GPS-GNSS Antennas

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 18
1.1 Role of an Antenna in GNSS and its K......Page 20
1.2 Summary of Satellite Navigation Syst......Page 21
1.2.2 Regional Satellite Navigation Syst......Page 22
1.2.3 Satellite-Based Augmentation Syste......Page 23
1.3 Polarization and Radiation Pattern o......Page 24
1.3.1 Polarization Efficiency and Polari......Page 30
1.3.3 Effect of Axial Ratio of a GNSS An......Page 34
1.4 Directivity and Gain of a GNSS Anten......Page 36
1.4.1 RHCP Gain of a GNSS Antenna for an......Page 37
1.4.2 Relationship between Beamwidth, Ap......Page 40
1.4.3 Effect of Minimum Gain Beamwidth a......Page 42
1.5 Phase Center of a GNSS Antenna......Page 48
1.5.1 Carrier Phase Windup......Page 51
1.6 Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antenn......Page 54
1.6.1 Requirements for Group Delay Varia......Page 55
1.6.2 Group Delay Variation with Aspect......Page 56
1.7 Propagation and Multipath Errors in......Page 57
1.8.2 Phase Center Error......Page 58
1.9 Differencing Techniques for Removal......Page 59
1.10 Differencing of GPS Data for Remova......Page 60
1.11 Differential GPS and RTK Measuremen......Page 62
1.12 Techniques for Removal and Estimati......Page 63
1.13 The Susceptibility of a Commercial......Page 64
1.13.2 Civil GPS Jammers......Page 66
1.14 Architecture of a GNSS Receiver......Page 67
1.14.1 Software Defined Radio (SDR)......Page 68
1.15 Effects of Interference and Jamming......Page 69
1.16 Carrier to Noise Ratio of an Antenn......Page 72
1.17 Effective Carrier-to-Noise Ratioin......Page 76
1.17.1 Effects of Jamming or Interferenc......Page 77
 References......Page 78
2.1 Categories of GNSS Antennas......Page 82
2.1.1 FRPA......Page 83
2.2 Microstrip Antennas......Page 85
2.2.1 Selection of the Dielectric Substr......Page 88
2.2.2 Effects of Surface Waves on Micros......Page 89
2.2.3 Design of Dual-Probe-Fed RHCP Sing......Page 90
2.2.4 A Parametric Study of a Single-Ban......Page 92
2.2.5 GNSS Dual-Band Stacked Microstrip......Page 106
2.2.6 Feed Techniques for Generating RHC......Page 111
2.2.7 Circular RHCP Microstrip Antenna......Page 122
2.2.8 Annular Ring RHCP GNSS Microstrip......Page 127
2.2.9 Mutual Coupling Effects in GNSS Mi......Page 131
2.2.10 Phase and Group Delays in GNSS Mi......Page 133
2.2.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of M......Page 136
2.3.1 Self-Phasing QHA......Page 138
2.3.2 Externally Phased QHA......Page 147
2.3.3 A Summary of the Advantages and Di......Page 150
2.4 Hexafilar Slot Antenna for GPS......Page 152
2.5 Planar and Drooping Bow-Tie Turnstil......Page 153
2.6.1 Helical Antennas......Page 155
2.6.2 Helibowl Multipath Limiting Anten......Page 162
2.6.4 High-Gain Reflector Antennas for M......Page 163
2.7 Beamforming Antenna Arrays......Page 166
References......Page 171
3.1 Introduction......Page 176
3.2.1 Current and New Satellite Navigati......Page 177
3.2.2 Advantages Offered by Multiple GNS......Page 180
3.3 Current Technology for Multiband GNS......Page 182
3.4 Performance Requirements for Geodeti......Page 183
3.4.1 Phase Center Stability Requirement......Page 184
3.4.2 Multipath Rejection Ratio and FBR......Page 186
3.4.3 Size and Weight Requirements for R......Page 187
3.5 Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS Antenn......Page 188
3.5.1 Wideband 2D GNSS Cutoff and Noncut......Page 190
3.5.2 NovAtel GNSS-750 and Leica AR25 Wi......Page 193
3.5.3 Trimble’s Zephyr Geodetic 2 GNSS A......Page 194
3.5.4 Wideband and Low-Profile GNSS Ante......Page 196
3.6 GNSS Geodetic-Grade Antennas Based o......Page 198
3.6.1 Introduction to the Design of Spir......Page 199
3.6.2 Roke Manor’s GNSS Multiband Cavity......Page 201
3.6.3 Ultrawideband GNSS Antenna Based o......Page 203
3.6.4 NovAtel’s GPS-704X Wideband GNSS P......Page 204
3.6.5 Wideband Conical Spiral Antenna fo......Page 207
3.7.1 Wideband GNSS Microstrip Antenna C......Page 209
3.8.1 Techniques for Locating Wireless D......Page 212
3.8.2 Fundamentals of A-GPS......Page 213
3.9.1 Size, Appearance, Cost, Weight, an......Page 215
3.9.2 Influence of Receiver Chassis on B......Page 217
3.9.3 Polarization and Radiation Pattern......Page 218
3.9.4 Isolation Techniques to Mitigate E......Page 219
3.9.5 User Effects on Handset Antennas......Page 221
3.10.1 Dielectric Chip GPS Handset Anten......Page 225
3.10.2 Basic PIFA and Design Variations......Page 230
3.10.3 Isolated Magnetic Dipole for GPS......Page 232
3.10.4 Coplanar Balanced Dipole Antenna......Page 233
3.10.5 Miniaturized Ceramic Loaded QHA f......Page 234
3.11 Active GNSS Antennas and the Use of......Page 235
3.12 G/T Measurement of an Active GNSS A......Page 239
3.12.1 Technique for G/T Measurement of......Page 240
References......Page 241
4.2.1 Theory of Operation......Page 250
4.2.2 Effect of Bandwidth and Gain for I......Page 252
4.2.3 Effect of Dispersive Errors (Chann......Page 255
4.2.4 Effect of Multipath......Page 257
4.3.1 Introduction......Page 258
4.3.2 Calculating the Adaptive Weights......Page 260
4.3.3 Frequency-Angle Response......Page 265
4.4 Covariance Matrix Estimate......Page 268
4.5 Dual-Polarized Antenna Array......Page 271
4.6.1 Some Traditional Measures......Page 275
4.6.2 System Performance Measures......Page 277
4.6.3 Spatial Adaptive Processor......Page 282
4.7 Direction Finding......Page 283
4.8 Array Phase Center......Page 285
4.9 Typical Results......Page 289
4.9.2 Effects of Temporal Taps for Diffe......Page 290
4.9.3 Effects of Jammer Spacing on Satel......Page 291
4.9.4 Maximum Number of Jammers to Null......Page 292
4.9.5 Frequency-Agile Jammers and Stale......Page 294
Bibliography......Page 296
5.1 Introduction......Page 298
5.2.1 Planar Ground Plane Effects......Page 299
5.3 Mitigation of Ground Plane Effects o......Page 306
5.3.2 EBG Ground Plane......Page 307
5.3.3 Rolled Edge Ground Plane......Page 309
5.3.4 Resistivity Tapered Ground Plane......Page 311
5.4 Radiation Patterns of Aircraft Mount......Page 312
5.4.1 Scale Model Investigations on a GP......Page 314
5.4.2 Validation of the Aircraft Newair......Page 318
5.4.3 Newair Analysis of GPS Antenna on......Page 321
5.5 Radiation Pattern Analysis of a GPS......Page 323
References......Page 326
6.1 Introduction......Page 328
6.2.1 Near-Field and Far-Field Regions o......Page 331
6.2.2 Indoor Far-Field Antenna Test Rang......Page 333
6.2.3 CATR......Page 335
6.2.4 NF-FF Antenna Test Ranges......Page 336
6.2.5 Radiation Pattern Cuts......Page 342
6.3 Measurement of Axial Ratio of the RH......Page 344
6.4 Gain Measurement of a GNSS Antenna......Page 346
6.4.1 Two-Antenna Gain Transfer Method......Page 348
6.4.2 Three-Antennas Absolute Gain Measu......Page 352
6.4.3 Near-Field Spherical Scanning Tech......Page 355
6.5 Measurement of the Bandwidth of GNSS......Page 356
6.6 Measurement of PCO and PCV of GNSS R......Page 358
6.6.1 Microwave Anechoic Chamber Method......Page 361
6.6.2 Relative Antenna Calibration by Co......Page 363
6.6.3 Absolute Robot-Based Antenna Calib......Page 365
6.6.4 Comparison of the Three Calibratio......Page 367
6.6.5 Automated Absolute Field Calibrati......Page 369
6.7 Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antenn......Page 370
6.7.2 Group Delay Variation with Aspect......Page 372
6.7.3 Measurement Techniques for Calibra......Page 373
References......Page 377
7.1 Introduction......Page 380
7.2 Antenna and Site Dependence......Page 381
7.2.1 Multipath Effects......Page 382
7.2.2 Monument Effects......Page 385
7.2.3 Ground Plane Effects......Page 387
7.3 Measurements and Ionospheric Modelin......Page 390
7.3.1 Phase Center Measurements......Page 392
7.3.2 Tracking Performance Measurements......Page 393
7.4.1 Multipath-Limiting Antennas......Page 394
7.5 PCV......Page 398
7.5.1 Modeling and Measurement Methods o......Page 401
7.7 Methods of Improvement for Antenna P......Page 402
References......Page 403
About the Authors......Page 406
Index......Page 408