God and the Founders: Madison, Washington, and Jefferson

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
PLAN OF THE WORK......Page 19
PART I THE FOUNDERS ’CHURCH-STATE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES......Page 21
1 James Madison’s Principle of State Noncognizance of Religion......Page 23
The Use of Madison in Establishment Clause Jurisprudence......Page 24
Madison and the Free Exercise Clause......Page 29
MADISON’S PRINCIPLE OF NONCOGNIZANCE......Page 32
The ‘‘Memorial’s’’ Argument......Page 34
The ‘‘Memorial’s’’ Implicit Theology......Page 41
Madison’s Revision of the Virginia Declaration of Rights......Page 44
Madison and the Drafting of the Bill of Rights......Page 46
Madison on Government Classifications Based on Religious Affiliation......Page 51
Madison on Government Support to Religion as Such......Page 52
MADISON’S PRUDENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF NONCOGNIZANT SEPARATION......Page 56
CONCLUSION......Page 60
2 George Washington on Church and State......Page 61
WASHINGTON’S POLITICAL DIFFERENCES WITH MADISON......Page 62
WASHINGTON’S DEFENSE OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR RELIGION: THE FAREWELL ADDRESS......Page 66
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF RELIGION AND THE CIVIC GOOD......Page 68
THE LIMITS OF THE RIGHT TO THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION......Page 71
CONCLUSION......Page 80
3 Thomas Jefferson’s Natural Rights Philosophy and Anticlerical Politics of Religious Liberty......Page 82
Everson and the Building of the Strict-Separationist ‘‘Wall of Separation’’......Page 87
The Danbury Letter and the Virginia Statute......Page 89
JEFFERSON’S PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY: THE VIRGINIA STATUTE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM......Page 94
The Preamble......Page 95
The Enacting Paragraph......Page 103
Public Education and Jefferson’s Efforts to Shape the American Mind......Page 109
Jefferson’s Anticlericalism and the Religion of Reason......Page 112
Jefferson’s Educational and Legal Efforts to Subjugate Clerical Influence......Page 118
Jefferson’s Advocacy of Legal Disabilities on Clergymen......Page 123
Jefferson’s Philosophy of Religious Freedom in Light of His Politics of Church and State......Page 125
CONCLUSION......Page 126
PART II THE FOUNDERS AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT RELIGION CLAUSES......Page 129
THE FOUNDERS’ CHURCH-STATE DOCTRINES......Page 131
The Washingtonian Approach......Page 133
The Jeffersonian Approach......Page 135
5 Madison, Washington, Jefferson, and the Establishment Clause......Page 139
RELIGION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS......Page 140
The Madisonian Approach to Religion in Public Schools......Page 144
The Washingtonian Approach to Religion in Public Schools......Page 146
The Jeffersonian Approach to Religion in Public Schools......Page 148
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF PRIVATE RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS......Page 151
The Madisonian Approach to Government Support of Private Religious Schools......Page 154
The Washingtonian Approach to Government Support of Private Religious Schools......Page 156
The Jeffersonian Approach to Government Support of Private Religious Schools......Page 158
RELIGION IN THE PUBLIC SQUARE......Page 159
The Madisonian Approach to Government Support of Religion in the Public Square......Page 162
The Washingtonian Approach to Government Support of Religion in the Public Square......Page 165
The Jeffersonian Approach to Government Support of Religion in the Public Square......Page 166
The Founders and the Establishment Clause......Page 168
Washingtonianism Would Favor Religion the Most, Jeffersonianism the Least......Page 172
Madison Would Prevent the State from Engaging Religion Directly......Page 175
Madison’s, Washington’s, and Jefferson’s Legal Doctrines would Lead to Different Results for Establishment Clause Cases......Page 176
6 Madison, Washington, Jefferson, and the Free Exercise Clause......Page 178
DIRECT BURDENS ON RELIGIOUS EXERCISE......Page 179
The Washingtonian Approach to Direct Burdens......Page 182
The Jeffersonian Approach to Direct Burdens......Page 185
INDIRECT BURDENS ON RELIGIOUS EXERCISE......Page 187
The Washingtonian Approach to Indirect Burdens......Page 191
The Jeffersonian Approach to Indirect Burdens......Page 192
STATE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIGION FOR THE PURPOSE OF REGULATION OR EXEMPTION......Page 193
The Madisonian Approach to Identification Cases......Page 197
The Washingtonian Approach to Identification Cases......Page 198
The Founders and the Free Exercise Clause......Page 200
Washingtonianism Would Favor Religion the Most, Jeffersonianism the Least......Page 201
The Founders’ One Area of Unanimous Agreement: No Right to Religious Exemptions......Page 203
Washington Would Allow Legislative Religious Exemptions, Madison and Jefferson Would Not......Page 204
Jefferson Would Allow the State to Burden Religion Directly; Washington Would Sometimes; Madison Would Not......Page 205
THE FOUNDERS V. THE SUPREME COURT......Page 208
THE FOUNDERS AND INDIVIDUAL SUPREME COURT JUSTICES......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 218
THE CASE FOR AND AGAINST JEFFERSONIANISM......Page 220
THE CASE FOR AND AGAINST WASHINGTONIANISM......Page 224
THE CASE FOR AND AGAINST MADISONIANISM......Page 226
THE CASE FOR A MODIFIED VERSION OF THE FOUNDERS’ APPROACHES: ‘‘NO LEGAL PRIVILEGES, NO LEGAL PENALTIES’’......Page 230
Appendix A ‘‘Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments’’ by James Madison, 1785......Page 235
Appendix B A Bill ‘‘Establishing a Provision for Teachers of the Christian Religion’’ by Patrick Henry, 1784......Page 241
Appendix C A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom in Virginia by Thomas Jefferson, 1777......Page 243
Index......Page 247