Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology

Contents......Page 6
Preface Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology......Page 8
1.1.1 Quest for gold and gold production......Page 12
1.1.2 Gold as jewels and artefacts......Page 14
1.1.3 Gold for monetary exchanges and the gold standard......Page 15
1.1.4 Gold for human well-being: food, drinks and medicine......Page 16
1.1.5 Gilding gold and gold-like lustre......Page 18
1.2.1 The Lycurgus cup......Page 19
1.2.2 Medieval period......Page 21
1.2.3 Fifteenth and sixteenth centuries......Page 22
1.2.4.1 Purple of Cassius......Page 23
1.2.4.2 Kunckel glass......Page 25
1.2.4.3 Perrot glass......Page 26
1.2.5 Gold ruby glass in the eighteenth century......Page 27
1.2.6 Gold ruby glass and cranberry glass in the nineteenth century......Page 28
1.2.7 Pink enamel porcelain: Rose Pompadour and Famille Rose......Page 29
1.3.1 Elucidation of the constitution of the Purple of Cassius in the nineteenth century......Page 30
1.3.2 Chemical approach to the formation of the Purple of Cassius......Page 32
1.3.3 Chemical approach to the preparation of gold ruby glass......Page 33
1.4 Conclusion......Page 35
References......Page 37
2.1 Introduction......Page 40
2.2.1 Crystal structure......Page 41
2.2.3 Magnetic and electrical properties......Page 42
2.3.1 The relativistic contraction of the radius of gold atoms......Page 43
2.4 Chemical Properties of Gold in Relation to Its Neighbours......Page 46
2.5 The Aurophilic Bond......Page 48
2.6 Dependence of Physical and Chemical Properties of Gold on Particle Size......Page 49
2.7 Conclusion......Page 51
References......Page 52
3.1 Introduction......Page 54
3.3.1 Optical properties of metals......Page 56
3.3.3 Plasmon resonance at surfaces, SPR......Page 58
3.3.4 Localized surface plasmon resonance in nanoparticles, LSPR......Page 61
3.4.2 The quasistatic approximation for describing the localized plasmon resonance......Page 62
3.4.3 Extinction and scattering cross sections......Page 65
3.4.4 Experimental illustrations......Page 66
3.4.6 Beyond the quasistatic and dipolar approximations......Page 68
3.5.1 Influence of the surrounding medium......Page 70
3.5.2 Plasmon resonance of ellipsoids and other shapes......Page 72
3.5.3 The case of very small (less than 5 nm) and very large gold nanoparticles (greater than 60 nm)......Page 76
3.6.1 Supported gold nanoparticles......Page 78
3.6.2 Nanoparticle coupling......Page 80
3.6.3 Effective medium approximation methods......Page 81
3.7 Conclusion......Page 82
References......Page 83
4.1 Introduction......Page 86
4.2.1 Introduction: the key role of electron-phonon scattering......Page 87
4.2.2 A series of energy exchanges......Page 88
4.2.3 Athermal regime......Page 91
4.2.4.1 Two-temperature model......Page 94
4.2.4.2 Three-temperature model......Page 95
4.2.5.1 Different approaches depending on the heat transfer characteristics......Page 96
Heating the nanoparticle surroundings......Page 101
Influence of the NP density......Page 105
4.3 Thermo-Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 106
4.3.2 Gold nanoparticles......Page 107
4.4 Melting Point Depression in Gold Nanoparticles......Page 109
Acknowledgements......Page 110
References......Page 111
5.1 Introduction......Page 114
5.2.1 Structure and size range of gold nanoparticles......Page 115
5.2.3 Surface energy and particle morphology......Page 117
5.2.4.3 Theoretical simulation......Page 119
5.3.1 Kinetic consideration for highly monodisperse nanoparticles......Page 120
5.3.2 Chemical reduction of gold precursors......Page 121
5.3.2.1 Chemical reduction in aqueous media......Page 123
5.3.2.2 Chemical reduction in organic media......Page 125
5.3.2.3 Synthesis in micelles......Page 126
5.3.3.1 Photochemical and radiolytic methods......Page 127
5.3.3.3 Sonochemical method......Page 129
5.4 Shape Control of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 130
5.4.2 Selective binding of capping reagents......Page 131
5.4.3 Underpotential deposition of heterometallic additives......Page 133
5.4.4 Galvanic replacement......Page 134
5.5 Surface Functionality of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 136
5.5.1 Monomeric thiol and amine molecules......Page 137
5.5.2 Surface regulating polymers......Page 138
5.5.3 Secondary modification......Page 140
5.5.4 Biological materials......Page 141
5.6 Conclusion......Page 142
References......Page 143
6.1 Introduction......Page 150
6.2 Gold Nanoparticles on Powder Inorganic Supports......Page 151
b. Anion adsorption......Page 152
a. Deposition-precipitation at fixed pH......Page 154
b. Deposition-precipitation at increasing pH with urea......Page 155
a. Cation adsorption......Page 156
b. Preparations involving organogold precursors......Page 157
6.2.2 Deposition of preformed gold nanoparticles (reduction-deposition)......Page 158
6.2.2.1 Gold colloids......Page 159
6.2.2.2 Gold in micelles or in dendrimers......Page 161
6.2.3.1 Photo-deposition......Page 162
6.2.3.2 Sonication......Page 163
6.2.3.3 Microwave irradiation......Page 164
6.3.1 Gold embedded into a matrix......Page 165
6.3.2 Gold in a porous matrix......Page 167
6.4.1 Deposition-reduction......Page 170
6.5 Gold Nanoparticles on Planar Surfaces......Page 171
6.5.1 Non-ordered deposition......Page 172
6.5.2 Ordered deposition......Page 173
Acknowledgements......Page 175
References......Page 176
7.1 Introduction......Page 182
7.2 The Origin of Gold’s Catalytic Properties......Page 183
7.3 Concepts of Catalysis as Applied to Gold......Page 184
7.4 The Chemisorption of Simple Molecules on Gold Nanoparticles......Page 185
7.5.1 The oxidation of carbon monoxide......Page 187
7.5.2 Selective oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen......Page 190
7.5.3 Catalysis of the water-gas shift......Page 192
7.5.4 Synthesis of hydrogen peroxide......Page 193
7.5.5 Selective oxidation of organic molecules......Page 196
7.5.6 Hydrogenation......Page 198
7.5.7 Reactions of environmental importance......Page 200
7.6 Electrocatalysis......Page 202
7.8 Conclusion......Page 204
References......Page 205
8.1 Introduction......Page 210
8.2 Background......Page 212
8.3 Surface Structures of Gold Single Crystals......Page 214
8.4 Morphology of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 216
8.5 Planar Supports......Page 219
8.6.1 Physical vapour deposition......Page 221
8.6.2 Cluster deposition......Page 224
8.6.3 Reactive deposition methods......Page 227
8.6.4 Deposition of ordered particles......Page 228
8.7.1 Nucleation and growth......Page 230
8.7.2 Particle size effects on the reactivity......Page 233
8.7.3 Environmental effects......Page 235
Acknowledgements......Page 237
References......Page 238
9.1 Introduction......Page 244
9.2 Clusters in Gas Phase......Page 246
9.2.1 Cationic clusters Au......Page 247
9.2.2 Anionic clusters Au......Page 248
9.2.3 From flakes to cages to tubes: Anionic clusters with N=13–24......Page 253
9.2.4 Au-16 : The smallest golden cage and the manifestation of shell closing of 18 delocalized electrons......Page 255
9.2.5 Anionic clusters with N > 30......Page 256
9.3.1 Synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoparticles......Page 258
9.3.2 The noble metal-thiolate bond......Page 261
9.3.3 Early theoretical models......Page 263
9.3.4 The “Divide and Protect” concept......Page 264
9.3.5 The experimental breakthroughs: X-ray crystallography for all-thiolate protected Au102 and Au25 clusters and the success of the superatom model......Page 266
9.3.6 Phosphine-stabilized Au11 and Au39 clusters: superatoms with 8 and 34 electrons......Page 271
9.3.7 The unifying superatom concept......Page 272
9.3.8 Use of the superatom concept to understand the reactivity of gold clusters: dioxygen activation and CO oxidation......Page 273
9.3.9 Outlook and challenges for theory......Page 277
References......Page 279
10.1 Introduction......Page 284
10.2.1 LSPR sensing: concept and motivation......Page 285
10.2.2 Sensitivity of LSPR sensors......Page 286
10.2.3 State of the art in LSPR sensing: from single particle to engineered architectures......Page 287
10.2.4 Towards integrated biosensing platforms......Page 290
10.3 Gold Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for Bio-imaging: Application to Cancer Diagnosis......Page 291
10.3.1.1 Reflectance microscopy......Page 292
10.3.1.3 Enhanced-fluorescence microscopy......Page 294
10.3.2.1 Multiphoton imaging......Page 295
10.3.2.2 SERS imaging......Page 297
10.3.2.3 Two-photon induced Luminescence......Page 298
10.3.3 Photo-acoustic imaging......Page 299
10.4.1 Optimizing heat generation in gold nanoparticles......Page 301
10.4.2 Photothermal therapy (Thermal ablative therapy)......Page 304
10.4.3 Drug delivery......Page 305
10.5 Conclusion......Page 306
References......Page 307
11.1 Introduction......Page 310
11.2 Gold Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization for Biological Applications......Page 311
11.2.1 Surface modification of AuNPs......Page 312
11.2.2 Functionalization of AuNPs with targeting molecules......Page 314
11.2.3 Biocompatibility......Page 315
11.3.1 Optical techniques based on the use of gold nanoparticles......Page 316
11.3.1.1 SPR based techniques......Page 318
11.3.1.2 Gold nanoparticles and fluorescence......Page 320
11.3.1.3.1 Detection of biological molecules by lateral diffusion......Page 322
11.3.1.3.2 Gold nanoparticles and bio-barcodes......Page 325
11.3.1.3.4 Gold nanoparticles and amperometric detection......Page 327
11.3.2 Gold nanoparticles as a cellular tracker......Page 329
11.4.1 Gene gun......Page 331
11.4.2 AuNPs for targeting cells......Page 332
11.4.3 AuNPs as carriers for tumour treatment......Page 334
11.4.4 AuNPs and hyperthermia for tumour treatment......Page 335
11.4.4.1 Hyperthermia treatment......Page 336
11.4.4.2 Drug delivery by photo-induced heating......Page 337
References......Page 339
12.1 Introduction......Page 344
12.2.1 The toxicological approach, applied to nanoparticles......Page 345
12.2.2 Biokinetics and target organs of AuNPs after systemic exposure......Page 349
12.2.3 Translocation of gold nanoparticles through physiological barriers......Page 351
12.2.4 Cellular toxicity, in vitro studies......Page 353
12.3.1 What can make NPs toxic for the environment?......Page 354
12.3.2 Impact of AuNPs on unicellular organisms: bacteria and algae......Page 356
12.3.3 Impact of AuNPs on aquatic organisms: daphnids, bivalves, fishes......Page 359
12.3.4 Impact of gold nanoparticles on plants......Page 361
References......Page 362
13.1 Introduction......Page 366
13.2.1 Applications of the optical and electronic properties of gold......Page 367
13.2.2 Sinter inks......Page 368
13.2.3 Spectrally selective coatings......Page 369
13.2.4 Non-linear optical applications......Page 370
13.2.6 Single electron conductivity and quantum devices......Page 372
13.3 Catalytic Applications......Page 373
13.4.3 Use in paint and polymers......Page 374
13.5.1 Refractometric sensors......Page 375
13.5.2 Colorimetric assays and related diagnostic techniques......Page 376
13.5.4 Contrast enhancement in electron and optical microscopy......Page 378
13.5.6 Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy......Page 379
13.6 Potential or Actual Therapeutic Applications......Page 380
13.6.2 Gene therapy......Page 381
13.6.4 Hyperthermal techniques......Page 382
13.8 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 384
References......Page 385
1.1 Catherine Louis......Page 390
1.2 Geoffrey Bond......Page 391
1.4 Bruno Palpant......Page 392
1.5 Dahea Seo......Page 393
1.7 Shamil Shaikhutdinov......Page 394
1.8 Hannu Häkkinen......Page 395
1.9 Romain Quidant......Page 396
1.11 Marie Carrière......Page 397
1.12 Michael Cortie......Page 398
Index......Page 400