Gold Mining: Formation and Resource Estimation, Economics and Environmental Impact

GOLD MINING: FORMATION AND RESOURCE ESTIMATION, ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
ABSTRACT......Page 15
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 16
2. CONTROLLING PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH ORE BODY FORMATION AND MINERALIZATION WITHIN THE UPPER CRUST OF THE EARTH......Page 18
3. UNDERSTANDING SOME TYPICAL KINDS OF DYNAMIC MECHANISMS OF ORE BODY FORMATION AND MINERALIZATION USING THE COMPUTATIONAL GEOSCIENCE METHODOLOGY......Page 20
3.1. General Patterns of Ore Body Formation and Mineralization Associated with Convective Pore-fluid Flow within Hydrothermal Systems......Page 21
3.2. General Patterns of Gold Mineralization Associated with Convective Pore-fluid Flow within Layered Hydrothermal Systems......Page 27
3.3. General Patterns of Ore Body Formation and Mineralization Associated with Focusing and Mixing of Pore-fluids within Two-dimensional Geological Fault Zones......Page 35
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 41
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
ABSTRACT......Page 47
NTRODUCTION......Page 48
A CASE STUDY OF GIS APPLICATION IN GOLD MINING......Page 50
Data Collection......Page 51
Geology of Nome Area......Page 52
Glaciations......Page 53
Economic Geology......Page 54
Geodatabase Development......Page 55
Nome Offshore Gold Resource Analysis......Page 56
Data Visualization......Page 57
Sediment Data Analysis......Page 58
Gold Distribution with Sediment Type......Page 59
Spatial Gold Distribution......Page 60
Resource Estimation......Page 62
Geostatistical Analysis......Page 63
Data Characterization......Page 64
Interpolation Approaches......Page 66
Comparison of Ore Tonnage......Page 67
Web Server......Page 70
Website of Nome Offshore Mineral Resource Management and Utilization......Page 71
Articles in Journals......Page 73
Reports and Theses......Page 74
Electronic Media......Page 75
ABSTRACT......Page 77
Topography......Page 78
Climate......Page 79
Geology......Page 80
Hydrogeology and Hydrology......Page 81
HISTORY OF MINING IN ROSIA MONTANA AREA......Page 82
RESULTS AND DISCUSION......Page 83
CONCLUSIONS......Page 100
REFERENCE......Page 102
ABSTRACT......Page 105
INTRODUCTION......Page 106
Conventional Evaluation Techniques......Page 107
Real Options Valuation......Page 108
VALUING A GOLD MINING PROJECT......Page 110
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS USING THE STATIC NPV TECHNIQUE......Page 111
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS USING ROV......Page 114
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 121
ABSTRACT......Page 125
FORMS OF GOLD OCCURRENCE; MINING AND PROCESSING METHODS......Page 126
THE BIRIMIAN......Page 128
THE TARKWAIAN......Page 129
ARTISANAL MINING......Page 132
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF MINING IN GHANA......Page 133
LAND DEGRADATION......Page 134
POLLUTION OF WATER BODIES......Page 135
ACID MINE DRAINAGE......Page 136
TRACE METAL POLLUTION......Page 138
CYANIDE......Page 144
CONCLUSION......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
INTRODUCTION......Page 151
SMALL SCALE MINING......Page 152
GOLD BOOM IN GHANA......Page 153
Vegetation and Forest Degradation......Page 154
HUMAN HEALTH......Page 155
SUMMARY......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
ABSTRACT......Page 159
INTRODUCTION......Page 160
GEOLOGIC AND STRUCTURAL SETTING......Page 162
GOLD MINERALIZATION......Page 166
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION......Page 169
The Distal Chlorite-Calcite Zone (Chlorite+Calcite±Biotite±Pyrite±Sericite±Epidote)......Page 171
The Intermediate Sericite-Chlorite Zone (Sericite+Chlorite+Pyrite±Biotite)......Page 172
The Proximal Pyrite-Sericite Zone (Quartz+Pyrite+Sericite±Albite)......Page 175
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE ALTERED WALLROCKS......Page 176
Elemental Changes Associated with Different Types of Alteration......Page 177
Alteration Diagrams......Page 180
Whole Rock δ18O Values......Page 187
δ34S Values of Sulfides......Page 189
Alteration Model......Page 190
Mineralization Type and Hydrothermal Alteration Characteristics......Page 191
Stable Isotope Systematics......Page 192
CONCLUSIONS......Page 193
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
INTRODUCTION......Page 201
DE-INDUSTRIALISATION, JOB LOSS AND LOCAL RESPONSE......Page 202
RECENT TRENDS IN SOUTH AFRICA’S GOLD AND COAL INDUSTRY......Page 203
LOCAL RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC CRISES......Page 204
Other Initiatives......Page 205
The Response of Utrecht in the KwaZulu-Natal Coalfields......Page 206
Arts and Crafts Association......Page 207
Summary......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
ABSTRACT......Page 213
INTRODUCTION......Page 214
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN......Page 216
CAPABILITY OF THE WILD PLANTS CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO LOW OR MODERATE CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS IN SOIL FOR THE INDUCTION OF PHYTOCHELATINS......Page 217
SPECIFIC ROLE OF METALS IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHYTOCHELATINS IN PLANTS, NATURALLY EXPOSED TO A WIDE RANGE OF ELEMENTS......Page 218
SOIL PARAMETERS IN RELATION TO THE INDUCTION OF PCS IN WILD PLANTS......Page 219
REFERENCES......Page 224
INDEX......Page 227