Governing Arctic Seas: Regional Lessons from the Bering Strait and Barents Sea: Volume 1 (Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability)

Book Series Preface: Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability
	Introduction to the Book Series
	Globally-Interconnected Civilization
	Science as the “Study of Change”
	Pedagogy of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
	Informed Decisionmaking as the Engine of Science Diplomacy
	Transforming Research and Action
	Balancing National Interests and Common Interests
	References
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Acronyms
Part I: Volume 1: Introduction
	1: Governing Arctic Seas: Sustainability in the Bering Strait and Barents Sea Regions
		1.1	 An Introduction to Marine Ecopolitical Regions
		1.2	 Governing Regional Seas
		1.3	 Regional Seas in the Arctic
			1.3.1	 An Overview of the Bering Strait Region (BeSR)
			1.3.2	 An Overview of the Barents Sea Region (BaSR)
		1.4	 Plan of the Volume
		References
Part II: The Bering Strait Region
	2: Ecosystems of the Bering Strait Region
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Physical Environment
			2.2.1	 Circulation
			2.2.2	 Sea Ice
			2.2.3	 Polynyas and Shoreline Leads
		2.3	 Biology of the Bering Strait
			2.3.1	 Lower Trophic Levels: Plankton
			2.3.2	 Lower Trophic Levels: Benthos
			2.3.3	 Fish
			2.3.4	 Birds
			2.3.5	 Marine Mammals
		2.4	 Shared Natural Resources
			2.4.1	 Fisheries
			2.4.2	 Marine Mammal and Bird Subsistence Harvest Species
			2.4.3	 Protected Areas
		2.5	 Information Needs for an Ecosystem-Based Management Approach
		2.6	 Summary
		References
	3: Economies of the Bering Strait Region
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Economies of the Bering Strait Region
			3.2.1	 Economy of the Russian Bering Strait Region
			3.2.2	 Economy of the Alaska Bering Strait Region
		3.3	 Economic Activities Raising Shared Governance Issues
			3.3.1	 Marine Subsistence
			3.3.2	 Commercial Fishing
			3.3.3	 Marine Transportation
			3.3.4	 Marine Tourism
			3.3.5	 Offshore Energy Development
		3.4	 Conclusions
		References
	4: Sociocultural Features of the Bering Strait Region
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Bering Strait Region of the United States
		4.3	 Distinctive Cultural Features of the US Side of the Bering Strait
		4.4	 Issues of Interest for the Indigenous Residents of the US Side of the Bering Strait
		4.5	 Steps to Enhance the Sustainability of Alaskan Communities
		4.6	 Bering Strait Region of the Russian Federation
		4.7	 Distinctive Cultural Features of the Russian Federation Side of the Bering Strait
		4.8	 Issues of Interest for the Indigenous Residents of the Russian Federation Side of the Bering Strait
		4.9	 Steps to Enhance the Sustainability of Russian Federation Communities
		4.10	 Conclusions
		References
	5: Governing the Bering Strait Region
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Governance Questions in the Bering Strait Region
		5.3	 Data and Evidence for Informed Decisionmaking
			5.3.1	 Increased Access and the Growth of Commercial Shipping
			5.3.2	 Environmental Changes Affecting Human Well-being
		5.4	 Options: Institutions and Infrastructure
			5.4.1	 Institutions
			5.4.2	 Organizational Capacity and Built Infrastructure
		5.5	 Governing the Bering Strait Regime Complex
		5.6	 Conclusion: Future Needs for Governance
		References
Part III: The Barents Sea Region
	6: Ecosystems of the Barents Sea Region
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Physical and Chemical Features of the Barents Sea Region
			6.2.1	 Circulation/Ocean Currents
			6.2.2	 Climate and Temperature
			6.2.3	 Sea Ice
			6.2.4	 Ocean Acidification
		6.3	 The Biology of the Barents Sea Region
			6.3.1	 Plankton
			6.3.2	 Benthos
			6.3.3	 Fish
			6.3.4	 Marine Mammals
		6.4	 Contaminants
		6.5	 Marine Biological Resources
			6.5.1	 Ocean Fisheries
			6.5.2	 Aquaculture
			6.5.3	 Red King Crab and Snow Crab
		6.6	 Marine Areas of Ecological Importance
		6.7	 Summary
		References
	7: Economies of the Barents Sea Region
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Economics of the Barents Sea Region from the Norwegian Perspective
			7.2.1	 Fisheries and Aquaculture
			7.2.2	 Oil and Gas Resources
				7.2.2.1	 Snøhvit Gas
				7.2.2.2	 Goliat Oil and Gas
				7.2.2.3	 Johan Castberg, Wisting Central and Alta/Gohta Field
			7.2.3	 Tourism and Recreational Industry
				7.2.3.1	 Tourism
				7.2.3.2	 Recreation
			7.2.4	 Other Economic Activities in the Barents Sea Region
				7.2.4.1	 Wind and Tidal Energy Production
				7.2.4.2	 Transportation
				7.2.4.3	 Marine Bioprospecting
				7.2.4.4	 The BaSR Forest
			7.2.5	 Employment and Indirect Benefits
		7.3	 Economics of the Barents Sea Region from the Russian Perspective
			7.3.1	 Fisheries
				7.3.1.1	 Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission
			7.3.2	 Oil and Gas Resources
				7.3.2.1	 Barents Sea Shelf
				7.3.2.2	 Pechora Sea Shelf
				7.3.2.3	 Prospects
			7.3.3	 Transportation
			7.3.4	 Mining Industry
				7.3.4.1	 Kola Peninsula
		7.4	 Concluding Remarks
			7.4.1	 Contribution of the Barents Sea Region to the Coastal Communities
			7.4.2	 Sustainable Management of Renewable Resources
			7.4.3	 Associated Costs and Externalities
			7.4.4	 Mining and Maritime Industries and Consequences for Environment
			7.4.5	 Search for Ways to Solve Environmental Problems
		References
	8: The Barents Sea Region in a Human Security Perspective
		8.1	 An Introduction to the Barents Sea Region
		8.2	 The Barents Sea Region in Context
		8.3	 The Barents Sea Region Through the Lens of Human Security
		8.4	 The Place of Indigenous Peoples in the Barents Sea Region
		8.5	 Barents Sea Region Livelihoods
			8.5.1	 Norwegian Experiences
			8.5.2	 Russian Experiences
		8.6	 Cross-Border Relations
		8.7	 The Barents Sea Region in a Global Context
		8.8	 Concluding Observations
		References
	9: Governing the Barents Sea Region
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Governance Questions in the Barents Sea Region
		9.3	 Data and Evidence
			9.3.1	 The Consequences of Biophysical Changes
			9.3.2	 Interactions among Sectoral Developments
		9.4	 Options: Institutions and Infrastructure
			9.4.1	 Institutions
			9.4.2	 Infrastructure
		9.5	 The Future of the Barents Sea Region Regime Complex
		9.6	 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Crosscutting Themes and Analytic Tools
	10: Integrated Ocean Management in the Barents Sea
		10.1	 The Barents Sea: A Rich, Common Ocean Area
		10.2	 Why Develop Integrated Ocean Management in the Barents Sea?
		10.3	 Development of the Management Plan Systems in the Barents Sea
			10.3.1	 Russian–Norwegian Cooperation in the Barents Sea
				10.3.1.1	 Joint Norwegian–Russian Fisheries Commission
				10.3.1.2	 The Joint Norwegian–Russian Commission on Environmental Protection
			10.3.2	 Management Plan Systems in the Two Countries
				10.3.2.1	 Norway
				10.3.2.2	 Russia
			10.3.3	 Purpose of the Plans
				10.3.3.1	 Norway
				10.3.3.2	 Russia
			10.3.4	 Updates and Evolvements
				10.3.4.1	 Norway
				10.3.4.2	 Russia
		10.4	 Development of a Management Plan
			10.4.1	 Norway
			10.4.2	 Russia
			10.4.3	 Valuable and Vulnerable Areas
				10.4.3.1	 Valuable and Vulnerable Areas in the Norwegian Part of the Barents Sea
				10.4.3.2	 Valuable and Vulnerable Areas in the Russian Part of the Barents Sea
			10.4.4	 Involvement of Stakeholders
			10.4.5	 Identifying Knowledge Gaps
			10.4.6	 Species Management
				10.4.6.1	 Species Management in the Norwegian Part of the Barents Sea
				10.4.6.2	 Species Management on the Russian Side of the Barents Sea
			10.4.7	 Sector-Based Actions
				10.4.7.1	 Norway
				10.4.7.2	 Russia
			10.4.8	 Risk Evaluations
			10.4.9	 Ratifications of the Plans
		10.5	 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Systems
			10.5.1	 Strengths and Weaknesses in the Norwegian Management Plan System
			10.5.2	 Strengths and Weaknesses in the Russian Management Plan System
		10.6	 Plans for the Future
		References
	11: Next-Generation Arctic Marine Shipping Assessments
		11.1	 Science Diplomacy and Arctic Shipping
		11.2	 Arctic Shipping Traffic from Satellites
			11.2.1	 Arctic Satellite AIS Data
			11.2.2	 Vector-Based AIS Analyses
			11.2.3	 Arctic Ship Traffic and Sea-Ice
			11.2.4	 Historic Arctic Satellite AIS Baseline
			11.2.5	 Arctic Ship Traffic Patterns
			11.2.6	 Arctic Satellite AIS Intercomparison
		11.3	 Informed Decisionmaking About Arctic Marine Shipping
			11.3.1	 Science-Diplomacy Case Study
			11.3.2	 Next Generation Assessments
		References
	12: Information Ecology to Map the Arctic Information Ecosystem
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Information Ecology
		12.3	 Applying Information Ecology
		12.4	 The Case of the Arctic Information Ecosystem
			12.4.1	 Complexity and Scale in the Arctic Information Ecosystem
			12.4.2	 Preliminary Views of the Arctic Information Ecosystem
			12.4.3	 Potential Application Areas
		12.5	 Future Work and Discussion
			12.5.1	 Technical Representation Model
			12.5.2	 Analytical Approaches
			12.5.3	 Content Analysis
			12.5.4	 Social Network Analysis
		12.6	 Discussion
		12.7	 Conclusion
		References
	13: Mapping and Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Previous Mapping Work in the Study Area
			13.2.1	 Bering Sea and Bering Strait Region
			13.2.2	 Canada
			13.2.3	 Barents Sea Area
		13.3	 The Values of Indigenous Mapping Work
		13.4	 Indigenous Concerns Related to Mapping
		13.5	 Other Challenges Related to Mapping
		13.6	 Mapping Needs for the Future
		13.7	 Conclusion
		References
	14: Building Capacity: Education Beyond Boundaries
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Setting the Scene
		14.3	 Synthesis of Emerging Issues in Bering Strait and Barents Sea Regions
		14.4	 Recommended Skills, Tools, and Experiences Needed to Respond to Emerging Issues
		14.5	 Science Communication
		14.6	 Cross-Cultural Awareness, Sensitivity, and Communication – Through the Lens of Community-Based Research
		14.7	 Partnership and Capacity-Building Approaches to Research Processes and Tool Development
			14.7.1	 Action Research
			14.7.2	 Knowledge Co-Production
			14.7.3	 Partnership and Support-Driven Practice
		14.8	 Network Engagement and Leverage
		14.9	 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Conclusion
	15: Informed Decisionmaking for the Sustainability of Ecopolitical Regions
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Building Common Interests to Achieve Sustainability
		15.3	 Governing Ecopolitical Regions
			15.3.1	 Going beyond Panaceas
			15.3.2	 Dealing with Institutional Interplay
			15.3.3	 Avoiding Institutional Rigidity/Enhancing Institutional Responsiveness
			15.3.4	 Joining Institutions and Infrastructure
			15.3.5	 Developing New Tools
		15.4	 Improving the Practice of Informed Decisionmaking
		15.5	 Conclusion
		References
Index