Governance of Land Use in Korea

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
Assessment and Recommendations
	The governance of land use
		Demographic trends and geographic factors have triggered a focus on urban regeneration
		Korea has a comprehensive planning framework for land-use management, but it lacks flexibility
		While tax policy includes several instruments for achieving spatial objectives, some remain underused
		Local governments depend largely on national transfers
		The land-use planning framework has evolved to promote urban regeneration
		There is room to make the land-use planning system more dynamic
	Urban regeneration
		Urban regeneration is an instrument to revitalise the economy and communities
		The plethora of plans at different spatial scales creates co-ordination challenges
		Busan’s economy is reliant on efficient land use and urban regeneration
		Busan seeks sustainable socio-economic development through physical renewal and culture-led urban regeneration
		Infrastructure, brownfields and smart city initiatives may help catalyse urban regeneration and investment
		Busan is building capacity for urban regeneration through collaborative partnerships
		To operationalise land-use planning and urban regeneration, Korea uses density, zoning and floor area ratios
		To maximise the investments potential, Korea needs to reinforce the urban regeneration strategy
	Citizen engagement
		Citizen engagement is critical for land use and urban regeneration
		Residents are increasingly at the centre of urban regeneration strategies
		Local governments encourage residents to play a more active role in urban regeneration
		Busan has a wide range of tools to foster citizen participation in land-use planning and urban regeneration, but their effectiveness is not assessed
		Korea should revitalise the mechanisms for enhancing citizen participation in urban regeneration
Chapter 1.  Land-use governance in Korea
	The context of spatial planning
		National spatial planning has been evolving
		Urban land share is small and the demand for urban land has decreased
		Korea has a comprehensive regulatory framework for land use and spatial planning
		Vertical and horizontal co-ordination for land-use planning is strong
		Regional and local governments handle detailed land-use plans
		Fiscal instruments to steer land are limited
		The fiscal system does not provide balanced incentives for planning policies
	The governance of land use in Busan
		Land use in Busan is largely influenced by historical events and socio-economic changes
			Unplanned urban growth was the legacy of the Korean War, the consequences of which are still felt
			An ageing and shrinking population is Busan’s most pressing demographic challenge
			Busan’s economic growth is slowing down
		Busan has a limited supply of developable land although demand has decreased
		Inter-departmental co-ordination for land-use planning seems strong
			The city government has dedicated organisations for land-use planning and urban regeneration
			Several sectoral departments take part in land-use planning
			There is a comprehensive but complex planning framework for land use
		The land-use policy focus is shifting from urban expansion to urban regeneration
		The subnational fiscal system is relatively weak
			There is room to introduce broader fiscal instruments in the city
			Local finance and tax scheme create less pressure for expansionary land-use policies in Busan
	Opportunities to strengthen the land-use planning system
		More flexibility and devolution are needed in the zoning regulations
		Mixed land use should be promoted
		Broader fiscal instruments could be employed to meet spatial objectives
		Greater co-ordination between land-use plans is required
		Monitoring and evaluation of land use should be improved
	Notes
	References
		Annex 1.A. Fiscal instruments to manage development
Chapter 2.  Urban Regeneration and Land Use in Korea
	The institutional framework for urban regeneration
		The evolution of urban regeneration in Korea
		A dedicated legislative framework with a complex legislative environment
		Urban regeneration is a plan led system
			Co-ordination is needed between levels of government and between plans
			Spatial development plans should value the qualities of a place
	Urban regeneration in Busan
		Busan’s economy depends on efficient land use and urban regeneration processes
		Public assets and infrastructure may act as catalysts for regeneration
		Urban regeneration in Busan: a mechanism for sustainable socio-economic development.
			Busan supports welfare through culture-led regeneration
			Housing renewal is at the centre of urban regeneration in Korea
		Brownfield sites are catalysts for sustainable regeneration and investment in Busan
		Smart urban regeneration drives inclusive growth in Busan
			Regenerating Busan’s port promotes economic development
		Urban regeneration drives job creation in Busan
		Busan builds capacity for urban regeneration through partnerships
	Operationalising land-use planning and urban regeneration
		Density, zoning and floor area ratios promoting inclusive growth
		Urban regeneration in Korea requires development management instruments and incentives
	Revamping urban regeneration strategies in Busan
		Address complexity and duplication at national and subnational levels.
			Ensure co-ordination in the planning system to avoid inefficiencies
			Evaluate systematically the outcomes and impact of regeneration projects
			Ensure investments are available for urban regeneration projects
			Use urban regeneration as a catalyst for job creation
	Note
	References
Chapter 3.  Citizen participation in land-use planning and urban regeneration in Korea
	Citizen participation is at the core of national urban regeneration policy
		Citizen engagement in public affairs is relatively high in Korea
		Local governments have a key role in enhancing citizen engagement
		Citizens are increasingly at the centre of urban regeneration projects
		Partnering with citizens in service delivery
	Busan’s residents are relatively active in urban regeneration
		Citizen participation in larger regeneration projects is a one-way activity
		Busan Metropolitan Government encourages residents to be more active in urban regeneration
		Busan follows a territorial fragmentation of dialogues
		Matching tools to objectives to facilitate citizen participation
	Enhancing citizen participation in urban regeneration
		Conduct ex ante planning to engage citizens in land-use planning and urban regeneration projects
		Invest in evaluating the outcome of citizen engagement strategies
		Clarify accountability issues in urban regeneration plans
		Improve the environment for effective citizen participation
		Boost the capacities and skills of the local public sector for engaging with citizens
		Explore the potential of digitalisation and new ICT for enhancing citizen participation
	Notes
	References
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