Going Digital: Shaping Policies, Improving Lives

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Editorial: Making digital transformation work for growth and well-being
	Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework
Table of Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Understanding digital transformation
	Introduction
		1.1. What is digital transformation?
	The digital technology ecosystem
		1.1. An ecosystem of interdependent digital technologies
		Internet of Things
		Next-generation wireless networks: “5G” and beyond
		Cloud computing
		Big data analytics
		Artificial intelligence
		Blockchain
		Computing power
		The combination of technologies in one digital ecosystem multiplies their potential
	The data revolution
		Recognising data as a critical resource
			1.2. Consumer Internet videos make up almost half of global IP traffic
			1.2. Content delivery networks and local caching of data
			1.3. Disentangling different types of data
		Extracting insights from data creates value
		Identifying key challenges related to data
	Key properties (“vectors”) of digital transformation and evolving business models
		Scale, scope and speed
			1.1. Vectors of digital transformation: Scale, scope and speed
			1.4. Business models based on digital payment innovations
		Ownership, assets and economic value
			1.2. Vectors of digital transformation: Ownership, assets and economic value
			1.5. Business models that combine online and offline features
		Relationships, markets and ecosystems
			1.3. Vectors of digital transformation: Relationships, markets and ecosystems
			1.6. Business models using online platforms
	Notes
	References
Chapter 2. Enhancing Access
	Enhancing access: what matters most for policy?
	Prepare for more people and things going online than ever before
		2.1. There are more mobile broadband subscriptions than people in the OECD
		2.2. Connected devices are on the rise
	Invest in broadband to empower future technologies
		2.3. Investing in fibre backhaul can increase speeds across all technologies
	Promote competition and remove barriers to investment to boost connectivity
		2.4. Barriers to entry and competition are the most common telecommunication services trade restrictions
	Expand access in rural and remote areas to connect everyone
		2.5. Rural areas lag behind urban and other areas in broadband access at sufficient speeds
	Enhance access to data to unleash its potential
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3. Increasing effective use
	Increasing effective use: what matters most for policy?
	Foster more sophisticated Internet usage for all
		3.1. Significant scope remains for more people to become sophisticated Internet users
	Realise the potential of digital government
		3.1. Public-private co-operation on the collection of value-added tax on online sales
		3.2. The uptake of digital government services differs significantly across countries
	Boost adoption, diffusion and effective use of digital tools in firms, especially small and medium-sized enterprises
		3.3. Large potential remains for diffusion of digital tools among firms, especially small and medium-sized enterprises
		3.2. Uneven adoption and diffusion of digital technologies help explain the digital “productivity paradox”
			3.4. The gap in multi-factor productivity growth is widening
		3.3. Support and better target policies to small and medium-sized enterprises
	Leverage skills for people, firms and governments to thrive in the digital age
		3.5. Many adults lack sufficient problem-solving skills for technology-rich environments
	Address mistrust to increase online engagement
		3.6. Security concerns deter online engagement
	Notes
	References
Chapter 4. Unleashing innovation
	Unleashing innovation: what matters most for policy?
	Promote start-ups and young firms
		4.1. Digital-intensive sectors have higher churn
		Encourage diversified financing options for new firms
			4.2. The ICT sector attracts VC investment
	Mobilise the public and private sectors to support science and digital innovation
		4.3. R&D, especially in information industries, is a key driver of digital innovation
		4.4. Many countries lag behind in ICT patenting
	Provide support and incentives to all innovators
		4.1. Open science
	Realise open government data’s potential to drive digital innovation
		4.5. Much potential exists to further open up public sector data
	Prepare to reap the promises of digital innovation in sectors
		4.2. The Fintech revolution
		4.3. The digitalisation of agriculture
		Policy experimentation supports digital innovation in sectors
	Notes
	References
Chapter 5. Ensuring good jobs for all
	Ensuring good jobs for all: what matters most for policy?
	Digital transformation is creating many new job opportunities, but is also challenging many existing jobs
		5.1. A significant share of jobs could be affected by automation
		5.2. Digital-intensive sectors contribute to job creation
	Prepare workers for many new jobs and changes to existing ones
		5.3. Labour markets have polarised in nearly all OECD countries
	Empower people with a mix of skills to succeed in a digital world of work
		5.4. Key fields of study to prepare people for a digital world of work
		5.1. Digital learning tools for adult and life-long learning
	Get ready for a massive training challenge
		5.5. Fewer low-skilled workers receive training than medium- and high-skilled workers
	Improve social protection to ensure that no one is left behind
		5.6. Active labour market spending differs significantly across countries
	Address concerns around emerging forms of work
	Notes
	References
Chapter 6. Promoting social prosperity
	Promoting social prosperity: what matters most for policy?
	Address digital divides to increase inclusiveness
		6.1. More young men than women can program
		6.2. Foundational skills, like science, numeracy and literacy, are essential skills for life
		6.1. Making growth inclusive in the digital age
	Use digital tools to tackle collective challenges
		6.3. E-waste production and recycling varies across countries
	Boost civic engagement through digital government strategies
	Assess the societal impacts of digital technologies by striking a balance between opportunities and risks
		6.4. Computers and work stress go hand-in-hand
		6.2. Artificial intelligence in society
		6.5. Social networking is prevalent
		6.6. Many children across the OECD report having experienced cyberbullying
		6.7. Reported exposure to disinformation varies across the OECD
	Notes
	References
Chapter 7. Strengthening trust
	Strengthening trust: what matters most for policy?
	Adopt a risk management approach to ensuring trust
		7.1. What is trust?
	Develop strong, inclusive and interoperable privacy frameworks
		7.1. Privacy violations vary considerably across countries
		Towards interoperable privacy and data protection frameworks
	Manage digital security risk rather than trying to eliminate it
		7.2. Payment security and privacy concerns remain prevalent in many countries
	Protect consumers as the online and offline worlds converge
		7.3. Goods ordered online still raise consumer protection concerns for many people
		7.2. Trust in peer platform markets
			7.4. Consumers tend to trust peer platforms
		7.3. Consumers and the Internet of Things
	Notes
	References
Chapter 8. Fostering market openness
	Fostering market openness: what matters most for policy?
	Prepare for digital technologies to continue reshaping international trade
		8.1. E-commerce is expanding across borders
		8.2. Trade is strong in digitally deliverable services
		8.3. Measures restricting trade in services that enable digital delivery are primarily related to infrastructure and connectivity
		8.1. What is digital trade?
		Reduce barriers to investment and promote open financial markets
			8.4. Barriers to FDI vary across countries
			Open financial markets facilitate investment
		Monitor changing competitive dynamics
			8.5. Firms in digital-intensive sectors have higher and growing mark-ups than other firms
		Address tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy
		Notes
		References
Chapter 9. Developing a digital transformation strategy
	Developing a digital transformation strategy: what matters most?
	Establish a governance approach that supports effective co-ordination
		9.1. High-level strategic co-ordination of digital transformation policies
		9.2. Ministry level strategic co-ordination of digital transformation policies
	Articulate a strategic vision and ensure coherence
		9.3. Ensuring coherence between a digital transformation strategy and other strategies
	Assess key digital trends, related policies and regulations
		9.4. Assessing where your country stands: Monitoring and evaluation
	Develop a comprehensive and coherent strategy
		9.1. The multi-stakeholder model: A key to good policy making in the digital age
	Implement the strategy successfully
		9.2. Using digital technologies to improve policy making, implementation and evaluation
	Notes
	References
Chapter 10. Defining a future digital agenda
	A future digital agenda
		Changing competition dynamics
		Privacy in the digital age
		Inequalities and digitalisation
		Data and cross-border data flows
		The future of the firm
		Democracy in the information age
		Measuring digital transformation
		Reinforcing trust in government
		Going Digital Phase 2 and beyond
	Note
	References
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
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