System
			FIG. 4-40: Continuous Analysis Instruments
M05
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 5 — Relief Systems
		RELIEF DEVICE DESIGN
			Blocked Discharge
			Fire Exposure
			Tube Rupture
			Control Valve Failure
			Thermal Expansion
			Utility Failure
		RELIEVING DEVICES
			Conventional Relief Valves
			Balanced Relief Valves
			Pilot Operated Relief Valves
			Resilient Seat Relief Valves
			Rupture Disk
		SIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES
			Sizing for Gas or Vapor Relief
				Critical Flow
				Subcritical Flow
			Sizing for Steam Relief
			Sizing for Liquid Relief
				Turbulent Flow
				Laminar Flow
			Sizing for Thermal Relief
			Sizing for Mixed Phase Relief
			Sizing for Fire
		RELIEF VALVE INSTALLATION
			Inlet Piping
			Discharge Piping
			Reactive Force
			Rapid Cycling
			Resonant Chatter
			Seat Leakage of Relief Valves
		RELIEF SYSTEM PIPING DESIGN
			Grouping of Systems
			Load Determination
			Back Pressure Consideration
			Sizing Methods
		KNOCKOUT DRUMS
			Sizing
			FLARE SYSTEMS
				Types
					Pipe Flares
					Smokeless Flares
					Fired or Endothermic Flares
			Thermal Radiation
			Smokeless Operation
			Pilots and Ignition
			Seals
			Location and Regulations
			SPECIAL RELIEF SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
				Equipment
					Fired Heaters
					Pumps
					Vessels and Tanks
					Compressors
				Low Temperature Flaring
				Applicable Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices
					ASME Codes
					ANSI Codes
					API Publications
					NFPA Publications
					OSHA Publications
					CGA (Compressed Gas Association) Publications
			REFERENCES
			BIBLIOGRAPHY
			FIGURES
				FIG. 5-1: Nomenclature
				FIG. 5-2: Characteristics of Safety Relief Valves for Vessel Protection
				FIG. 5-3: Conventional Safety-Relief Valve
				FIG. 5-4: Balanced Safety-Relief Valve
				FIG. 5-5: Pilot Operated Relief Valve
				FIG. 5-6: O-Ring Seals; Conventional and Bellow Valves
				FIG. 5-7: Relief Valve Designations
				FIG. 5-8: Values of Coefficient C1
				FIG. 5-9: Values of C1 for Gases
				FIG. 5-10: Constant Back Pressure Sizing Factor, Kb, for Conventional Safety-Relief Valves (Vapors and Gases Only)
				FIG. 5-11: Variable or Constant Back-Pressure Sizing Factor, Kb, for Balanced Bellows Safety-Relief Valves (Vapors and Gases)
				FIG. 5-12: Values of F2 for Subcritical Flow
				FIG. 5-13: Superheat Correction Factors for Safety Valves in Steam Service
				FIG. 5-14: Variable or Constant Back-Pressure Sizing Factor Kw for 25 Percent Overpressure on Balanced Bellows Safety-Relief …
				FIG. 5-15: Capacity Correction Factor Due to Viscosity
				FIG. 5-16: Environmental Factors
				FIG. 5-17: Relief-Valve Factors for Noninsulated Vessels in Gas Service Exposed to Open Fires
				FIG. 5-18: Typical Effects of Variable Back Pressure on Capacity of Conventional Safety-Relief Valves
				FIG. 5-19: Determination of Drag Coefficient
				FIG. 5-20: Emissivity Values for Flared Gases
				FIG. 5-21: Dimensional References for Sizing a Flare Stack
M06
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 6 — Storage
		STORAGE CLASSIFICATION
			Above Ground
				Atmospheric
				Low Pressure
				Medium Pressure
				High Pressure
			Underground
		WORKING PRESSURES
		TYPES OF STORAGE
			Above Ground
				Spheres
				Spheroids
				Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks
				Fixed Roof
				Floating Roof
				Bolted
				Specialty
			Underground
				Solution Mined Caverns
				Conventional Mined Caverns
			Refrigerated Storage
		MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
			Vessel/Tank Materials
				Metallic
				Non-Metallic
			Protective Coatings
				Internal
				Coal Tar
				Epoxy Resin Coatings
				Rubber Lining
				Galvanized
				External
			Insulation
				Types
				Uses
				Personnel Protection
				Process Temperature Control
				Condensation
				Conservation of Energy
				Refrigerated Tank Insulation Systems
		APPURTENANCES
		SITE PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION
			Dikes
			Grounding
		CATHODIC PROTECTION
		PRODUCT RECOVERY
			Vapor Losses
				Displacement Losses
				Vaporization Losses
				Liquid Equivalents of Tank Vapors
					General Approach
					Suggested Simplified Approach
			Vapor Recovery Systems
		PARTIAL VOLUMES IN STORAGE TANKS
		STANDARDS AND CODES
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG 6-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 6-2: Storage
			FIG. 6-3: Storage Pressure vs. True Vapor Pressure
			FIG. 6-4: True Vapor Pressures vs. Temperatures for Typical LPG, Motor, and Natural Gasolines
			FIG. 6-5: Typical Spherical Storage Tank
			FIG. 6-6: Typical Noded Spheroidal Storage Tank
			FIG. 6-7: Horizontal-Cylindrical Type Vessel
			FIG. 6-8: Typical Arrangement of Internal Floating Roof Tank
			FIG. 6-9: Pipe Storage
			FIG. 6-10: Brine Displacement Cavern Operation (Solution Miined Cavern)
			FIG. 6-11: Pump-Out Cavern Operation (Fracture Connected Solution Mined Cavern in Bedded Salt)
			FIG. 6-12: Compression/Expansion Cavern Operation (Solution Mined Cavern)
			FIG. 6-13: General Guidelines for the Economic Storage of Pure Propane
			FIG. 6-14: Constants for Determining Thermal Conductivity and Unit Heat-Transfer Rate for Some Common Insulating Materials
			FIG. 6-15: Heat Flow Through Insulation
			FIG. 6-16: Summary of Specifications for Low-Temperature and Cryogenic Steels
			FIG. 6-17: Filling Losses from Storage Containers
			FIG. 6-18: Liquid Equivalent of Tank Vapor
			FIG. 6-19: Ambient Temperature Vapor Recovery Cycle
			FIG. 6-20: Volume of Cylinders
			FIG. 6-21: Partial Volume in Horizontal and Vertical Storage Tanks with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads
			FIG. 6-22: Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders,
			FIG. 6-23: Table of Coefficients and Formulas for Determining Partial Volumes in Ellipsoids and Spheres
			FIG. 6-24: Partial Volumes of Spheres — Cubic Meters
			FIG. 6-25: Approximate Contents (Cubic Meters) of Rectangular Tanks Per Meter of Liquid*
M07
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 7 — Separators and Filters
		PRINCIPLES OF SEPARATION
			Momentum
			Gravity Settling
			Gravity Settling – Limiting Conditions
				Newton’s Law
				Stokes’ Law
			Coalescing
		SEPARATOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
			Parts of a Separator
			Separator Configurations
			Vertical Separators
			Horizontal Separators
			Spherical Separators
		GAS-LIQUID SEPARATOR DESIGN
			Specifying Separators
			Basic Design Equations
			Separators without Mist Extractors
			Separators With Wire Mesh Mist Extractors
			Separators with Vane Type Mist Extractors
			Separators with Centrifugal Elements
			Filter Separators
				General
				Design
		LIQUID-LIQUID SEPARATOR DESIGN
		PARTICULATE REMOVAL–FILTRATION
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG. 7-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 7-2: Forces on Liquid Droplet in Gas Stream
			FIG. 7-3: Drag Coefficient of Rigid Spheres
			FIG. 7-4: Gravity Settling Laws and Particle Characteristics
			FIG. 7-5: Gas-Liquid Separators
			FIG. 7-6: Example Vertical Separator with Wire Mesh Mist Extractor
			FIG. 7-7: Example Horizontal Three-Phase Separator with Wire Mesh Mist Extractor
			FIG. 7-8: Example Spherical Separator
			FIG. 7-9: Typical K & C Factors for Sizing Woven Wire Demisters
			FIG. 7-10: Example Minimum Clearance — Mesh Type Mist Eliminators
			FIG. 7-11: Horizontal Separator with Knitted Wire Mesh Pad Mist Extractor and Lower Liquid Barrel
			FIG. 7-12: Example Vertical Separator with Vane Type Mist Extractor
			FIG. 7-13: Cross Section of Example Vane Element Mist Extractor Showing Corrugated Plates with Liquid Drainage Traps
			FIG. 7-14: Example Vertical Separator with Centrifugal Elements
			FIG. 7-15: Example Horizontal Filter-Separator
			FIG. 7-16: Approximate Gas Filter Capacity
			FIG. 7-17: Values of C* Used in Eq 7-14, 7-15
			FIG. 7-18: Typical Retention Times for Liquid/Liquid Separation
M08
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 8 — Fired Equipment
		HEAT TRANSFER
			Conduction
			Convection
				Natural or free convection
				Forced convection
			Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
			Finned Tubes
			Radiation
			Heat Losses
		COMBUSTION
			Air Requirements
			Heating Value
			Thermal Efficiency
			Draft
			Burners
			Gas Burner Performance
			Flue Gas Condensation
			NOx Control
		DIRECT FIRED HEATERS
			Types
			Cylindrical or Cabin? Vertical or Horizontal Tubes?
			Radiant Section
			Convection Section
			Stack Draft
			Insulation
				LHV Castable Refractory
				Ceramic Fiber
				Insulating Firebricks (Ifb)
				External Insulation
			Other Design Considerations
				Film temperature
				Snuffing
				Purging
				Sampling
				Flue gas temperature
				Process coil thermowells
				Draft gauges
				Soot blowers
			Controls
			Options to Improve the Thermal Efficiency
				Option I. Add Convection Surface
					Effects
					Things to consider
				Option II. Add Economizer for Waste Heat Recovery
					Waste heat options
					Effects
					Things to consider
				Option III. Install Air Preheat System
					Effects
					Things to consider
			Convection Heaters
		FIRETUBE HEATERS
			Water Bath Heaters
			Low Pressure Steam Heaters
			Hot Oil Heaters
			Molten Salt Heaters
			Direct Fired Reboilers
			Firetubes, Burners, Stacks
			Controls
			Troubleshooting
				Bath level loss
				Shell side corrosion
				Inadequate heat transfer
				High stack temperature
				Firetube failure
				High or low fuel gas pressure
			Improved Thermal Efficiency Hot Oil System
		HOT OIL SYSTEM
		WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
		REFERENCES
		FIGURES
			FIG. 8-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 8-2: Heater Applications and Characteristics
			FIG. 8-3: Properties of Commercial Refractories and Insulations
			FIG. 8-4: Heat Transfer Constants 2 for Eq 8-4 (Natural or Free Convection)
			FIG. 8-5: Heat Transfer Constants for Equation 8-8 2, 3 Forced Convection
			FIG. 8-6: Fin Efficiency Chart
			FIG. 8-7: Fin Tip Temperature
			FIG. 8-8: Thermal Conductivity of Ferrous Materials
			FIG. 8-9: Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces
			FIG. 8-10: Partial Pressure of CO2 Plus H2O
			FIG. 8-11: Beam Lengths for Gas Radiation
			FIG. 8-12: Gas Emissivity
			FIG. 8-13: Combination Convection and Radiation Film Coefficients for Air in Contact with Vertical Walls or Surfaces
			FIG. 8-14: Effect of Fuel/Air Ratio on Flue Gas Analysis for 41 283 kJ/Sm 3 Natural Gas (0.63 Gas Relative Density) …
			FIG. 8-15a: Standard Cubic Meters of Dry Air Needed per Standard Cubic Meter of Hydrocarbon for Complete Combustion
			FIG. 8-15b: Mass of Humid Air Per Mass of Dry Air At 760 mm Hg and Percent Relative Humidity
			FIG. 8-16: Effect of Ambient Temperature and Barometer Pressure on Air Actually Delivered
			FIG. 8-17: Gross Thermal Efficiency for a Gas with HHV = 37.3 kJ/Sm 3
			FIG. 8-18: Typical Enthalpy of Combustion Gases for a Dry Natural Gas Fuel and 20% Excess Dry Air
			FIG. 8-19: Example Cylindrical and Cabin Direct Fired Heaters
			FIG. 8-20: Chart to Estimate the Fraction of Total Heat Liberation That is Absorbed in the Radiant Section of a Direct Fired …
			FIG. 8-21: Flue Gas Rates
			FIG. 8-22: Flue Gas Convection-Coefficients for Flow Across Staggered Banks of Bare Tubes
			FIG. 8-23: 3000 kW Regeneration Gas Heater
			FIG. 8-24: Natural Draft Profiles
			FIG. 8-25: Example Direct Fired Reboiler
			FIG. 8-26: Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description
			FIG. 8-27: Convection Heater
			FIG. 8-28: Water Bath Indirect Heater
			FIG. 8-29: Methane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
			FIG. 8-30: Typical Bath Properties for Firetube Heaters
			FIG. 8-31: 103 kPa (ga) Steam Bath Heater
			FIG. 8-32: Typical Physical Properties of Hot Oil
			FIG. 8-33: Salt Bath Heater
			FIG. 8-34: Amine Reboiler
			FIG. 8-35: Indirect Fired Heater
			FIG. 8-36: Bath Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description
			FIG. 8-37: Methods to Increase Firetube Heat Transfer
			FIG. 8-38: Example Hot Oil System
M09
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 9 — Heat Exchangers
		FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TRANSFER
			Heat Balances
			Basic Heat Transfer Relations
		Shell and Tube Exchangers
			Effective Temperature Difference
			Heat Exchange with Non-Linear Behavior
			Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
			Metal Resistance for Plain Tubes
			Fouling Resistances
			Film Resistances
			Performance Evaluation With Sensible Heat Transfer
			CONDENSERS
			REBOILERS AND VAPORIZERS
				The “Pool Boiling Curve”
				Effective Temperature Difference
				Hydraulic Effects
				Types of Reboilers
					Kettle
					Recirculating thermosyphon
					“Once-through”
					“Pump-through”
					Type Selection
			SELECTION OF EXCHANGER COMPONENTS
				Industry Standards
				Nomenclature
				Tube Wall Determination
				Shell Size and Tube Count Estimation
				Enhanced Surface Tubing
			OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
				Inlet Gas Exchanger
				Tube Vibration
				Evaluating Altered Performance
		Hairpin Heat Exchangers
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
			Application Guidelines
		Tank Heaters
			Wall Mounted Coils or Panels
			Internal Prefabricated Tank Heaters
			Internal Pipe Coils
			Prefabricated Stab-in Tube Bundle
			Tank Suction Heaters
		Plate-Fin Exchangers
			BASIC CONFIGURATION
				Nozzles
				Headers
				Ports
				Distributor Fins
				Heat Transfer Fins
				Parting Sheets — The parting (separator) sheets con-tain
				Outside Sheets
				Bars
				Support Angles
				Battery
				Cold Box
			ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
			APPLICATIONS
			HARDWARE CAPABILITIES
				Materials and Codes of Construction
				Maximum Working Temperature, Pressure, and Sizes
				Fins
				Distributor and Passage Arrangements
			SELECTIONS
				Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger Specifications
					Thermodynamic
					Mechanical
				Heat Load Curves
				Design Considerations for Two-Phase Flow
				Approximate Sizing Procedure
			INSTALLATION-OPERATION-MAINTENANCE
				Mounting
				Insulation
				Field Testing and Repair
				Hydrate Suppression
				Cleaning
		Plate Frame Heat Exchangers
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
			Applications
			Materials of Construction
			Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings
			Size Limitations
			Fouling Factors
		Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers
			General
			Design
			Applications
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
		FIG. 9-1: Nomenclature
		FIG. 9-2: Countercurrent Flow and Co-current Flow
		FIG. 9-3: LMTD Chart
		FIG. 9-4: LMTD Correction Factor (1 shell pass; 2 or more tube passes)
		FIG. 9-5: LMTD Correction Factor (2 shell passes; 4 or more tube passes)
		FIG. 9-6: LMTD Correction Factor (3 shell passes; 6 or more tube passes)
		FIG. 9-7: LMTD Correction Factor (4 shell passes; 8 or more tube passes)
		FIG. 9-8: Typical* Metal Thermal Conductivities, kw
		FIG. 9-9: Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients, U, and Fouling Resistances, rf
		FIG. 9-10: Variables in Exchanger Performance
		FIG. 9-11: Base Values for Use with Fig. 9-10
		FIG. 9-12: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet
		FIG. 9-13: Heat Exchanger Detail Design Results
		FIG. 9-14: Propane Condensing Curve
		FIG. 9-15: A Typical Pool Boiling Curve
		FIG. 9-16: Typical Overall Boiling Heat Flux Ranges
		FIG. 9-17: Two-Phase Flow Regimes in Vertical Tubes
		FIG. 9-18: Kettle Reboiler on Column Bottoms
		FIG. 9-19: Recirculating Thermosyphon Reboiler on Column Bottoms
		FIG. 9-20: Once-Through Reboiler with Bottom Tray Feed
		FIG. 9-21: Pump Through Reboiler on Column Bottoms
		FIG. 9-22: Reboiler Selection Chart
		FIG. 9-23: Shell and Tube Exchanger Nomenclature
		FIG. 9-24: Shell and Tube Exchanger Selection Guide (Cost Increases from Left to Right)
		FIG. 9-25: Characteristics of Tubing
		FIG. 9-26: Tube Count vs. Diameter for Triangular Tube Pitch
		FIG. 9-27: Correction Factors for Number of Tube Passes
		FIG. 9-28: Adders to Shell Diameter
		FIG. 9-29: Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
		FIG. 9-30: Multitube Heat Exchanger
		FIG. 9-31: Typical Hairpin Exchanger Sizes
		FIG. 9-32: Prefabricated Tank Heater
		FIG. 9-33: Tank Suction Heater
		FIG. 9-34: Basic Components of a Three Stream Counterflow Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger
		FIG. 9-35: Approximate Maximum Plate-Fin Exchanger Sizes & Pressures
		FIG. 9-36: Three Basic Fin Types
		FIG. 9-37: Typical Fin Arrangements for Gas/Gas Exchanger
		FIG. 9-38: Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger Specifications
		FIG. 9-39: Heat Load Curve for a Three Stream Exchanger
		FIG. 9-40: Typical Operating Mass Velocities Gas Processing Exchangers
		FIG. 9-41: Typical Methanol or Glycol Injection Sparge System
		FIG. 9-42: Plate and Frame Heat Exchanger
		FIG. 9-43: Typical Gasket Material Temperature Limitations
		FIG. 9-44: Typical Fouling Factors for PHEs
		FIG. 9-45: Construction of a Two-fluid PCHE
M10
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 10 — Air-Cooled Exchangers
		ARRANGEMENT & MECHANICAL DESIGN
			Advantages of induced draft
			Disadvantages of induced draft
			Advantages of forced draft
			The disadvantages of forced draft
		HEADER DESIGN
		AIR-SIDE CONTROL
		WARM AIR RECIRCULATION
		AIR EVAPORATIVE COOLERS
			Wet air type
			Wet tube type
		SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN STEAM CONDENSERS
		AIR COOLER LOCATION
			Single Installations
			Banks of Coolers
		MULTIPLE SERVICE DISCUSSION
		CONDENSING DISCUSSION
		THERMAL DESIGN
		MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG. 10-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 10-2: Typical Side Elevations of Air Coolers
			FIG. 10-3: Typical Plan Views of Air Coolers
			FIG. 10-4: Angled Section Layout
			FIG. 10-5: Typical Construction of Tube Section with Plug and Cover Plate Headers
			FIG. 10-6: Internal Recirculation Design
			FIG. 10-7: External Recirculation Design
			FIG. 10-8: MTD Correction Factors (1 Pass – Cross Flow, Both Fluids Unmixed)
			FIG. 10-9: MTD Correction Factors (2 Pass – Cross Flow, Both Fluids Unmixed)
			FIG. 10-10: Typical Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Air Coolers U, W / (m 2 ·°C)
			FIG. 10-11: Fintube Data for 25.4 mm OD tubes
			FIG. 10-12: Friction Factor for Fluids Flowing Inside Tubes
			FIG. 10-13: Physical Property Factor for Hydrocarbon Liquids
			FIG. 10-14: Pressure Drop for Fluids Flowing Inside Tubes
			FIG. 10-15: J Factor Correlation to Calculate Inside Film Coefficient, ht
			FIG. 10-16: Air-Density Ratio Chart
			FIG. 10-17: Air Film Coefficient
			FIG. 10-18: Air Static-Pressure Drop
			FIG. 10-19: Correction Factor for Fluid Viscosity Within the Tubes
M11
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 11 — Cooling Towers
		INTRODUCTION
		COOLING TOWER PSYCHROMETRICS
			Wet-bulb Temperature
			Types of Cooling Systems
			Tower Location
		PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
			Examples
		CONCENTRATION CYCLES
		TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS
			Mechanical Draft Towers
				Forced draft towers
				Induced draft towers
				Coil shed towers
			Natural Draft Towers
				Atmospheric spray towers
				Hyperbolic natural draft towers
		REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG. 11-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 11-2: Psychrometric Chart
			FIG. 11-3a: North American Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb Temperature Data
			FIG. 11-3b: International Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb Temperature Data
			FIG. 11-4: Cooling System Characteristics
			FIG. 11-5: Performance Characteristic Nomograph
			FIG. 11-6: Mechanical Forced Draft Counterflow Tower
			FIG. 11-7a: Mechanical Induced Draft Counterflow Tower
			FIG. 11-7b: one kw of input for every 18 000 m 3 /h of air.3
			FIG. 11-8: Mechanical Draft Coil Shed Tower
			FIG. 11-9: Atmospheric Spray Tower
			FIG. 11-10: Hyperbolic Natural Draft Tower
			FIG. 11-11: Properties of Saturated Air
M12
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 12 — Pumps & Hydraulic Turbines
		Pumps
			EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEM EQUATIONS
			NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
				Datum
				NPSH Correction Factors
				NPSH and Suction Specific Speed
				Submergence
			CALCULATING THE REQUIRED DIFFERENTIAL HEAD
				Motor Sizing
			CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
				Centrifugal Pump Theory
				Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps
				Viscosity
				Matching the Pump to the System Requirements
					Throttling Control
					Recirculation Control
					Speed Control
					On-Off Control
				Temperature Rise Due to Pumping
				Series and Parallel Operation
				Drivers
					Variable Speed Drives
				Materials of Construction
				Shaft Seals
				Alignment, Supports, and Couplings
				Piping
				Pump Protection
				Installation, Operation, Maintenance
			RECIPROCATING PUMPS
				Pump Calculations
					Volumetric Efficiency, Compressible Fluids
				Suction System Considerations
					Acceleration Head
					Pulsation
					Capacity Control
					Drivers
					Piping
				ROTARY PUMPS
				DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
				MULTIPHASE PUMPS
				LOW TEMPERATURE PUMPS
					External motor type
					Submerged motor type
		Hydraulic Turbines
			TYPES OF HPRTs
				Power Recovered by HPRTs
				Applications
			CODES & ORGANIZATIONS
			REFERENCES
			FIGURES
				FIG. 12-1: Nomenclature
				FIG. 12-2: Common Pump Equations
				FIG. 12-3: Pump Selection Guide
				FIG. 12-4: Datum Elevation
				FIG. 12-5: Depropanizer Reflux Pump for Example 12-1
				FIG. 12-6a: Horizontal Single Stage Process Pump
				FIG. 12-6b: Vertical Inline Pump
				FIG. 12-6c: Horizontal Multi-Stage Pump
				FIG. 12-6d: Vertical Can Pump
				FIG. 12-6e: Vertical, High Pressure, Double Case, Multi-Stage Pump
				FIG. 12-7: Pump Selection Guide — Centrifugal Pumps
				FIG. 12-8: NPSHR Reduction for Centrifugal Pumps Handling Hydrocarbon Liquids and High Temperature Water
				FIG. 12-9: Example 12-1 Depropanizer
				FIG. 12-10: Example Centrifugal Pump Head Curves
				FIG. 12-11: Example Combined Pump-System Curves
				FIG. 12-12: Series Pumps Selection
				FIG. 12-13: Parallel Pumps Selection
				FIG. 12-14: Check List for Centrifugal Pump Troubles and Causes
				FIG. 12-15: Adjustable Speed Drives and Power Transmissions
				FIG. 12-16: Reciprocating Pump Acceleration Head Factors
				FIG. 12-17: Rich DEA Pressure Letdown
				FIG. 12-18: Lean Amine Charge Pump
M13
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 13 — Compressors and Expanders
		Compressors
			RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
				Performance Calculations
				Estimating Compressor Horsepower
				Detailed Calculations
				Capacity
				Volumetric Efficiency
				Equivalent Capacity
				Discharge Temperature
				Rod Loading
				Compressor Power
					Limits to compression ratio per stage
				Cylinder Design
				Reciprocating Compressor Control Devices
					Unloading for Starting
					Capacity Control
				Gas Pulsation Control
				Pulsation Dampeners (Snubbers)
				Troubleshooting
			CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
				Performance Calculations
				Estimating Performance
				Calculating Performance
				Isentropic Calculation
				Polytropic Calculation
				Mechanical Losses
				Compressor Speed
				P-H Diagram
				Centrifugal Refrigeration Compressors
			GENERAL
				Flow Limits
				Interstage Cooling
				Journal and Thrust Bearings
				Shaft Seals
				Lubrication and Seal-oil Systems
					Drivers
			CONTROL SYSTEMS
				Pressure Control at Variable Speed
				Volume Control at Variable Speed
				Pressure Control at Constant Speed
				Volume Control at Constant Speed
					Adjustable Inlet Guide Vanes
				Anti-surge Control
				Vibration Control System
			OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
				Rotor Dynamics and Critical Speeds
				Critical Speed Map
				Unbalance Response Analysis
				Field Performance
				Troubleshooting
		Turboexpanders
			THERMODYNAMICS
				Solids Formation
			MECHANICAL
				Auxiliary Systems
					Lubrication System
					Seal Gas System
				Control Systems
					Process
					Machine
					Lube Oil
					Seal Gas
					Shutdown
					Field Performance
			REFERENCE
			BIBLIOGRAPHY
			FIGURES
				FIG. 13-1: Nomenclature
				FIG. 13-2: Types of Compressors
				FIG. 13-3: Compressor Coverage Chart
				FIG. 13-4: Comparison of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Compressors
				FIG. 13-5: Compression Curves
				FIG. 13-6: Molar Heat Capacity MCp (Ideal-Gas State), kJ/kmole · °C)
				FIG. 13-7: Calculation of k
				FIG. 13-8: Approximate Heat-Capacity Ratios of Hydrocarbon Gases
				FIG. 13-9: Approximate Power Required to Compress Gases
				FIG. 13-10 : Values of r1/k
				FIG. 13-11 : Theoretical Discharge Temperatures Single-Stage Compression Read r to k to ts to td
				FIG. 13-12: Brake Power Per m3 Curve; Mechanical Efficiency-95%; Gas Velocity Through Valve-900 m/ min (API equation)
				FIG. 13-13: Brake Power Per m3 Curve; Mechanical Efficiency-95%; Gas Velocity Through Valve-900 m/ min (API equation)
				FIG. 13-14: Correction Factor for Low Intake Pressure
				FIG. 13-15: Correction Factor for Relative Density
				FIG. 13-16: Low Pressure Cylinder with Double-Acting Piston
				FIG. 13-17: High Pressure Cylinder with Double-Acting Piston and Tail-Rod
				FIG. 13-18: Single-Acting Plunger Cylinder Designed for 100 000 kPa Discharge
				FIG. 13-19: Piston Equipped with Teflon Piston and Wear Rings for a Single-Acting Non-Lubricated Cylinder
				FIG. 13-20: Inlet Valve Unloader
				FIG. 13-21: Pneumatic Valves Controlling Four Fixed Pockets in Compressor for Five-Step Control
				FIG. 13-22: Indicator Diagram for Three Load Points of Operation
				FIG. 13-23:“Saw Tooth” Curve for Unloading Operation
				FIG. 13-24: Sectional View of a Cylinder Equipped with a Hand-Operated Valve Lifter and Variable-Volume Clearance
				FIG. 13-25: Approximate Bottle Sizing Chart
				FIG. 13-26: Welding Caps
				FIG. 13-27: Probable Causes of Reciprocating Compressor Trouble
				FIG. 13-28: Centrifugal Compressor Flow Range
				FIG. 13-29: Compressor Head
				FIG. 13-30: Compressor Performance, Low Compression Ratio
				FIG. 13-31: Compressor Performance, Higher Compression Ratio
				FIG. 13-32: SVR to IVR; Z = 1
				FIG. 13-33 ; Mass Flow to Inlet Volume Flow; Z = 1
				FIG. 13-34: Discharge Temperature; Z = 1
				FIG. 13-35: Head; Z = 1
				FIG. 13-36: Power Determination
				FIG. 13-37: Efficiency Conversion
				FIG. 13-38: Mechanical Losses
				FIG. 13-39: Wheels Required
				FIG. 13-40: P-H Diagram Construction
				FIG. 13-41: Journal and Thrust Bearing Assembly
				FIG. 13-42: Mechanical (Contact) Shaft Seal
				FIG. 13-43: Liquid Film Shaft Seal with Pumping Bushing
				FIG. 13-44: Liquid Film Shaft Seal with Cylindrical Bushing
				FIG. 13-45: Combined Seal-Oil and Lube-Oil System with External Sweet Buffer Gas
				FIG. 13-46: Balance Piston
				FIG. 13-47: Volume Control at Variable Speed
				FIG. 13-48: Pressure Control at Constant Speed
				FIG. 13-49: Volume Control at Constant Speed
				FIG. 13-50: Effect of Adjustable Inlet Guide Vanes on Compressor Performance
				FIG. 13-51: Anti-Surge Control–Minimum Volume
				FIG. 13-52: Anti-Surge Control–Pressure Limiting
				FIG. 13-53: Vibration Severity Chart
				FIG. 13-54: Undamped Critical Speed Map
				FIG. 13-55: Unbalance Response Plot
				FIG. 13-56: Rotor Response Plot
				FIG. 13-57: Probable Causes of Centrifugal Compressor Trouble
				FIG. 13-58: Example Expander Process
				FIG. 13-59: Pressure-Temperature Diagram for Expander Process
				FIG. 13-60: Simple Expander
				FIG. 13-61: Expander Example Calculation
				FIG. 13-62: T-h and T-s Diagram
				FIG. 13-63: Schematic P-H Diagram for Expander
				FIG. 13-64: Approximate Solid CO2 Formation Conditions
				FIG. 13-65: Lube Oil Schematic
				FIG. 13-66: Example Change in Efficiency with Flow Rate
				FIG. 13-67: Typical Expander/Compressor Cross-Section with Thrust Balancing Schematic
M14
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 14 — Refrigeration
		MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
			Refrigeration Cycle
				Expansion Step
				Evaporation Step
				Compression Step
				Condensation Step
				System Pressure Drop
			Refrigeration Stages
				One-Stage System
				Two-Stage System
				Three-Stage System
				System Configuration
			Condensing Temperature
			Refrigerant Subcooling
			Refrigerant For Reboiling
			Refrigerant Cascading
			Refrigerant Properties
			Power and Condenser Duty Estimation
				One-Stage Systems
				Two-Stage Systems
				Three-Stage Systems
			Design and Operating Considerations
				Oil Removal
				Liquid Surge and Storage
				Vacuum Systems
			Considerations for Vacuum Refrigeration Systems
				Materials of Construction
				Refrigerant Purity
				Seal Gas and Lube Oil System
			Types of Compressors
				Centrifugal Compressors
				Reciprocating Compressors
				Screw Compressors
				Rotary Compressors
			Mixed Refrigerants
			Chillers
				Kettle Type Chiller
				Plate-Fin Chillers
			System Controls
				Level Controls
				Pressure Controls
				Evaporator Temperature
				Low Ambient Controls
		ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
			Lithium Bromide-Water Systems
			Aqueous Ammonia System
				Reliability
				Design Flexibility
				Applications
		REFERENCES
		FIGURES
			FIG. 14-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 14-2: Process Flow Diagram and Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
			FIG. 14-3: One-Stage Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-4: Single-Stage Cooling, Chilling and Heating Curves
			FIG. 14-5: Two-Stage Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-6: Three-Stage Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-7: Effect of Staging on a Propane Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-8: Two-Level Chilling, Two-Stage Cooling System
			FIG. 14-9: Data for Heat and Material Balances
			FIG. 14-10: Effect of Condensing Temperature
			FIG. 14-11: Refrigerant Subcooling
			FIG. 14-12: Cascade Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-13: Physical Properties of Common Refrigerants
			FIG. 14-14: Condenser Duty and Gas Power for One Stage R-22 Refrigerant
			FIG. 14-15: Single-Stage Ethylene Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-16: Single-Stage Propane Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-17: Single-Stage Propylene Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-18: Gas Power and Condenser Duty for Two Stage R-22 Refrigeration
			FIG. 14-19: Two-Stage Ethylene Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-20: Two-Stage Propane Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-21: Two-Stage Propylene Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-22: Condenser Duty and Gas Power for Three Stage R-22 Refrigerant
			FIG. 14-23: Three-Stage Ethylene Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-24: Three-Stage Propane Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-25: Three-Stage Propylene Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-26: Oil Reclaimer
			FIG. 14-27: Process Chilling Curves
			FIG. 14-28: Vapor Space for Kettle Type Chillers
			FIG. 14-29: Shell Size for Kettle Type Chillers
			FIG. 14-30: Refrigeration System Checklist
			FIG. 14-31: Lithium Bromide-Water Refrigeration System
			FIG. 14-32: Flow Sheet of an Ammonia Absorption System
M15
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 15 — Prime Movers
		Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines
			TURBINE TYPES
				Single Stage/ Multi- Stage
				Condensing/Non-Condensing
				Extraction/Admission
				Impulse/Reaction
			TURBINE COMPONENTS
				Trip and Throttle Valve/Stop (Block) Valve
				Inlet Control Valves
				Nozzles/Blades (Buckets)
				Exhaust Casings
				Moisture Protection
				Control Systems
			EFFICIENCY
				Factors Affecting Efficiency
				Techniques to Improve Efficiency
				Operation at Part Load
			EXAMPLES
		Mechanical Drive Gas Turbines
			GENERAL
				Compact, Lightweight Design
				Maintenance
				Installation
			GAS TURBINE TYPES
				Heavy Duty
				Aircraft Derivative
				Single Shaft/Split Shaft
			GAS TURBINE CYCLES
				Simple Open Cycle
				Regenerative Ideal Brayton Cycle
				Combined Cycle
			AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
				Lube Systems
				Air Filtration
					Inertial
					Prefilters
					Coalescers
					High Efficiency Media
					Marine or Demister
					Self-Cleaning
				Acoustics
				Gas Turbine Performance
				Gas Turbine Emissions
		Electric Motors
			INTRODUCTION
			A-C MOTOR TYPE AND SELECTION
			ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
				Induction Motors
				Synchronous Motors
				Speed
					2500 to 3000 rpm
					750 to 1500 rpm
					429 to 600 rpm
					Below 429 rpm
				Motor Voltage
			MOTOR ENCLOSURES
				Drip-Proof
				Weather-Protected Type I
				Weather-Protected Type II
				Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated (TEFV)
				Totally Enclosed Water-to-Air Cooled (TEWAC)
				Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC)
				Explosion-Proof
			THE INDUCTION GENERATOR
			SPEED VARIATION
				Variable Frequency Electric Motors
				Fixed Speed Electric Motors With Fluid Couplings
		Internal Combustion Engines
			ENGINE TYPES
				Spark Ignition
				Compression Ignition (Diesel)
				Dual-Fuel
				Four-Stroke-Cycle
				Two-Stroke- Cycle
				Supercharged Engines
				Speed
			PERFORMANCE RATING
			ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE
		Auxiliaries
			BEARINGS
			GEARS
				Speed Increasers and Reducers
				High Speed Gears
				Gearing
				Surface Finish
			GEAR RATINGS
				Power
				Durability
				Strength
				Scuffing Temperatures
				Design Factors
					Housings
					Bearings
					Shafts
					Pinions
					Gears
					Dynamic Balance
					Seals
				Lubrication
			COUPLINGS
				Rigid Couplings
				Flexible Couplings
			VIBRATION MONITORING
			BIBLIOGRAPHY
			FIGURES
				FIG. 15-1: Nomenclature
				FIG. 15-2: Rateau Design
				FIG. 15-3: Curtis Design
				FIG. 15-4: Extraction / Admission Flow Turbines
				FIG. 15-5: Turbine Types
				FIG. 15-6: Single Valve with Hand Valves
				FIG. 15-7: Loss in Available Energy of Steam Due to 10% Throttling
				FIG. 15-8: Multi-Valve Inlet
				FIG. 15-9: Multi-Valve vs Single-Valve Performance Characteristic
				FIG. 15-10: Single Valve with Hand Valves Performance Characteristic
				FIG. 15-11: Part Load Efficiency Correction Factor vs Percent Power Multi-Valve Steam Turbines
				FIG. 15-12: Basic Efficiency of Multi-Valve, Multi-Stage Condensing Turbines
				FIG. 15-13: Basic Efficiency of Multi-Valve, Multi-Stage Non-Condensing Turbines
				FIG. 15-14: Superheat Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing Turbines
				FIG. 15-15: Superheat Efficiency Correction Factor for Non-Condensing Turbines
				FIG. 15-16: Speed Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing and Non-Condensing Turbines
				FIG. 15-17: Pressure Ratio Efficiency Correction Factor, Non-Condensing Turbines
				FIG. 15-18: Stages Required per 100 kJ/kg of Available Energy as a Factor of Normal Turbine Speed
				FIG. 15-19: Single Stage Application
				FIG. 15-20: Typical Gas Turbine Skid Layout
				FIG. 15-21: Gas Turbine Internals
				FIG. 15-22: Ideal Brayton Cycle
				FIG. 15-23: Simple Open Cycle
				FIG. 15-24: Regenerative Ideal Brayton Cycle
				FIG. 15-25: Ideal Brayton Cycle Available Energy
				FIG. 15-26: Combined Cycle
				FIG. 15-27: Gas Turbine Air Filtration
				FIG. 15-28: Altitude Correction Factor
				FIG. 15-29: Inlet Loss Correction Factor
				FIG. 15-30: Exhaust Loss Correction Factor
				FIG. 15-31: Ambient Temperature Correction Factor
				FIG. 15-32: 1997 Basic Specifications — Gas Turbine Engines
				FIG. 15-33: Energy Evaluation Chart IEC Frame Size Motors Induction, 380 Volt, 50 Hz
				FIG. 15-34: Grades of Diesel Fuel, ASTM D-975 (1995) Classification
				FIG. 15-35: Engine Ratings and Operating Parameters
				FIG. 15-36: Example Engine Heat Recovery Arrangement
				FIG. 15-37: Gear Quality
M16
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 16 — Hydrocarbon Recovery
		INTRODUCTION
		GAS COMPOSITION
		DEW POINT CONTROL
			Low Temperature Separation
			Refrigeration
			Stabilization
		STRAIGHT REFRIGERATION
			Process Alternatives
		LEAN OIL ABSORPTION
			Process Considerations
			Refrigerated Lean Oil
		ETHANE RECOVERY
		J-T EXPANSION
			Process Flow
			Refrigerated J-T
		TURBOEXPANDER PROCESSING
			Conventional Process
			Residue Recycle
			GSP Design
			CRR Process
			SDR Process
		MIXED REFRIGERANT PROCESS
		FRACTIONATION CONSIDERATIONS
		LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION
			Cascade Refrigeration
			Mixed Refrigerant Processes
			Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process
		NITROGEN REJECTION
			Cryogenic Technology
			Recovery Efficiencies
			New Technology
		ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
			CO2 Processing for EOR
			Separation of CO2 and Methane
			CO2-Ethane Separation
			Separation of CO2 and H2S
			Overall Process Configuration
		REFERENCES
		FIGURES
			FIG. 16-1: Solution to Example 16-1
			FIG. 16-2: Shrinkage Value of NGL Components
			FIG. 16-3: Typical Low Pressure Retrograde Condensation Dewpoint Curves
			FIG. 16-4: Low-Temperature Separation Unit
			FIG. 16-5: Low-Temperature Separation System with Glycol Injection and Condensate Stabilization
			FIG. 16-6: Straight Refrigeration Process
			FIG. 16-7: Recovery Efficiency, Propane Plus
			FIG. 16-8: Recovery Efficiency, Ethane Plus
			FIG. 16-9: Effect of Gas Conditions on Propane Recovery
			FIG. 16-10: Refrigeration Process Alternatives
			FIG. 16-11: Refrigerated Lean Oil Absorption
			FIG. 16-12: Example of Pressure and Temperature to Recover 60 Percent Ethane
			FIG. 16-13: Maximum Ethane Recovery
			FIG. 16-14: Relative Recovery Curves
			FIG. 16-15 J-T Expansion Process
			FIG. 16-16: Refrigerated J-T Process
			FIG. 16-17: Conventional Expander
			FIG. 16-18: Residue Recycle
			FIG. 16-19: Gas Subcooled Process
			FIG. 16-20: Cold Residue Recycle Process
			FIG. 16-21: Example % Ethane Recovery vs. Residue Power
			FIG. 16-22: Side Draw Reflux Process
			FIG. 16-23: Mixed Refrigerant NGL Recovery Process
			FIG. 16-24: Four-column Fractionation System
			FIG. 16-25: Nine-stage Cascade Liquefaction Process
			FIG. 16-26: Mixed Refrigerant Liquefaction Process
			FIG. 16-27: Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process
			FIG. 16-28: Nitrogen Rejection Flow Diagram
			FIG. 16-29: Single-Column NRU
			FIG. 16-30: Two-Column NRU
			FIG. 16-31: Example EOR Production Forecast
			FIG. 16-32: Distillation Profile CH4–CO2 Binary
			FIG. 16-33: Distillation Profile Binary Feed with nC4 Additive
			FIG. 16-34: Vapor-Liquid Equilibria CO2–C2H6
			FIG. 16-35: CO2–H2S–nC4 System at 4100 kPa
			FIG. 16-36: Four-Column Ryan/Holmes Process
M17
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 17 — Fluid Flow and Piping
		Bernoulli’s Theorem
		Fluid Physical Properties
		Flow in Pipes and Reynolds Number
		Pressure Loss Due to Friction
		Friction Factor and Effect of Pipe Roughness
		Equivalent Length of Valves and Fittings
		Compressibility of Gases
		SINGLE PHASE FLOW
			Transmission Line Gas Flow
				Isothermal Flow
				The AGA Equations
				The Weymouth Equation
				Panhandle A Equation
				Panhandle B Equation
				Conclusions
			Low Pressure Gas Flow
			Plant Piping Gas Flow
			Liquid Flow
				Water
				Hydrocarbon
			Steam Flow
			Fire Stream Flow
		TWO PHASE FLOW
			Flow Regime Determination
			Pressure Drop Calculation
				Frictional Component
				Elevation Component
				Liquid Holdup
			Liquid Slugging
				Purpose of Separators
				Mechanisms of Slug Generation
				Slug Catchers
				Pigging
		PIPE AND FLANGE DATA
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG. 17-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 17-2: Friction Factors
			FIG. 17-3: Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors for Complete Turbulence
			FIG. 17-4: Equivalent Length Le for Valves and Fittings
			FIG. 17-5: Deviation Factors
			FIG. 17-6a: Gas Flow Based On Weymouth Formula
			FIG. 17-6b: Gas Flow Based On Weymouth Formula
			FIG. 17-7: Comparison of Gas Equation Transmission Factors for Nominal 500 mm Pipe
			FIG. 17-8: Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids Values of C1
			FIG. 17-9: Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids Values of C2
			FIG. 17-10: Pressure Drop for Flowing Water
			FIG. 17-11: Pressure Drop for Hydrocarbon Liquids in Smooth Pipe
			FIG. 17-12: Pressure Drop in Steam Pipes by Fritzsche’s Formula
			FIG. 17-13: Table of Effective Fire Streams
			FIG. 17-14: Two Phase Flow Regimes
			FIG. 17-15: Horizontal Flow Regime Map
			FIG. 17-16: Vertical Up-Flow Regime Map
			FIG. 17-17: Two-Phase Friction Factor Ratio
			FIG. 17-18: Liquid Holdup Correlation
			FIG. 17-19: Flanigan Liquid Holdup Correlation
			FIG. 17-20: Eaton Liquid Holdup Correlation
			FIG. 17-21: Multiple Pipe Slug Catcher
			FIG. 17-22: Example Line Drip
			FIG. 17-23: Working Pressures Refinery Piping
			FIG. 17-24: Working Pressures Transmission Lines
			FIG. 17-25: Allowable Stresses in Tension for Materials
			FIG. 17-26: Design Properties and Allowable Working Pressures for Piping
			FIG. 17-27: Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.8-1982 Carbon Steel and High Yield Streng
			FIG. 17-28: Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings from ANSI B16.5-1981
M18
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section  18 — Water Treating
		Source Waters
		Water Analysis
		BOILER WATER SYSTEMS
			Boiler Water Chemistry
			Boiler Blowdown
			ABMA and ASME Standards
			Boiler Water Treatment–General
			Boiler Water Treatment–External
				Solids Removal Methods
				Precipitation softening
				Ion exchange processes
				Evaporation
				Reverse Osmosis
				Electrodialysis
				Deaeration (Degasifying)
			Boiler Water Treatment – Internal
				Oxygen Scavenging
				Scale Control
				Sludge Conditioning
				Foam Control
				Corrosion Mitigation
				Caustic Embrittlement
		OPEN COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
			Scale Control
			Corrosion Control
			Biological Fouling
			Solids Removal
			ONCE-THROUGH COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
			CLOSED COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
			OTHER WATER SYSTEMS
			WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
			REFERENCES
			BIBLIOGRAPHY
			FIGURES
				FIG. 18-1: Nomenclature
				FIG. 18-2: Water Impurities and Characteristic Treatment
				FIG. 18-3: Relationship Between Dissolved Solids and Conductivity in Demineralization Operations
				FIG. 18-4: Solubility of Some Common Compounds in Water (in mg/kg as CaCO3)
				FIG. 18-5: Example Showing How Boiler Water Solids are Controlled by Blowdown
				FIG. 18-6: Relationships Between Boiler Pressure, Boiler Water Silica Content, and Silica Solubility in Steam
				FIG. 18-7: Recommended Boiler Water Limits and Estimates of Carryover Limits That Can Be Achieved
				FIG. 18-8: Chemical Reactions in Treatment of Boiler Water
				FIG. 18-9: Types of Ion-Exchange Processes
				FIG. 18-10: Typical Ion-Exchange Bed
				FIG. 18-11: Principle of Reverse Osmosis Used to Obtain Purified Water from a Salt Solution
				FIG. 18-12: Electrodialysis Process Desalts Water via Membranes of Alternating Ion Selectivity
				FIG. 18-13: Vacuum Deaerator
				FIG. 18-14: Tray/Spray Deaerator
				FIG. 18-15: Spray-Type Deaerator
				FIG. 18-16: Recommended NaNO3/NaOH Ratio for Boilers
				FIG. 18-17: Nomograph for Determination of Ryznar and Langelier Scaling Indexes
				FIG. 18-18: Scaling Tendency of Water According to Langelier’s and Ryznar’s Indices
				FIG. 18-19: Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) Oil Separator
				FIG. 18-20: Complete System for Treating Plant Wastewater
M19
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 19 — Fractionation and Absorption
		Fractionation
			Equilibrium Stage Concept
			Types of Fractionators
			Product Specifications
			Key Parameters
			DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
				Operating Pressure
				Reflux Ratio and Number of Stages
				Minimum Stages
				Minimum Reflux Ratio
				Number of Stages
				Computation Method
			TRAYED COLUMNS
				Internals
				Sizing
					"C" Factor Method
					Nomograph Method
					Detailed Method
				Tray Efficiency
			PACKED COLUMNS
				Column Sizing
				Packing Height
				Packed Column Internals
				Dumped Packing Versus Trays
			MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
				Reboiler Arrangements
					Forced Circulation
					Natural Circulation
					Vertical Thermosyphon
						Recirculation Ratios
						Expansion Loss Due to Vaporization
						Weight of a Column of Mixed Liquid and Vapor
					Horizontal Thermosyphon
					Kettle Reboilers
				Column Internals
					Top Feed Nozzles
					Intermediate Feed Nozzles
					Bottom Vapor Inlet
					Liquid Outlet
					Bottom Sump Arrangements
					Draw-off Arrangements
				Mechanical Design
				ENERGY EFFICIENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
					Feed/Product Exchangers
					Side Heaters
					Side Coolers/Condensers
					Heat Pumping
			Absorption
				ABSORBER CALCULATIONS
				STRIPPER CALCULATIONS
				SOUR WATER STRIPPERS
				REFERENCES
				FIGURES
					FIG. 19-1: Nomenclature
					FIG. 19-2: Fractionation Schematic Diagram
					FIG. 19-3: Basic Fractionation Model
					FIG. 19-4: Fractionation Train
					FIG. 19-5: Demethanizer Example
					FIG. 19-6: Relationship Between Reflux Ratio and Number of Stages
					FIG. 19-7: Erbar-Maddox Correlation of Stages vs Reflux
					FIG. 19-8: Top Two Trays of a Bubble-cap Column
					FIG. 19-9: Flow Through Vapor Passages
					FIG. 19-10: Valve Types
					FIG. 19-11: Limits of Satisfactory Tray Operation for a Specific Set of Tray Fluid Properties
					FIG. 19-12: Alternative Liquid Flow Paths
					FIG. 19-13: Souders-Brown Correlation for Approximate Tower Sizing
					FIG. 19-14: Valve Tray Diameter
					FIG. 19-15: System Factors
					FIG. 19-16: Downcomer Design Velocity
					Fig. 19-17: Approximate Flood Capacity of Valve Trays
					FIG. 19-18: Effect of Relative Volatility and Viscosity on Plate Efficiency of Fractionating Columns
					FIG. 19-19: Typical Fractionator Parameters
					FIG. 19-20: Various Types of Packing
					FIG. 19-21: Structured Packing
					FIG. 19-22: Packed Column Pressure Drop Correlation
					FIG. 19-23: Packing Factors (Fp); (Dumped Packing)
					FIG. 19-24: Typical Packing Depths
					FIG. 19-25: Example Packed Column Internals
					FIG. 19-26: Forced-Circulation Reboiler Arrangement
					FIG. 19-27: Natural-Circulation Reboiler Arrangements
					FIG. 19-28: Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler Connected to Tower
					Fig. 19-29: Thermosyphon Reboiler Driving Force Curve
					FIG. 19-30: Horizontal Thermosyphon Reboiler
					FIG. 19-31: Kettle Reboiler Arrangement
					FIG. 19-32: Example Top Feed Nozzles
					FIG. 19-33: Design Parameters for Top Feed Nozzles
					FIG. 19-34: Example Intermediate Feed Nozzle Arrangements
					FIG. 19-35: Intermediate Feed Nozzle Applications
					FIG. 19-36: Bottom Vapor Inlet
					FIG. 19-37: Residence Time for Liquid in the Sump
					FIG. 19-38: Example Baffle Arrangements for Bottom Sumps for Recirculating Reboilers
					FIG. 19-39: Example Total Draw-off
					FIG. 19-40: Example Chimney Tray with a Sealed-Inlet Downcomer
					FIG. 19-41: Example Partial Draw-off
					FIG. 19-42: Example Water Draw-off
					FIG. 19-43: Example Feed/Product Exchanger
					FIG. 19-44: Example Side Heater
					FIG. 19-45: Heat Pumping
					FIG. 19-46: Vapor Recompression
					FIG. 19-47: Absorption Nomenclature
					FIG. 19-48: Absorption and Stripping Factor Correlation
					FIG. 19-49: Henry’s Constants for H2S in Water
M20
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 20 — Dehydration
		WATER CONTENT OF GASES AND LIQUIDS
			Water Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons
			Water Content of Gases
			Water Content of High CO2/H2S Gases
			Water Content in the Hydrate Region
		HYDRATES IN NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS
			Primary Considerations
			Secondary Considerations
			Prediction of Sweet Natural Gas Hydrate Conditions
			Hydrate Prediction Based on Composition for Sweet Gases
			Hydrate Predictions for High CO2/H2S Content Gases
			Hydrate Inhibition
		GAS DEHYDRATION
			Glycol Dehydration Systems
		ENHANCED GLYCOL CONCENTRATION PROCESSES
			DRIZO®
			CLEANOL+®
			COLDFINGER®
			PROGLY®
			ECOTEG®
		OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
		SOLID DESICCANT DEHYDRATION
			Design
			Regeneration Calculations
			General Comments
			Calcium Chloride
			Dehydration by Refrigeration
			Dehydration by Membrane Permetion
		LIQUID DEHYDRATION
			Gas Stripping
			Solid Desiccant Dehydration
			Molecular Sieve
			Activated Alumina
			Calcium Chloride
			Distillation
		REFERENCES
		SUGGESTED READING
		FIGURES
			FIG. 20-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 20-2: Solubility of Water in Liquid Hydrocarbons
			FIG. 20-3: Water Content of Hydrocarbon Gas
			FIG. 20-4: Water Content of CO2
			FIG. 20-5: Water Content of Hydrogen Sulfide
			FIG. 20-6: Experimental Values for Water Content of Acid Gases
			FIG. 20-7: Saturated Water Content of CO2 - Rich Mixtures at 50°C
			FIG. 20-8: Effective Water Content of H2S in Natural Gas Mixtures vs. Temperature at Various Pressures
			FIG. 20-9: Effective Water Content of CO2 in Natural Gas Mixtures vs. Temperature at Various Pressures
			FIG. 20-10: Calculated Water Content of Sour Gas Mixtures to 14 000 kPa (abs)
			FIG. 20-11: Calculated Water Content of Sour Gas Mixtures to 41 000 kPa (abs)
			FIG. 20-12: Comparison of Experimental vs. Calculated Water Contents for Acid Gases
			FIG. 20-13: Water Content of 5.31% C3/94.69% C1 Gas in Equilibrium with Hydrate
			FIG. 20-14: Conditions for Hydrate Formation for Light Gases
			FIG. 20-15: Pressure-Temperature Curves for Predicting Hydrate Formation
			FIG. 20-16: Permissible Expansion of a 0.6 Relative Density Natural Gas Without Hydrate Formation
			FIG. 20-17: Permissible Expansion of a 0.7 Relative Density Natural Gas Without Hydrate Formation
			FIG. 20-18: Gas Compositions Used for Fig. 20-15 through 20-17
			FIG. 20-19: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for Methane
			FIG. 20-20: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for Ethane
			FIG. 20-21: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for Propane
			FIG. 20-22: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for Iso-Butane
			FIG. 20-23: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for N-Butane
			FIG. 20-24: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for Carbon Dioxide
			FIG. 20-25: Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for Hydrogen Sulfide
			FIG. 20-26: Solution Sketch for Example 20-8
			FIG. 20-27: Hydrate Chart for Gases Containing H2S
			FIG. 20-28: Experimental vs. Predicted Hydrate Conditions for Gases Containing C1, C3, and H2S
			FIG. 20-29: Hydrate Formation Conditions for Sweet Gas Showing Effects of CO2 and H2S
			FIG. 20-30: Densities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-31: Densities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-32: Densities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-33: Viscosities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-34: Viscosities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-35: Viscosities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-36: Heat Capacities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-37: Heat Capacities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-38: Heat Capacities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-39: Thermal Conductivity of Ethylene Glycol–Water Mixtures
			FIG. 20-40: Thermal Conductivity of Diethylene Glycol–Water Mixtures
			FIG. 20-41: Thermal Conductivity of Triethylene Glycol–Water Mixtures
			FIG. 20-42: Physical Properties of Selected Glycols and Methanol
			FIG. 20-43: Typical Glycol Injection System
			FIG. 20-44: Freezing Points of Aqueous Glycol Solutions
			FIG. 20-45: Mol Fraction H2O vs. Weight % Methanol
			FIG. 20-46: Hydrate Inhibition with Ethylene Glycol: Hammerschmidt vs. Experimental Data
			FIG. 20-47: Hydrate Inhibition with Methanol: Hammerschmidt vs. Experimental Data
			FIG. 20-48: Hydrate Inhibition with Methanol: Nielsen & Bucklin vs. Experimental Data
			FIG. 20-49: Hydrate Inhibition with Methanol: Nielsen & Bucklin vs. Experimental Data
			FIG. 20-50: Hydrate Inhibition with Methanol: Maddox et al. vs. Experimental Data
			FIG. 20-51: Ratio of Methanol Vapor Composition to Methanol Liquid Composition
			FIG. 20-52: Solubility of Methanol in Paraffinic Hydrocarbons vs. Temperature at Various Methanol Concentrations
			FIG. 20-53: Example Process Flow Diagram for Glycol Dehydration Unit
			FIG. 20-54: Equilibrium H2O Dewpoint vs. Temperature at Various TEG Concentrations
			FIG. 20-55: Water Removal vs. TEG Circulation Rate at Various TEG Concentrations (N = 1.0)
			FIG. 20-56: Water Removal vs. TEG Circulation Rate at Various TEG Concentrations (N = 1.5)
			FIG. 20-57: Water Removal vs. TEG Circulation Rate at Various TEG Concentrations (N = 2.0)
			FIG. 20-58: Water Removal vs. TEG Circulation Rate at Various TEG Concentrations (N = 2.5)
			FIG. 20-59: Water Removal vs. TEG Circulation Rate at Various TEG Concentrations (N = 3.0)
			FIG. 20-60: Recommended Sizing Parameters for TEG Contactors
			FIG. 20-61: Solubility of CO2 in 96.5% wt% TEG vs. Pressure at Selected Temperatures
			FIG. 20-62: Solubility of H2S in Pure TEG vs. Pressure at Selected Temperatures
			FIG. 20-63: Simplified Process Flow Diagrams of Enhanced TEG Regeneration Systems
			FIG. 20-64: Effect of Stripping Gas on TEG Concentration
			FIG. 20-65: Glycol Regeneration Processes
			FIG. 20-66: Example Solid Desiccant Dehydrator Twin Tower System
			FIG. 20-67: Typical Desiccant Properties
			FIG. 20-68: Static Equilibrium Capacity vs. Relative Humidity for Selected Solid Desiccants
			FIG. 20-69: Allowable Velocity for Mole Sieve Dehydrator
			FIG. 20-70: Mole Sieve Capacity Correction for Unsaturated Inlet Gas
			FIG. 20-71: Mole Sieve Capacity Correction for Temperature
			FIG. 20-72: Inlet and Outlet Temperatures During Typical Solid Desiccant Bed Regeneration Cycle
			FIG. 20-73: Minimum Regeneration Velocity for Mole Sieve Dehydrator
			FIG. 20-74: Typical CaCl2 Dehydrator
			FIG. 20-75: Example IFPEX-1® Dehydration Process Flow Diagram
M21
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 21 — Hydrocarbon Treating
		SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
		TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS
		GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
			Inlet Separation
			Filtration
			Flash Tank
			Corrosion
			Foaming
			Materials
		GAS TREATING – PROCESS SELECTION
		CHEMICAL REACTION PROCESSES
			Aqueous Alkanolamine Processes
				Chemistry
				Process Flow
				Reclaimer
			Amines Used
				Monoethanolamine
				Diethanolamine
				Diglycolamine
				Methyldiethanolamine
				Triethanolamine
				Diisopropanolamine
				Formulated Solvents
				Sterically Hindered Amines
				Simplified Calculations
			Caustic Wash
		PHYSICAL SOLVENT PROCESSES
			Selexol(R)
			Fluor Solvent
			Rectisol Process
			Purisol
			Catasol
		COMBINATION PROCESSES
			Sulfinol(R) Process
			Hi-Pure Process
		ALKALINE SALT PROCESS (HOT CARBONATE)
			Single Stage Process
			Split Flow Process
			Two Stage Process
			Benfield Process
			Catacarb Process
		BATCH PROCESSES
			Iron-Sponge Process
			Chemsweet(R)
			Sulfa-Check(R)
			SulfaTreat(TM)
			Zinc Oxide — PURASPEC(TM)
			Mercury Removal
			Molecular Sieve
			Mesh Sizes
		IRON CHELATE PROCESSES
			LO-CAT(R)
			SulFerox(R)
		MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESS
		EQUILIBRIUM DATA FOR AMINE-SOUR GAS SYSTEMS
		LIQUID HYDROCARBON TREATING
			Regenerated Caustic
			Perco Solid Copper Chloride
			Batch Caustic Wash
			Solid Potassium Hydroxide
			Molecular Sieve
			Merox(R)
		GENERAL NOTES ON LIQUID HYDROCARBON TREATING
			Mixing (Liquid/Liquid Treating Systems)
			Treated Product Clean-up
			Counterflow Contact Towers
		GASOLINE AND LP-GAS TREATING
			Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Removal
			Sulfur Removal
			Mercaptan Treating
			Carbonyl Sulfide Removal
		CONTINUOUS PROCESSES
			Regenerative Caustic
			Merox(R)
			Merichem(R)
			Perco Solid Copper Chloride Sweetening
		BATCH PROCESSES
			Caustic Wash
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		GPA RESEARCH REPORTS
		FIGURES
			FIG. 21-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 21-2: Process Capabilities for Gas Treating
			FIG. 21-3: Approximate Guidelines for Amine Processes
			FIG. 21-4: Typical Gas Sweetening by Chemical Reaction
			FIG. 21-5: Physical Properties of Gas Treating Chemicals
			FIG. 21-6: Vapor Pressures of Gas Treating Chemicals
			FIG. 21-7: Freezing Points of Aqueous Amine Solutions
			FIG. 21-8: Relative Density of Aqueous Amine Solutions
			FIG. 21-9: Estimated Heat Exchange Requirements
			FIG. 21-10: Estimated Power Requirements
			FIG. 21-11: Contactor Capacity
			FIG. 21-12: Regeneration Vessel Sizes (mm)
			FIG. 21-13: Typical Gas Sweetening by Physical Absorption
			FIG. 21-14: Alkaline Salt: Single-Stage Process
			FIG. 21-15: Alkaline Salt: Split-Flow Processs
			FIG. 21-16: Alkaline Salt: Two-Stage Process
			FIG. 21-17: Integrated Natural Gas Desulfurization Plant
			FIG. 21-18: Standard Solid Copper Reagent Towers
			FIG. 21-19: Weight in Kilograms of a Cubic Meter of Caustic Soda Solution at Various Concentrations and Temperatures
			FIG. 21-20: Specific Heats of Sodium Hydroxide Solutions in kJ/(kg · K)
			FIG. 21-21: Solubility of Pure NaOH in Water and Freezing Points of the Solutions
			FIG. 21-22: Viscosity of Caustic Soda Solutions at Various Temperatures and Concentrations
			FIG. 21-23: Heat Content-Concentration Diagram for Caustic Soda Solutions
			FIG. 21-24: Regenerative Caustic
			FIG. 21-25: Non-Regenerative Caustic
			FIG. 21-26: Extraction Coefficients for Mercaptans in Caustic
			FIG. 21-27: Extraction Coefficient of Spent Caustic
			FIG. 21-28: Caustic Treating
			FIG. 21-29: Mesh vs Metric
M22
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 22 — Sulfur Recovery
		THE CLAUS PROCESS
		CLAUS PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS
			Process Variations
			Combustion Operation
			Waste Heat Recovery Operation
			Sulfur Condenser Operation
			Reheating Operation
			Catalyst Converter Operation
		MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
			Combustion Operation
			Waste Heat Recovery Operation
			Sulfur Condenser Operation
			Reheating Operation
				Hot Gas Bypass Method
				Direct (Inline Burner) Method
				Indirect (Heating Exchanger) Method
			Catalyst Converter Operation
			Piping
			CLAUS UNIT TAIL GAS HANDLING
				Incineration
				Tail Gas Clean-up Processes
				Continuation Processes
				SO2 Recovery Processes
				H2S Recovery Processes
				Direct Oxidation Processes
				Liquid Redox
			PROPERTIES OF SULFUR
			SULFUR STORAGE AND HANDLING
			CLAUS PLANT STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES
				Initial Startup
				Subsequent Startups
				Shutdowns
			CLAUS PROCESS CALCULATION
			SULFUR PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
			INSTRUMENTATION
			OPERATIONAL ASPECTS
			CLAUS PLANT MAINTENANCE
			REFERENCES
			BIBLIOGRAPHY
			FIGURES
				FIG. 22-1: Nomenclature
				FIG. 22-2: Theoretical Equilibrium Percent Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to Sulfur
				FIG. 22-3: Example Three-Stage Sulfur Plant
				FIG. 22-4: Example Package-Type Sulfur Plant
				FIG. 22-5: Claus Process Variations
				FIG. 22-6: Claus Plant Configurations
				FIG. 22-7: Potential COS and CS2 Formation in Claus Furnaces
				FIG. 22-8: Sulfur Recovery Process with Acid Gas and Air Preheat
				FIG. 22-9: Alternate Methods of Reheating
				FIG. 22-10: Hydrolysis of COS and CS2 in Sulfur Converter
				FIG. 22-11: Typical Relationship of Sulfur Seal and Drain
				FIG. 22-12: Typical Relationship Between Incinerator Residence Time and Required Temperature
				FIG. 22-13: Claus Tail Gas Clean Up Processes
				FIG. 22-14: Heat Capacity of Solid Sulfur at Constant Pressure
				FIG. 22-15: Viscosity of Liquid Sulfur
				FIG. 22-16: Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Viscosity of Molten Sulfur
				FIG. 22-17: Density of Liquid Sulfur
				FIG. 22-18: Heat Capacity of Liquid Sulfur
				FIG. 22-19: Distribution of Sulfur Vapor Species
				FIG. 22-20: Vapor Pressure of Sulfur
				FIG. 22-21: Heat of Vaporization of Sulfur
				FIG. 22-22: Viscosity of Sulfur Vapor
				FIG. 22-23: Heat Capacity of Equilibrium Sulfur Vapors
				FIG. 22-24: H2S and H2Sx to Total H2S Solubility
				FIG. 22-25: Equilibrium Constant for Claus Reaction
				FIG. 22-26: Enthalpies of Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Combustion Products and Sulfur Compounds
				FIG. 22-27: Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature
				FIG. 22-28: Heat of Dissociation of Sulfur Vapor Species
				FIG. 22-29: Molar Heat of Condensation of S6 and S8
				FIG. 22-30: Calculation of Converter Outlet Temperature
				FIG. 22-31: Slight Change in Air to Acid Gas Ratio @ Head End Yields a Large Change in the H2S : SO2 Ratio,
M23
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 23 — Physical Properties
		COMPUTER PREDICTION METHODS
		COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES
			Pure Gases
			Gas Mixtures
				Minor Amounts of Nonhydrocarbons
				Appreciable Amount of Nonhydrocarbons
				Effect of Acid Gas Content
		HYDROCARBON LIQUID DENSITIES
			Data and Correlations
				Density of Saturated and Subcooled Liquid Mixtures
		BOILING POINTS, CRITICAL PROPERTIES, ACENTRIC FACTOR, VAPOR PRESSURE
			Boiling Points
			Critical Properties
			Acentric Factor
			Vapor Pressure
		VISCOSITY
			Calculation of Gas Mixture Viscosity
			Viscosity of Petroleum Fractions
				Mid-Boiling Point Method
		THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
		TRANSPORT PROPERTY REFERENCES
		SURFACE TENSION
			Pure Components
			Mixtures
		GROSS HEATING VALUE OF NATURAL GASES
			Gross Heating Value
			Relative Density
			Corrections for Water Content
			Calculations
		REFERENCES
		FIGURES
			FIG. 23-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 23-2: Physical Constants
				Acentric factor
				Air for combustion of ideal gas
				ASTM octane number — Motor method, Research method
				Boiling point, °C
				Compressiblity factor of real gas
				Density of Liquid — Relative density, kg/m3 m3/kmol
				Flammability limits — Lower, Higher
				Freezing Point, °C
				Heat of vaporization
				Heating value, 15 °C — Net, Gross
				Ideal gas — Relative density, m3 gas/kg, Volume ratio
				Molar mass
				Pressure
				Refractive index
				Specific heat — Ideal gas, Liquid
				Tempurature, K
				Temperature coefficient of density
				Vapor Pressure
				Volume
			FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d) — Notes and References for the Table of Physical Constants
				Acentric factor
				Air for combustion of ideal gas
				ASTM octane number — Motor method, Research method
				Boiling point, °C
				Compressiblity factor of real gas
				Density of Liquid — Relative density, kg/m3 m3/kmol
				Flammability limits — Lower, Higher
				Freezing Point, °C
				Heat of vaporization
				Heating value, 15 °C — Net, Gross
				Ideal gas — Relative density, m3 gas/kg, Volume ratio
				Molar mass
				Pressure
				Refractive index
				Specific heat — Ideal gas, Liquid
				Tempurature, °C
				Temperature coefficient of density
				Vapor Pressure
				Volume
			FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d): Notes for the Table of Physical Constants
			FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d): References for the Table of Physical Constants
			FIG. 23-3: Calculation of Pseudocritical Temperature, Pressure and Average Molecular Mass for a Natural Gas Mixture
			FIG. 23-4: Compressibility Factors for Natural Gas
			FIG. 23-5: Compressibility of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Gases
			FIG. 23-6: Compressibility of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Gases
			FIG. 23-7: Compressibility of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Gases
			FIG. 23-8: Pseudocritical Temperature Adjustment Factor
			FIG. 23-9: Hydrocarbon Fluid Densities
			FIG. 23-10: Approximate Relative Density of Petroleum Fractions
			FIG. 23-11: Effect of Temperature on Hydrocarbon Liquid Densities
			FIG. 23-12: Relative Density of Petroleum Fractions
			FIG. 23-13: Relative Density of Paraffinic Hydrocarbon Mixtures
			FIG. 23-14: Pseudo Liquid Density of Systems Containing Methane and Ethane
			FIG. 23-15: Density Correction for Compressibility of Hydrocarbon Liquids
			FIG. 23-16: Calculation of Liquid Density of a Mixture at 50°C and 12 000 kPa (abs)
			FIG. 23-17: Density Correction for Thermal Expansion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
			FIG. 23-18: Characterized Boiling Points of Petroleum Fractions
			FIG. 23-19: Low-Temperature Vapor Pressures for Light Hydrocarbons
			FIG. 23-20: High-Temperature Vapor Pressures for Light Hydrocarbons
			FIG. 23-21: Viscosities of Hydrocarbon Liquids
			FIG. 23-22: Viscosity of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Gases at One Atmosphere
			FIG. 23-23: Hydrocarbon Gas Viscosity
			FIG. 23-24: Viscosity Ratio For Natural Gases
			FIG. 23-25: Viscosity of Miscellaneous Gases – 101 kPa (abs)
			FIG. 23-26: Viscosity of Air
			FIG. 23-27: Water Viscosity at Saturated Conditions
			FIG. 23-28: Liquid Viscosity of Pure and Mixed Hydrocarbons Containing Dissolved Gases at 38°C and 101.325 kPa (abs)
			FIG. 23-29: Viscosity of Steam
			FIG. 23-30: Calculation of Viscosity of a Gas Mixture
			FIG. 23-31: Thermal Conductivity of Natural and Hydrocarbon Gases at One Atmosphere [101.325 kPa (abs)]
			FIG. 23-32: Thermal Conductivity Ratio for Gases
			FIG. 23-33: Thermal Conductivity of Miscellaneous Gases at One Atmosphere
			FIG. 23-34: Thermal Conductivity of Hydrocarbon Gases at One Atmosphere
			FIG. 23-35: Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Paraffin Hydrocarbons
			FIG. 23-36: Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Petroleum Fractions
			FIG. 23-37: Calculation of Thermal Conductivity
			FIG. 23-38: Surface Tension of Paraffin Hydrocarbons
M24
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 24 — Thermodynamic Properties
		ENTHALPY BEHAVIOR
			Ideal Gas State Enthalpies
		CHANGE OF ENTHALPY WITH PRESSURE
		EXAMPLE CALCULATION USING ENTHALPY CORRELATION
			Total enthalpy charts
		ENTROPY CORRELATION
		EXAMPLE CALCULATION USING ENTROPY CORRELATION
		REFERENCES
		BIBLIOGRAPHY
		FIGURES
			FIG. 24-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 24-2: Influence of Pressure on Enthalpy for Typical Natural Gas Streams
			FIG. 24-3: Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Pure Components
			FIG. 24-4: Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Pure Components
			FIG. 24-5: Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions
			FIG. 24-6: Effect of Pressure on Enthalpy (Simple Fluid)
			FIG. 24-7: Effect of Pressure on Enthalpy (Correction for Real Fluids)
			FIG. 24-8: Example Enthalpy Calculation
			FIG. 24-9: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-10: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-11: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-12: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-13: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-14: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-15: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor
			FIG. 24-16: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Liquid
			FIG. 24-17: Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Liquid
			FIG. 24-18: Example Entropy Calculation
			FIG. 24-19: Ideal-gas-state Entropy of Pure Components
			FIG. 24-20: Effect of Pressure on Entropy (Simple Fluid)
			FIG. 24-21: Effect of Pressure on Entropy (Correction for Real Fluids)
			FIG. 24-22: Nitrogen P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-23: Carbon Dioxide P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-24: Methane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-25: Ethane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-26: Ethylene P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-27: Propane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-28: Propylene P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-29: i-Butane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-30: n-Butane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-31: i-Pentane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-32: n-Pentane P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-33: Oxygen P-H Diagram
			FIG. 24-34: Thermodynamic Properties of Water
			FIG. 24-35: Thermodynamic Properties of Water
			FIG. 24-36: Saturated Steam: Temperature Table
			FIG. 24-37: Saturated Steam: Pressure Table
			FIG. 24-38: Superheated Vapor
M25
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 25 — Equilibrium Ratio (K) Data
		K-DATA CHARTS
		FLASH CALCULATION PROBLEM
			Carbon Dioxide
			Separation of CO2 and Methane
			CO2-Ethane Separation
			Separation of CO2 and H2S
		K-VALUE CORRELATIONS
		EQUATIONS OF STATE
			van der Waals
			Redlich-Kwong
			Soave Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
			Peng Robinson
			Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS)
		REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
			Additional References
		FIGURES
			FIG. 25-1: Nomenclature
			FIG. 25-2: Sources of K-Value Charts
			FIG. 25-3: Flash Calculation at 4140 kPa and –30°C
			FIG. 25-4: Dew Point Calculation at 5500 kPa (abs)
			FIG. 25-5: Phase Diagram CH4-CO2 Binary
			FIG. 25-6: Isothermal Dew Point and Frost Point Data for Methane-Carbon Dioxide
			FIG. 25-7: Vapor-Liquid Equilibria CO2-C2H6
			FIG 25-8: Critical Locus as Developed for Convergence Pressure
			K-DATA CHARTS
				Methane-Ethane Binary
				Nitrogen
				Methane
				Ethane
				Propane
				i-Butane
				n-Butane
				i-Pentane
				n-Pentane
				Hexane
				Heptane
				Octane
				Nonane
				Decane
				Hydrogen Sulfide
				Search Online Guide
				Search Online Guide
M26
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	Data Book Help	file://../help.pdf#page=1		Reader Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Reader.pdf#page=1		Search Online Guide	file://../../Reader/HELP/Search.pdf#page=1	Section 26 — GPSA Members
		Company Directory
			Narrow View (1 column)
			Wide View (2 columns)
			Find by Name, City, State, Area Code, etc.
	SERVICES
		ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES
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		COMPRESSOR FOUNDATION REPAIR
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