Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall

CONTENTS
......Page 7
Acknowledgements
......Page 13
Note on Transliteration and Measures
......Page 15
Preface
......Page 17
PART ONE
......Page 19
1.  Names and Identification of Gog and Magog......Page 21
2. Gog and Magog in the Bible......Page 22
3. Gog and Magog in Jewish Literature......Page 24
4. Gog and Magog in the Sibylline Oracles......Page 27
5. Gog and Magog in Flavius Josephus
......Page 28
6.  Gog and Magog in Early Christian Literature
......Page 30
1. The Syriac Alexander Romance......Page 34
2.  The Syriac Alexander Legend
......Page 36
3.  The Syriac Alexander Poem
......Page 40
4.  A Syriac Sermon On the Last Days
......Page 43
5.  The Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
......Page 44
6.  The Coptic and Ethiopic Alexander Romance
......Page 49
7.  The Coptic Apocalypses......Page 52
8.  The Armenian Alexander tradition
......Page 54
9.  The Georgian Alexander tradition
......Page 60
Appearance......Page 63
Location......Page 69
The Breasts of the North
......Page 72
1. Koran xviii:83-98......Page 76
3. Rudi Paret's commentary on Koran xviii:82ff
......Page 77
4.  Barrier/Rampart/Gate (sadd/radm/bab)
......Page 79
2.  The Shi'i collections......Page 81
3.  Authoritative Koran commentators and lexicographers......Page 82
4. Themes on Gog and Magog
......Page 83
Appearance......Page 84
Origin......Page 86
Numbers
......Page 88
Food......Page 90
Role in eschatology......Page 91
Location......Page 99
Identification......Page 100
Appearance......Page 102
Description of the barrier
......Page 103
Appearance......Page 106
Origin
......Page 110
Numbers
......Page 111
Food
......Page 112
Role in eschatology
......Page 113
Names
......Page 115
Location and Identification
......Page 116
Description of the barrier
......Page 127
1. Arabic Poetry......Page 137
2.  Adab literature......Page 140
3. Epic literature......Page 141
4.  Anecdotes on the paired names of Gog and Magog......Page 144
5.  Some modern works in Arabic on Gog and Magog......Page 146
1.  Sallam al-Tardjuman—Interpreter and Traveller......Page 149
2.  Sallam's travel account—Text and Translation......Page 150
3. Sallam's travel account in Arabic sources......Page 169
Ibn Khurradadhbih......Page 170
The manuscripts of Ibn Khurradadhbih's Book of Routes and Kingdoms......Page 171
al-Jayhani/al-Idrisi......Page 174
Ibn Rusta......Page 176
Ibn al-Faqih......Page 179
al-Muqaddasi......Page 180
al-Tha'labi......Page 181
Abu Hamid......Page 182
Ibn al-Jawzi......Page 183
Yaqut......Page 186
4.  Sallam's travel account in Persian sources......Page 187
5.  Criticism on Sallam's travel account by some Arab and Western authors......Page 190
1.  Early Arabo-Muslim poets: links with the Syriac tradition......Page 193
2. Islamic traditionists: links with the Syriac tradition......Page 194
3.  The barrier as described in the Syriac tradition compared with Sallam's description......Page 197
1. Samarra......Page 200
2.  The Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia and the Ciscaucasus)......Page 202
The Master of Sarir......Page 204
The king of the Alans......Page 205
3. The Khazars......Page 206
5. The Turks in Central Asia: Oghuz-Kimaks-Kipchaks-Turkesh......Page 210
6. The Uygur Empire......Page 213
7. Syrian Christians in Central Asia and West China......Page 214
8. Islam in East Turkistan......Page 218
9.  The Tarim Basin......Page 219
10. The battle for supremacy: Tibetans, Chinese, Arabs, Turks......Page 220
1. Reasons for the journey......Page 225
2.  Sallam's journey and the so-called map of Caliph al-Ma"mun......Page 227
3. Dates of the journey......Page 231
Samarra-Tiflis......Page 232
Tiflis-Sarir-Alans-Filan-shah......Page 233
Khazars
......Page 234
Fetid Land......Page 235
Ruined Towns......Page 238
Igu......Page 240
Igu-Anxi......Page 243
Anxi-Dunhuang......Page 245
Dunhuang......Page 248
6. Distances and duration of the journey......Page 250
1.  Yumenguan or the Barrier of the Jade Gate......Page 254
2. Various locations of Yumenguan......Page 255
3. Abu Dulaf's Risala and Sallam's barrier......Page 258
4. Yumenguan: the gate to the West......Page 261
5.  Yumenguan and the barrier of 'the two-horned one'......Page 262
1. Sallam's itinerary......Page 264
2. Xuanzang's itinerary from Igu to Tirmidh......Page 266
Yumenguan–Lop Nor......Page 269
Lop Nor-Korla......Page 271
Korla-Kucha-Kara-kol......Page 272
Lakhman-Ghuriyan-Barskhan-Tabanuyan......Page 273
Taraz-Isfijab......Page 277
Isfijab-Nishapur......Page 278
Nishapur-Samarra......Page 279
4. Summary of the homeward journey......Page 282
5. Distances and duration of the journey......Page 283
Conclusion......Page 285
Bibliography......Page 287