Government at a Glance : latin america and the caribbean 2020.

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
Preface
Executive summary
	Key findings
		LAC countries made significant improvements in public welfare in the past two decades, but these achievements are in jeopardy and trust in government has declined.
		The economic and fiscal outlooks in LAC countries have deteriorated due to sluggish economic growth
		Many LAC countries have frameworks to promote accountability, transparency and integrity in public decision-making, but their implementation varies greatly.
		Stronger policy co-ordination, public management and institutional capacity would enhance the efficacy of public policies and help regain citizens’ trust.
Reader’s guide
	Data sources and features
	Country coverage
		Figure 0.1. Coverage of the different surveys sent to LAC countries
	Country codes (ISO codes)
	LAC and OECD averages and totals
		Averages
		Totals
	Online supplements
	Per capita indicators
	Purchasing power parities
	Composite indicators
	Acronyms
	References
Introduction
	What’s new in Government at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020?
		New chapters
		New indicators
	Indicators on government activities and public management practices
		1) Contextual factors
		2) Inputs
		3) Processes
		4) Indicators of outputs and outcomes
			Figure 0.2. Framework for Government at a Glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020
	Structure
Chapter 1. Good governance for Latin America and the Caribbean: Representing the interest of all
	1.1. Introduction
		Figure 1.1. Real GDP growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean have decreased between 2007 and 2018
	1.2. Why public governance, and in particular integrity, matters
		Figure 1.2. Trust in national government in LAC countries remains lower than in OECD countries, 2007 and 2018
		Figure 1.3. Informality in LAC countries is high (2017 or latest year available)
		Figure 1.4. Perceived levels of corruption come with lower quality of infrastructure in OECD, LAC and G20 countries, 2017-18
		Figure 1.5. Higher levels of corruption lower incentives to invest in innovation in OECD, LAC and G20 countries (2017-18)
		Figure 1.6. Corruption affects productivity of human capital in OECD, LAC and G20 countries (2017-18)
		Figure 1.7. Bribes paid by citizens in Latin America to obtain public services, 2019
		Figure 1.8. Experiences with extortion of sexual favours in Latin America, 2019
	1.3. Ensuring integrity and social accountability of public decision-making
		Integrity and transparency in political finance and elections
			Figure 1.9. Selected relevant aspects of political finance regulations in OECD and LAC countries, 2016
			Figure 1.10. Most Latin American and the Caribbean countries allow cash contributions during electoral campaigns, 2018
			Figure 1.11. On average, 25% of citizens in Latin America have experienced vote-buying practices, 2019
		Ensuring integrity and transparency in lobbying practices
			Figure 1.12. Quality of Regulations against Undue Influence Index (pilot), 2018
		Enabling social accountability through transparency, openness and participation
			Figure 1.13. The quality of right to information laws is, on average, better in LAC than in OECD countries, latest available year
			Figure 1.14. Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Uruguay are the most advanced LAC countries in open government data (OURData Index, 2019)
			Figure 1.15. Stakeholder engagement in developing subordinate regulations varies strongly across LAC countries (2015 and 2019)
			Box 1.1 Budget transparency and stakeholder engagement
				Figure 1.16. Means of availability and transparency of key budgetary information, 2018
	1.4. Sound public management for effective implementation
		Implementing governance reforms: The challenge of co-ordination
			Figure 1.17. With respect to integrity policies, LAC countries perceive that the quality of co-ordination depends heavily on the individuals in place, 2017
		Administrative processes for better service delivery
			Figure 1.18. On average, 25% of administrative procedures in LAC countries require three or more interactions to be resolved, 2017 and 2018
			Figure 1.19. The easier the administrative procedures, the more satisfied the citizens (2017 or 2018)
			Figure 1.20. Most Central governments in LAC countries have introduced simplification in administrative processes, 2016 and 2019
		Public procurement and infrastructure
			Figure 1.21. The most common purpose of foreign bribery is influencing public procurement, 2014
			Figure 1.22. E-procurement system(s) have been integrated with other e-government technologies in half of LAC countries, 2018
		Internal and external accountability: Internal controls and external audit
			Figure 1.23. Existence of audit function in government ministries, 2018
			Figure 1.24. Countries with stronger supreme audit institutions tend to experience lower levels of perceived corruption, OECD and LAC countries, 2017
			Figure 1.25. In Latin America and the Caribbean, only Brazil reports on steps taken to address findings from supreme audit institution audit reports, 2017
		Public employment
			Figure 1.26. The civil service in LAC countries is considered less professional and more politicised on average than it is in the OECD and G20, 2015
			Figure 1.27. Significant improvement of the Civil Merit Index, 2004 and 2012-15
	1.5. Conclusion: Tying things together
		References
Chapter 2. Public finance and economics
	2.1. General government fiscal balance
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.1. General government fiscal balance as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2018
			2.2. General government primary balance and net interest spending as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2018
	2.2. General government structural balance
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.3. General government structural balance as a percentage of potential GDP, 2007 and 2018
			2.4. General government projected structural balance as a percentage of potential GDP in 2019, 2020 and 2021 and change since 2018
	2.3. General government gross debt
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.5. General government gross debt as percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2018
			2.6. General government gross debt per capita, 2007 and 2018
	2.4. General government revenues
		Methodology and definitions
		Further Reading
		Figure notes
			2.8. General government revenues as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2018
			2.9. General government revenues per capita, 2007 and 2018
			2.10. Annual average growth rate of real government revenues per capita, 2007-18
	2.5. General government tax revenues
		Methodology and definitions
		Further Reading
		Figure Notes
			2.11. General government tax revenues as a share of GDP, 2007 and 2017
			2.12. Breakdown of tax revenues as a percentage of total taxation, 2007 and 2017
	2.6. General government expenditures
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.13. General government expenditures as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2018
			2.14. General government expenditures per capita, 2007 and 2018
			2.15. Annual average growth rate of real government expenditures per capita, 2007-18
	2.7. Revenues and expenditures structure by level of government
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.16. Distribution of general government revenues across levels of government, 2007 and 2017
			2.17. Distribution of general government expenditures across levels of government, 2007 and 2017
	2.8. General government expenditure by economic transaction
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.18. Structure of general government expenditures by economic transaction, 2007 and 2017
			2.19. Government expenditures by economic transaction as a percentage of GDP, 2017
	2.9. Government investment spending
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.20. Government investment as a percentage of total government expenditures, 2007 and 2017
			2.21. Government investment as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2017
			2.22. Distribution of investment spending across levels of government, 2007 and 2017
	2.10. Fiscal revenues from non-renewable natural resources (NRNR)
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			2.23. Fiscal revenues from non-renewable natural resources as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2017
			2.24. Fiscal revenues from non-renewable resources by country and commodity as percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2017
			2.25. Relative participation of revenues from non-renewable natural resources as a share of total revenues, 2007 and 2017
Chapter 3. Public employment
	3.1. Employment in the public sector
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			3.1. Public sector employment as a percentage of total employment, 2011 and 2018
			3.2. Annual average growth rate of public sector employment, 2011-2018
	3.2. Gender equality in public sector employment
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			3.3. Gender equality in public sector employment, 2011 and 2018
			3.4. Gender equality in total employment, 2011 and 2018
			3.5. Gender equality in ministerial positions, 2012 and 2019
Chapter 4. Institutions (CoG)
	4.1. Functions of the Centre of Government
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
			4.1. Responsibilities of the centre of government, 2018
			4.2. Role of the Centre of Government in open government strategies and initiatives, 2018
	4.2. Degree of influence and role in policy coordination of Centre of Government
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			4.4. Variation in the number of cross-ministerial initiatives in recent years, 2018
			4.5. Level of influence of the CoG over line ministries to encourage coordination, 2018
			4.6. Institutional instruments or initiatives used by the CoG to ensure policy co-ordination, 2018
	4.3. Strategic management and monitoring in Centre of Government
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			4.8. Responsibilities of the centre of government in strategic planning, 2018
			4.9. Existence of a unit or team in charge of tracking progress on the implementation of policy priorities, 2018
Chapter 5. Budgeting practices and procedures
	5.1. Institutional setting and characteristics of the Central Budget Authority
		Methodology and definitions
		Figure notes
			5.1. Location of the central budget authority function, 2018
			5.2. Position of the head of the central budget authority, 2018
			5.3. Responsibilities of the central budget authority, 2013 and 2018
	5.2. Fiscal rules
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			5.4. Types and legal foundation of fiscal rules by rule, 2018
			5.5. Enforcement mechanisms for fiscal rules, 2013 and 2018
	5.3. Medium Term Expenditure Frameworks
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			5.7. Medium Term perspective in the budget process at the central level of government, 2013 and 2018
			5.8. Use of a medium-term perspective in the budget process, 2013 and 2018
	5.4. Budget Flexibility
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			5.9. Ability of line ministries to carry over unused funds and borrow against future appropriations, 2013 and 2018
			5.10. Authority of the Executive to cut/cancel/rescind spending once the budget has been approved by the Legislature, 2013 and 2018
	5.5. Complementary budgets and reserve funds
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			5.11. Approval of complementary budgets, fiscal years 2010 through 2017
			5.12. Main reason to approve complementary budget between 2014 and 2017, 2018
			5.13. Existence of reserve funds, 2018
	5.6. Earmarked funds
		Methodology and definitions
		Further Reading
		Figure notes
			5.14. Percentage of total expenditure that is pre-assigned, 2018
			5.15. Earmarked sectors, 2013 and 2018
			5.16. Legal basis of budget earmark, 2013 and 2018
	5.7. Budget transparency
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			5.17. Means of availability and transparency of key budgetary information, 2018
			5.18. Elements included in budget presentation to legislature, 2018
	5.8. Stakeholder engagement in the budgetary process
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			5.19. Forms of public consultation and engagement used by public institutions in the budgetary process, 2018
			5.20. Existence of participative budgeting at the central/federal level, 2018
Chapter 6. Human resources management
	6.1. HRM organiSation and delegation
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
			6.1. Central HRM agency function, 2018
			6.2. Location of Central HRM agency, 2018
			6.3. Responsibilities of the central HRM agency, 2018
	6.2. Recruitment and selection
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			6.4. Type of recruitment process for civil service, 2018
			6.5. Proportion of vacancies that are published and open to external recruitment, 2018
	6.3. Flexibility to restructure the public workforce
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			6.9. Feasibility to restructure the public workforce, 2018
			6.10. Frequency of dismissals in the central administration due to restructuring, 2018
	6.4. Training
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			6.11. Institution responsible for co-ordinating, promoting and administering learning for the central public administration, 2018
			6.12. Existence of a civil service-wide training strategy and/or action plan, 2018
			6.13. Identification of training needs and current training priorities, 2018
	6.5. Performance appraisal
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
			6.15. Performance assessment in the central administration, 2018
			6.16. Level of relevance of good performance for career development, 2018
	6.6. Compensation of civil servants
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			6.17. Determination of base pay and use of performance-related pay, 2018
			6.18. Use of seniority-based bonuses, 2018
Chapter 7. Regulatory governance
	7.1. General trends and institutional settings
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			7.1. Explicit policy for regulatory quality, 2015 and 2019
			7.2. High-level responsibility for regulatory quality, 2015 and 2019
			7.3. Bodies promoting and monitoring regulatory policy and their functions, 2019
	7.2. Stakeholder engagement for subordinate regulations
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			7.4. Stakeholder engagement at different stages of rule-making, 2015 and 2019
			7.5. Consideration of consultation comments received, 2019
			7.6. Stakeholder engagement in developing subordinate regulations, 2015 and 2019
	7.3. Regulatory impact assessment for subordinate regulations
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			7.7. Requirements to conduct regulatory impact assessment, 2015 and 2019
			7.8. Regulatory impact assessment conducted in practice, 2015 and 2019
			7.9. Regulatory impact assessment quality control, 2015 and 2019
	7.4. Ex post evaluation and administrative simplification
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			7.10. LAC countries conducting ex post evaluations that analysed whether a regulation has achieved its objectives, 2015 and 2019
			7.11. Approaches to review of primary laws and subordinate regulations in LAC countries, 2019
			7.12. Level of government at which administrative simplification processes have taken place in LAC countries, 2015 and 2019
	7.5. Competition-friendly regulatory environment: the PMR indicators
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			7.13. Economy-wide PMR indicator: a breakdown by major components, 2018
			7.14. Economy-wide PMR indicator, 2018
	7.6. Governance of regulators
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			7.15. Indicator scores by sector and component among Latin American regulators, 2018
			7.16. Body to whom the regulator is directly responsible among Latin American and OECD regulators, 2018
Chapter 8. Open Government Data
	8.1. Open government data: Enabling policy maturity and sustainability
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			8.1. National strategy on Open Government Data and implementation, 2019
			8.2. OURData Index, 2019
	8.2. Data availability: Policy frameworks, stakeholder engagement and data release
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			8.3. Governments’ efforts to ensure data availability, 2019
			8.4. Data availabilty, 2019
	8.3. Data accessibility: open, free and accessible formats
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			8.6. Central data portals, 2019
			8.7. Data accessibility, 2019
	8.4. Engaging users: promoting awareness and re-use of open government data
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			8.8. Efforts to promote re-use of OGD since 2017, 2019
			8.9. Government support for data re-use, 2019
Chapter 9. Public Sector Integrity
	9.1. Mainstreaming integrity policies: Reaching the organisations and all levels of government
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			9.1. Existence of officers or units responsible for the implementation of integrity policies in every ministry, 2018
			9.2. Existence of entities or units dedicated to integrity policies at the sub-national level, 2018
			9.3. Existence and mainstreaming of national strategy to promote integrity, 2018
	9.2. Influence in decision-making through lobbying and political finance
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			9.4. Index Quality of Regulations Against Undue Influence (pilot), 2018
			9.5. Political finance regulations during electoral campaigns, 2018
	9.3. Asset and Interest Disclosure System
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
			9.6. Cross-checks of asset declarations with other databases, 2018
			9.7. Robustness of the Asset and Interest Disclosure System, 2018
	9.4. Risk management and internal audit for public integrity
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			9.8. Standards for internal control include specific principles and practices to manage the risks of fraud and corruption, 2018
			9.9. Existence of audit function in government ministries, 2018
			9.10. Central coordination of the internal audit function, 2018
Chapter 10. Public Procurement
	10.1. Size of public procurement
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			10.1. Government procurement spending as a share of total government expenditures, 2007 and 2017
			10.2. Government procurement spending as percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2017
			10.3. General government procurement spending by level of government, 2007 and 2017
	10.2. Strategic public procurement
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			10.4. Strategic public procurement by objective, 2015 and 2018
			10.5. Approaches in place to support participation of SMEs in public procurement, 2018
	10.3. Electronic government procurement
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			10.6. Functionalities of the e-Procurement System, 2018
			10.7. Integration of the e-procurement system(s) with other e-government technologies, 2018
			10.8. Measuring of efficiencies generated by the use of e-procurement system(s), 2018
	10.4. Central procurement agencies
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			10.10. Role of the procurement regulatory agency, 2018
			10.11. Requirement for contracting authorities of using framework agreements, 2018
	10.5. Procurement and the delivery of infrastructure projects
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			10.12. Entity (or entities) in charge of developing policies for infrastructure projects, 2018
			10.13. Application of public procurement law and regulations to infrastructure projects, 2018
Chapter 11. Core government results
	11.1. Trust in Government
		Methodology and definitions
		Further Reading
		Figure Notes
			11.1. Confidence in national government in 2018 and its change since 2007
			11.2. Confidence in national government by age group, 2018
			11.3. Correlation between confidence in national government and leadership approval, 2018
	11.2. Income inequality and redistribution
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			11.4. Gini coefficient post-taxes and transfers, 2000, 2007 and 2017 or latest available year
			11.5. Ratio S80/S20, 2000, 2007 and 2017 or latest available year
			11.6. Gini coefficient pre and post-taxes and transfers, 2017 or latest available year
	11.3. The Rule of Law
		Methodology and definitions
		Further Reading
		Figure Notes
			11.7. Index on the extent to which those who govern are bound by law 2015 and 2019
			11.8. Index of protection of fundamental rights 2015 and 2019
			11.9. Limited government powers and fundamental rights, 2019
	11.4. Citizen satisfaction with public services and institutions
		Methodology and definitions
		Further reading
		Figure notes
			11.10. Citizen satisfaction with the health care system 2007 and 2018
			11.11. Citizen satisfaction with the education system and schools, 2007 and 2018
			11.12. Citizen confidence in the judiciary and the courts, 2007 and 2018
Annex A. Composite indicator on Use of a medium-term perspective in the budget process
	Composite indicator on Use of a medium-term perspective in the budget process
	Use of a Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) at the central level of government variables, weights and scoring
		Figure A.1. Variables and weights used in MTEF index
Annex B. Classification and definition of occupations
	Classification and definition of occupations
		Table B.1. Classification and definition of occupations
Annex C. OECD Indicators of Regulatory Policy and Governance (iREG) for Latin America 2019
	OECD Indicators of Regulatory Policy and Governance (iREG) for Latin America 2019
	The composite indicator
		Figure C.1. Structure of the composite indicator
		Figure C.2. Categories and sub-categories of the composite indicator
	References
Annex D. OECD methodology for constructing the OURdata Index
	OECD methodology for constructing the OURdata Index
Annex E. Composite indexes on public sector integrity
	Composite indexes on public sector integrity
	Index of Robustness of the Financial and Non-Financial Interest Disclosure System
		Figure E.1. Components of the Index of Robustness of the Financial and Non-Financial Interest Disclosure System
	Index of Quality of Regulations Against Undue Influence
		Figure E.2. Components of the Index of Quality of Regulations against Undue Influence
	References
Annex F. Additional figures accessible online
	Chapter 2. Public finance and economics
	Chapter 4. Institutions (CoG)
	Chapter 5. Budgeting practices and procedures
	Chapter 6. Human resources management
	Chapter 7. Regulatory governance
	Chapter 8. Open Government data
	Chapter 10. Public Procurement
Glossary