Governance, Regulation and Powers on the Internet

Governance, Regulations and Powers on the Internet......Page 1
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Figures......Page 8
Contributors......Page 9
Introduction......Page 17
1.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.2.1 Innovation, empowerment and collective decision-making capabilities......Page 23
1.2.2 The mutual dependence of democratic governance and the openness of networks......Page 25
1.2.3 In search of new forms of legitimacy......Page 27
1.3.1 Technical regulation as a source of fragmentation......Page 30
1.3.2 Heterarchic governance, co-elaboration and the reordering of norms4......Page 32
1.3.3 Normative consequences of privatization, proceduralization and prevention......Page 34
1.4 How technologies transform the forms of self-governance......Page 37
1.4.1 The automation of governance......Page 38
1.4.2 Characterizing online communities by their purpose......Page 41
1.4.3 Technical artifacts, deliberation and self-policing......Page 43
1.5.1 A shifting balance of powers......Page 45
1.6 Conclusion: toward guarantees provided by the open dynamic of governance processes......Page 49
Part I: The Evolution of Regulatory Frameworks in Perspective......Page 53
2.1 Introduction......Page 55
2.2 The interdependence of commons and property rights......Page 58
2.3 Case 1: equal access in long-distance telephony in the United States......Page 62
2.4 Case 2: internet (TCP/IP)......Page 64
2.5 Case 3: net neutrality......Page 67
2.6 Case 4: internet identifier resources......Page 71
2.7 Summary of the case studies......Page 76
2.8 Conclusion......Page 78
3.1 An economy based on knowledge and modularity......Page 79
3.2.1 The increasing verifiability of transactions and processes......Page 82
3.2.2 Expansion and fragmentation of the knowledge base......Page 83
3.2.3 The centrality of interfaces......Page 85
3.3.1.The challenges of fixed costs distribution......Page 86
3.3.2 The many uncertainties about cost functions......Page 87
3.4.1 The unbundling of network components......Page 89
3.4.2 Strategic games to reshuffle property rights......Page 90
3.5.1 Optimizing in a context of fragmentation......Page 92
3.5.2 The logic of "ex post regulation"......Page 93
3.6.1 The centrality of interfaces......Page 95
3.6.2 Guaranteeing evolution and openness......Page 96
3.7.1 Uncertainty and the difficulty of setting objectives......Page 98
3.7.2 Lobbying and forums to share information......Page 99
3.8.1 Regulation by consensus and competition for knowledge provision......Page 101
3.8.2 A platform combining the three powers......Page 103
3.8.3. A "public" authority to manage dynamic consistency......Page 104
3.9 Conclusion: soft and reflexive regulations......Page 106
4.1 Introduction......Page 109
4.2 The executive, information governance and the informational separation of powers......Page 112
4.3.1 Changes within the separation of powers model......Page 116
4.3.2 Equivalents arising from changes in the democratic environment?......Page 121
4.4 Conclusion: the dialectic nature of informational power......Page 125
5.1 Introduction......Page 128
5.2 The internet as a medium of change......Page 130
5.3 The skill revolution......Page 132
5.4 The organizational revolution......Page 134
5.5 Future frontiers in governance......Page 141
5.6 Conclusion: governance and regulation amid disaggregated authority......Page 145
Part II: Reformulating the Fundamentals for Collective Regulations......Page 147
6.1 Introduction......Page 149
6.2.1 The American libertarian framework of internet regulation......Page 151
6.2.2 A taste of co-regulation......Page 153
6.3 The European Union: co-regulation as a general paradigm......Page 155
6.3.1 A general co-regulation model: toward professionalization and proceduralization......Page 156
6.3.2 Dangerous effectiveness......Page 160
6.4.1 The evolving pattern of internet regulation in China......Page 162
6.4.2 Ruling the rules: transnational struggle for law......Page 164
6.5 Conclusion: internet co-regulation and the rule of law......Page 166
7.1 Introduction......Page 167
7.2 Three explanations for the drivers of reflexive governance......Page 170
7.3 The use of the different strategies in building global democratic legitimacy......Page 173
7.4 Possible governance frameworks......Page 177
7.4.1.1 The International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources......Page 178
7.4.1.2 The open-access movement for digital publications......Page 179
7.4.2.1 The Helsinki process in forest governance......Page 181
7.4.2.2 The Science Commons project on global data integration......Page 182
7.5 Conclusion......Page 184
8.1 Introduction......Page 186
8.2 Legitimacy of institutions......Page 189
8.3 Legitimacy of rules......Page 192
8.4 Legitimacy within communities......Page 196
8.5 Conclusion......Page 200
9.1 Introduction......Page 202
9.2 Varieties of international regulation systems......Page 203
9.2.2 International regime in ICT......Page 204
9.2.3 The democratic dilemma......Page 206
9.3 The strength of being weak: the empowerment of IGOs......Page 207
9.3.1.1 Mandate enlargement......Page 208
9.3.1.2 Coalition......Page 210
9.3.1.3 Nesting......Page 211
9.3.2 Deliberating processes......Page 212
9.3.2.2 Duplication, co-decision and cross-regulation......Page 213
9.4 An information and communication order rebuilt?......Page 214
9.4.1 Less centralization?......Page 215
9.4.2 More centralization?......Page 219
9.5 Conclusion......Page 222
Part III: Self-Regulations, Communities and Private Orders......Page 225
10.1 Introduction......Page 227
10.2 The governance of boundaries......Page 228
10.2.1 Automatic quality control......Page 230
10.2.1.1 Controlling automatic quality control tools......Page 231
10.2.2 A struggle against underhand vandalism......Page 233
10.3 The governance of status......Page 235
10.3.1 The effects of reflexive knowledge on the calculation of reputation......Page 238
10.3.2 Security of profiles......Page 239
10.4 The governance of conflict......Page 240
10.4.1 The struggle against paralysis......Page 241
10.4.2 The struggle against fighting......Page 244
10.5 Conclusion......Page 246
11.1 The regulation of e-groups......Page 248
11.2 Hypothesis and methods......Page 252
11.3 Ordinary regulation......Page 254
11.4 Constituting the group, making it exist and protecting it......Page 255
11.5 Adapting the interaction......Page 257
11.6 Organizing collectively......Page 260
11.7 Conflicts of regulation: identity and list governance......Page 261
11.8 How should the list be represented?......Page 264
11.9 Representation and flow: an equation without any solution......Page 266
11.10 How can the rules be adjusted?......Page 268
11.11 Conclusion......Page 270
12.1 Introduction......Page 273
12.2 The internet as a discrete social sphere......Page 275
12.3 Internet activities as a part of complex cultural dynamics......Page 279
12.4 Conclusion......Page 287
13.1 Introduction......Page 291
13.2 Network coordination principles......Page 295
13.3 Three horizontal constraints......Page 297
13.4.1 The model of co-optation......Page 301
13.4.2 The assembly model......Page 304
13.5 The agglutination process......Page 306
13.6 Conclusion......Page 308
Part IV: The Changing Nature of the Law: Coding, Contracting and Ruling......Page 311
14.1 Introduction......Page 313
14.2 Copyright protected and managed by technology......Page 315
14.3.1 The regulative nature of the technological measure and the anti-circumvention provisions......Page 318
14.3.2 The false neutrality of DRM......Page 320
14.3.3.1 The normative effect of the technological measure: an a priori reservation......Page 322
14.3.3.2 The object of the DRM regulation: the embodiment of the work......Page 323
14.3.3.3 The operation of the DRM regulation: a catalogue of technical acts......Page 325
14.3.4 Copyright law designed by the technology......Page 326
14.4 Conclusion: restore the law in copyright regulation......Page 331
15.1 Introduction......Page 334
15.2 The rise of private ordering in digital networks......Page 336
15.3 Information governance under scrutiny......Page 339
15.3.1 Is this a contract?......Page 341
15.3.2 Blurring distinctions: private/public, contracts/property......Page 343
15.3.3 Markets cannot be trusted to secure optimal access to creative works......Page 344
15.4 Governing access to user-generated content......Page 346
15.4.1 Licensing platforms......Page 347
15.4.2 The dual nature of platforms......Page 349
15.4.3 The dual role of users: a user-producer......Page 351
15.4.4 Different licensing strategies: standardization and modularity......Page 353
15.5 Conclusion......Page 356
16.1 Introduction......Page 360
16.2 Governance framework......Page 363
16.3 Business-to-consumer electronic contracts......Page 366
16.4 Security of electronic contracts......Page 370
16.5 Business-to-business electronic contracts......Page 375
16.6 Conclusion......Page 380
Conclusion......Page 383
17.1 Internet governance: the "What?", "Why?", "How?", "Who?" and "Where?"......Page 384
17.2 Internet governance as a political construct in progress......Page 387
17.2.1 From a narrow technical object to a broad political issue......Page 388
17.2.2 From NWICO to WSIS: revisiting an old conflict......Page 391
17.2.3 Governing an information society without defining its polity......Page 394
17.2.4 From organized civil society actors to policy entrepreneurs......Page 397
17.2.5 The uncertain implications of a new governance territory......Page 400
17.3.1 A threat of rampant fragmentation, beyond democratic and legal control......Page 401
17.3.2 Neutrality in managing access and flows......Page 405
17.3.3 Privacy and identity......Page 409
17.4 Conclusion: the (re)building of national and international orders......Page 411
References......Page 414
Index......Page 452