Golden Dragon & Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-Ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia

Contents
Foreword
Preface
	Conflicts
	Nationalism and Their Impact on Overseas Chinese
	Emotional Attachment to Land of Ancestry
	Summary
Acknowledgements
Chapter One The Lokjins in Thailand
	Lokjins (洛真) in Thailand
	Taksin — The First Sino-Siamese King
	Zheng He’s (郑和) Expedition to Thailand (1371–1433)
	Chinese and the Thai Language
	Opium Smoking and the Pigtailed (辫子) Chinese
	The Chakri Kings and the Pigtail Immigrants
	Thai Kings and the Chinese Influence
	Southeast Asian Cultural Festival
	King Mongkut (孟库) — Rama IV, an Open-Minded King
	Chulalongkorn (朱拉隆宮) — Rama V, the Enlightened King
	The Elephant Statue in Singapore
	Chulalongkorn’s Policy Towards the Chinese
	King Rama VI — The Anti-Chinese Thai King
	Prajadhipok (布拉查希博) Rama VII — The Last King with Power
	King Bhumibol Adulyadej — The Present King
	Prominent Lukjin Thai Political Leaders
		Pridi Banomyong (陈家乐)
		The rise of Field Marshal Phibun Songkhram (銮披坟)
		Prasit Khanchanawat — 巴实 .干乍那越 (许敦茂)
		Thanat Khoman (他纳·柯曼)
		Kukrit Pramoj (克立 .巴寞) (1911–1995)
		Chatichai Choonhavan (察猜 .春哈旺) (1930–1998)
		Chuan Leekpai (吕基文)
		Abhisit Vejjajiva (阿披实) Hakka
	The Chinese Jao Pho (召保) Millionaires in Thailand
	Chinese Schools and Associations in Siam
Chapter Two The Mestizos of the Philippines (混血儿米斯蒂佐)
	Early Intermarriage and the Sulu (苏禄) Royal Family
	The Evolution of the Chinese Mestizo (米斯蒂佐)
	The Emergence of the Mestizos
	Three Massacres Under Spanish Rule
	Treatment of the Mestizos
	The Spanish and American Heritages
	Cultural Delegation of 1963
	Mestizo Names
	Intermingling of Culture Between Chinese and Filipinos
	Religious Syncretism Among the Chinese
	The Culture of Food
	Sino-Filipino Vocabulary
	Conflict Between Mestizos and Chinese
	The Katipunan Revolt (卡蒂布南政变)
	The Spanish Cabercilla System for Ruling the Chinese
	The Gobernadorcilla — The Capitan (甲必丹)
	The Chinese Consulate (中国领事馆)
	Chinese Education in the Philippines
	Clan Associations (宗亲社团)
	The Chinese Press (华人报社)
	The Japanese Occupation
	Post-Independence Stringent Measures Against Chinese
	Federation of Filipino-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (菲华商联合总会)
	Anti-Chinese Sentiments
	The Pagkakaisa (协进会) and Integration
	Kidnapping — The Tsinoys Make a Stand
	Agapito Conchu
	Carlos Palanca Chen Qianshan (陈谦善)
	Jose Ignacio Paua (伊格纳西奥.宝华 — 刘亨赙将军)
	General Manuel Tinio
		Roman T. Ongpin (王彬)
	Leading Political Mestizo Chinese
	Jose Rizal (何塞 .黎窿尔) — Father of the Filipino Nation
	Jose Rizal’s Visit to Singapore
	General Emilio Aguinaldo (阿奎纳多)
	Ramon Magsaysay (拉曼 .麦塞塞)
	Ferdinand Marcos
	Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino (阿基诺)
		Mariano Ponce (马利要诺 .波恩氏)
	Dr. Sun Yat-sen (孙中山) and the Philippines Revolution
		Ralph Nubla (高祖儒)
		The Yangcos 杨哥 (Father and Son)
		Eduardo Conjungco, Jr.
Chapter Three The Mingling of Chinese and Javanese Blood — The Peranakan (土生华人)
	Zheng He’s (郑和) Expeditions to Indonesia and the Spread of Islam
	Zheng He Lays the Foundation to Realise His Dream
	Zheng He’s Other Functions in Indonesia
	The Wali Songo (Nine Saints) and Their Impact on Indonesian Society
		Sunan Ampel Raden Rahmat — Bong Swi Hoe (彭瑞和) (1401–1481)
		Sunan Bonang — Raden Makhdum Ibrahim (彭文安) (1465–1525)
		Sunan Kudus — Ja’far Shadiq (叶德书) (died 1550)
		Sunan Gresik — Maulana Malik Ibrahim
		Sunan Giri — Raden Paku Giri — Swan Liong (萱龙) (1442–1586)
		Sunan Kalijaga — Raden Said — Gan Si Chang (颜子章) (1406–1546)
		Sunan Gunang Jati — Sayid Syarif Hidayahtullah —Toh Ah Bo (1448–1580)
		Sunan Muria — Raden Umar Said (1518–1530)
		Raden Patah (陈金文) and the fall of Majapahit empire
	The Impact of Wali Songo on the Indonesian Society
	How I Came to Learn About Wali Songo
	Dutch Divide and Rule Colonisation Slows Down Assimilation
	The Chinese Under Dutch Colonialism
	The 1740 Tjiliwung Massacre of Chinese (红溪大屠杀)
	The Chinese Kamp and the Peranakan
	The Peranakans (土生) Versus the Sinkheks (新客)
	Oei Tiong Ham (黄仲涵) (1866–1924): The Sugar King
	The Spread of Chinese Nationalism
		Chinese and peranakans before the Indonesian independence
		The pro-China Sin Po group (新报)
		Tjoe Bou San (1891–1825) (朱茂山)
		Kwee Kek Beng (郭克明) (1900–1975)
		The pro-assimilation of peranakan
		The Pro-Indonesian revolution group
		Ko Kwat Tiong (高厥忠) (1896–1970)
	Peranakan in the Eyes of Pribumi Political Parties
	Chinese and Peranakans Under Sukarno Regime
	Thung Liang Lee (汤良礼): 1903–1970 An Outstanding Pro-Indonesian Leader
	Chinese Under the Suharto Regime
		Suharto’s policy of assimilating the Chinese
		Anti-Chinese riots — The worst in history
	Chinese Under President Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur)
		The golden period for Chinese
	The Impact of Chinese Immigrants in Indonesia
		Chinese influence in clothing and customs
		The influence of Chinese medicine
		Influence on music and dance
Chapter Four The Tayoke Kabya and the Kokangese in Myanmar
	The Tayoke Kabya and the Kokangese (果敢人)
	Cultural Characteristics and Intermarriage of the Burmese and Chinese
	Characteristics of the Tayoke Kabya
		No surnames (无姓)
	The Chinese in Burma
	The Fujianese and Cantonese in Burma
	The Guang (广) and Jin (金) Chinese Ships
	Mutual Influences Between Chinese and Burmese
	Burmese Superstition
	Visit to Burma and Conversation with U Nu (吴努)
	Impression of Yangon (仰光)
	The Chinese Coolie Keng (苦力间) in Rangoon
	The Rise of Chinese Nationalism
	Anti-Japanese Activities and the Exodus of Chinese
	Chinese after Burma’s Independence
	Prominent Tayoke Kabya During British Occupation
	Other Prominent Tayoke Kabyas
	Ne Win (奈温) (1911–2002)
		Khin Nyunt (钦玉) — The head of secret police (b. 1939)
		San Yu (山友) (1918–1996)
		Aung Gyi
		Maung Aye (蒙艾) (b. 1937)
		U Kyi Maung (1920–2004)
		U Kyaw Win (宇高文)
		Tay Za (铁沙)
	Downturn in Sino-Burma Relations
	Impact of Chinese Cultural Revolution on Sino-Burmese Relations
	Kokangere (果敢) — The Chinese Minority
	Kokang
	Yang Wen Ping (杨文炳)
	Khun Sa (坤沙) and Burma’s Drug Barons (1934–2004)
	The Last Ming Emperor in Burma
Chapter Five The Konkat-Cen in Cambodia
	The Story of Tun Ciy
	Early Origins of Chinese in Cambodia
	Ethnic Chinese in the Khmer Vocabulary
	Chinese Dialect Groups in Cambodia and Intermarriage
	Cambodian Customs and Traditions
	Cambodian Attitudes Towards Cenhaw
	The Chinese Under French Rule
	Chinese Influence in Cambodian Civilisation and Culture
	Chinese Schools Ignored Khmer Language and Culture
	Assimilating the Chinese in Cambodia
	Conditions of Chinese After Cambodian Independence
	The Chinese Under Norodom Sihanouk (西哈努克)
	First Visit to Phnom Penh (金边印象)
	Chinese Newspapers: Past and Present
	Chinese Clan Associations
	The Secret Societies
	Sihanouk vis-a-vis Chinese Cultural Revolution
	Impact of Chinese Cultural Revolution on Cambodia
	The Konkat-Cen in Cambodia
	Chinese Under Lon Nol (龙诺) Regime
	Draconian Assimilation
	Pol Pot (波尔布特)
	Chinese Blood in Khmer Leaders
	Ieng Sary’s (殷沙里) Visit to Singapore
	Khieu Samphan (乔森番)
	Son Sen (宋成) (1930–1997)
	Present-Day Cambodian Leaders with Chinese Blood
		Sok An (素安) — Deputy Prime Minister
		Hor Namhong (何南丰) — Foreign Minister
		Supala Cheah (谢索帕拉)
		The Rise of Hun Sen (洪森)
		Hun Sen: The Cambodian ‘strongman’
	Hun Sen’s Attitude Towards the Chinese
	The Chinese and Konkat-Cen in Cambodia
	Dialect Groups Today in Cambodia
	The Konkat-Cen in Cambodia
	The Cen-Deykok (他国人) — New Chinese Immigrants
	The Great Exodus of Refugees from Cambodia
	The Chinese Under Heng Samrin (韩桑林) Regime
	The Arrest of Ieng Sary and Khieu Samphan
	Ta Mok (大目) (1924–2006)
	Nuon Chea — Chief Ideologist of Khmer Rouge
	The Return of Chinese Refugees
	The Return of Yang Qi Chiew (杨启秋)
Chapter Six The Minh Huong (明乡) of Vietnam
	The Story of Meng Her (孟获)
	The Minh Huong of Vietnam
	Ming’s Assimilation of Vietnamese
	Third Minh Huong King Ly Cong Uan (李公蕴) (974–1028)
	China’s Recognition of Vietnam’s Independence
	Self-Exiled Chinese Generals and the Beginning of Minh Huong
	End of Ming and Beginning of Qing Dynasty
	The Vietnamese Bias Against the Minh Huong
	Vietnamese Alphabet: Chu Nom (字喃)
	The Romanisation of Vietnamese Script
	China’s Influence on Vietnamese Language and Culture
	Chinese in Vietnam Under French Rule
	Prominent Chinese Military Generals
		Liu Yung Fook
		Chen Shang Chuan (陈上川)
	Top Minh Huong Ministers in Vietnam
	Japanese Occupation
		Ngo Dinh Diem (吴廷炎)
	My Early Visits to Saigon
		Hanoi (河内)
	The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
	Vietnamese Independence and the Boat People
	Present-Day Chinese in Vietnam
	Overcoming the Persecution Complex
Chapter Seven Sino-Laos and the Hmong (苗) in Laos
	Ancient Sino-Laos Relations
	Intermarriages Between Chinese and Laotians
	Cultural Characteristics of Chinese and Sino-Laotians
	Ethnic Diversity in Laos
	The Royal Half-Brothers
		Phetsarath Rattanavongsa — pro-royalty (1890–1959)
		Prince Souvanna Phouma (1901–1984)
		Prince Souphanouvong (1909–1995)
	Pathet Lao Communists
		Laotian Communist Treatment of the Chinese
	Spartan Laos
	The Chinese Migration to Laos
	Pre-War and Post-War Chinese Migration in Laos
	Sino-Laos and the New Wave of Chinese Immigrants
		Chinese Community Institutions in Vientiane
		The Chinese in Laos: A dynamic and strategic concept
	Laotian Dance Troupe in Singapore
	Impressions of Vientiane (万象)
	Present-Day Sino-Laos Relations
	The Hmongs (苗族) in Laos
	The Ly (李) and Lo (罗) Clans in Laos
	Hmong’s Connection with Drugs and Narcotics
	The Secret War
	The Plain of Jars (查尔平原)
	Pathet Lao Action Against Hmongs
	Cultural Characteristics of the Hmongs
	Hmong Marital Culture
	Funeral Rites
Chapter Eight Baba (峇峇) and Nyonya (娘惹) in Malaysia
	Chinese Migration to Malaya
	Baba (峇峇) and Nyonya (娘惹) in Malaysia
	The Babas
	The Origin of Babas
	The Babas (峇峇) and Sinkhek (新客)
	Baba (峇峇) and Sinkhek (新客) in Malaysia
	Bukit China (中国山) in Malacca
	Zheng He’s (郑和) Expedition to Malacca
	China’s Historic Links with Malaysia
	The Kapitan Cina in Malaya
	Chinese Secret Societies (私会党)
		Cheng Keng Quee (郑景貴)
		Loke Yew (陆佑) (1845–1917)
		Yap Ah Loy (叶亚来)
	Dr. Sun Yat-sen (孙中山) in Penang (槟城)
	The Rise of the Babas
		The Baba Culture
		My Baba background
		The Babas and their ancestor worship and religion
	Racial Relations Between Malays and Chinese
	The Decline of the Babas and the Riseof Chinese Nationalism
	Ethnic Clashes Between Malays and Chinese After the World War II
	The Political Vacuum After Japanese Defeat
		Chin Peng (陈平)
		Sir Cheng Lock Tan (陈祯禄, 1883–1960)
	The Federation of Malaya Agreement
	Malayan Politics — MacMichael Treaty and the Emergence of UMNO
		Tengku Abdul Rahman (1903–1990)
	May 13 Riots in Kuala Lumpur
	Contradictions in Malay–Chinese Relationship
	The New Economic Policy (NEP) to Protect Malay Interests
	How Long would NEP Continue?
	The Stumbling Block to Assimilation
	Abdullah Badawi
	Penampang Chinese in Kadazan Village
	The Early Kapitan Cina of Sabah
	The Secret Societies in Sabah
	Education for Sabah Chinese
	The Japanese Occupation
	The Story of Sarawak (砂拉越)
	The White Rajahs of Sarawak
	Post-War Political Activities of the Chinese
	Intermarriages Between Chinese and Ibans–Dayaks
	Wong Nai Siong (黄乃裳) (1849–1924)
	Wee Kheng Chiang (黄庆江, 1890–1978)
Chapter Nine Westernised Singaporeans
	Babas and Nyonyas
	Babas (峇峇) and Sinkheks (新客)
	Tan King Hee (陈钦喜) and Tan King Chin (陈钦真)
	Huang Zun Xian (黄遵宪)
	Impact of Chinese Emperor’s Decree
	The Impact of Huang Zun Xian (黄遵宪) on Singapore Chinese
	Three Straits Heroes
		Dr. Lim Boon Keng (1869–1957)
		Song Ong Siang (宋旺相)
		Dr. Wu Lien Teh (伍连德) (1879–1960)
	The Straits Chinese Clubs (海峡华人公会)
	The Rise of Chinese Nationalism
		Teo Eng Hock (张永福) (1871–1957)
		Lim Nee Soon (林义顺) (1869–1957)
		Hoo Ah Kee (胡亚基) (1816–1880)
		Khoo Sook Yuen (邱菽园) (1874–1941)
	The Awakening of China Consciousness
	The Emergence of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
		Lim Bo Seng (林谋盛)
	Politics
		Lee Kong Chian (李光前) and Hartal (1893–1967)
	The British Supported the United Malay National Organisation
	The Rendel Constitution
	Chinese-Educated Leaders and Local Politics
	David Marshall’s Government
	Struggle for Power Within PAP
	Lee Kuan Yew and Fang Chuang Pi
		Ong Eng Guan (王永元)
	Pro-Communist Versus PAP
	The 1963 General Elections
	Tan Lark Sye Loses His Citizenship (陈六使)
	PAP Wins Three Malay-Dominated Seats
	Racial Riots in Singapore
	Malaysian Malaysia Solidarity Convention
	The Secession of Singapore from Malaysia
	Challenges after Independence
	The Westernised Singaporeans
	Singapore’s Relations with China after Independence
	Lee Kuan Yew (李光耀) — The Man Who Tamed the Tiger
	Dr. Goh Keng Swee (吴庆瑞)
	Second-Generation PAP Leaders
		Goh Chok Tong (吴作栋)
		Dr. Tony Tan Keng Yam (陈庆炎)
Chapter Ten Brunei: Land of the Smiling People
	Ong Sun Ping (黄森屏) and the Royal Family
	Ong Sun Ping and the Dragon Pearl
	The Tomb of Ong Sun Ping
	Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah
	Prominent Chinese in Brunei
	Dato Seri Paduka Lim Jock Seng (拿督林玉成)
	The Chinese Community and Chinese Middle School
	Brunei–China Business Cooperation
	Ministry of Religion
	Brunei–China History and Chinese Migration
	The Brunei King Who Died in Nanjing
	Customs and Habits of Poni People
	Chinese Ties with Dusuns
	Kapitan Cina in Brunei
	Sultan Hassanal’s Relations with the Chinese Community
		Louis Lim
	Present-Day China’s Relation with Brunei
	Malcolm Steward Hannibal McArthur
		Tan Kim Chooi (陈金水)
	Brunei Chinese Under Japanese Occupation
	Azahari’s Revolt in 1962
	Why Brunei Did Not Join Malaysia
Index