Glucosinolates: Properties, Recovery, and Applications

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List of author's published works
Glucosinolates: Properties, Recovery, and Applications
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Contributors
Preface
1 . The dilemma of ``good'' and ``bad'' glucosinolates and the potential to regulate their content
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Ecological role of glucosinolates
	1.3 Potential antinutritional, undesired, and beneficial properties of GSLs and relative degradation products
	1.4 Breeding to reduce antinutritional and undesired GSLs/ITCs
		1.4.1 Glucosinolate analysis
		1.4.2 Glucosinolate biosynthesis: an overview
		1.4.3 Breeding Brassica crops for low glucosinolate content
	1.5 Glucosinolate biofortification: breeding to selectively increase beneficial GSL/ITC
	1.6 Preharvest factors influencing the concentration of GSL and the potential for agronomic biofortification
	1.7 Postharvest and processing factor influencing the concentration of GSLs and their decomposition
	1.8 Conclusions and future prospects
	References
2 . Biosynthesis and nutritious effects
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Biosynthesis of glucosinolates
		2.2.1 General biosynthesis of GLs
			2.2.1.1 The synthesis of GLs in plants
			2.2.1.2 Side-chain modifications
		2.2.2 Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates
		2.2.3 Biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates
	2.3 The effects of plant in vitro culture conditions on biosynthesis and levels of GLs
		2.3.1 The effects of phytohormones
		2.3.2 Effects of level of cell differentiation
		2.3.3 The effects of elicitors
		2.3.4 The effects of metabolic engineering strategies
	2.4 Effects of nutrition and other factors on levels of glucosinolates in plants
		2.4.1 The effects of potassium
		2.4.2 The effects of sulfur
		2.4.3 The effects of nitrogen
		2.4.4 The effects of other factors
	2.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
3 . Enzymatic activities behind degradation of glucosinolates
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Myrosinase structure and function
	3.3 The glucosinolates-myrosinase defense system
	3.4 Products of GL hydrolysis and mechanism of their formation
		3.4.1 Nitriles and epithionitriles
		3.4.2 Thiocyanates
		3.4.3 Isothiocyanates
		3.4.4 Indolic compounds
		3.4.5 Oxazolidine-2-thiones
	3.5 Methods of myrosinase activity determination
		3.5.1 General remarks
		3.5.2 Sample preparation
		3.5.3 Monitoring of reactants during hydrolysis of GLs
	3.6 Concluding remarks
	References
4 . Glucosinolates and metabolism
	4.1 Myrosinase, a key enzyme in glucosinolates metabolism
	4.2 Human metabolism of glucosinolates
	4.3 Gut metabolism
		4.3.1 Isothiocyanates
		4.3.2 Nitriles
	4.4 Hepatic metabolism
	4.5 Future perspectives
	4.6 Plant metabolism of glucosinolates
		4.6.1 Sulfur metabolism
		4.6.2 Metabolism
		4.6.3 REDOX regulation of metabolism
		4.6.4 Transport in glucosinolate metabolism
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
5 . Different sources of glucosinolates and their derivatives
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 General properties and structure of glucosinolates
	5.3 Different sources of glucosinolates
	5.4 Selected glucosinolate degradation products and their properties
		5.4.1 Sulforaphane
		5.4.2 Sinigrin and progoitrin
		5.4.3 Phenethyl thiocyanate (gluconasturtiin)
	5.5 Classes of glucosinolates
		5.5.1 Aliphatic glucosinolates
		5.5.2 Indole glucosinolates
		5.5.3 Aromatic glucosinolates
	5.6 Glucosinolates in selected plants
		5.6.1 Rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia)
		5.6.2 Mustard seed Brassica juncea L. (syn. Sinapis juncea L.)
		5.6.3 Capers (Capparis sicula)
		5.6.4 Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus)
		5.6.5 Rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.)
		5.6.6 Spider plant (Cleome or Gynandropsis spp.)
		5.6.7 Turnip (Brassica rapa)
		5.6.8 Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
		5.6.9 Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
		5.6.10 Upland cress (Barbarea varna)
		5.6.11 Outside the order Brassicales
			5.6.11.1 Papaya (Carica papaya)
	5.7 New and/or alternative methods to increase the glucosinolates contents in plants
		5.7.1 Increasing the desired glucosinolate component
		5.7.2 Metabolism of different sources
		5.7.3 Metabolic engineering approaches
		5.7.4 Effect of gut microflora
		5.7.5 Sustainable sources/by-products
	5.8 Conclusions
	References
6 . Processing and cooking effects on glucosinolates and their derivatives
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Postharvest storage and packaging conditions
	6.3 Industrial nonthermal technologies
	6.4 Industrial thermal technologies
	6.5 Culinary treatments
	6.6 Processed food ingredients enriched in GLS
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
7 . Analysis of glucosinolates content in food products
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates effect on human health
	7.3 Analysis of glucosinolates in food
		7.3.1 Glucosinolates stability during processing
		7.3.2 Glucosinolates extraction methods
			7.3.2.1 Conventional extraction methods
			7.3.2.2 Emergent extraction methods
				High pressure-assisted extraction
				Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction
				Ultrasounds combined with microwave-assisted extraction
				Supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted extraction
		7.3.3 Glucosinolates detection methods
		7.3.4 Glucosinolates quantification methods
		7.3.5 Isolation
		7.3.6 Purity of analytical standards: water content by NMR
		7.3.7 Extinction coefficients
		7.3.8 Labeled internal standards
	7.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
8 . Recovery techniques, stability, and applications of glucosinolates
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Recovery strategies
	8.3 Conventional technologies
	8.4 Nonthermal technologies
		8.4.1 Ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction
		8.4.2 High pressure processing
		8.4.3 Supercritical fluids and pressurized hot water extraction
		8.4.4 Pulsed electric fields
	8.5 Stability of GLs and ICs during preservation and storage
	8.6 Applications of GLs and ICs
	8.7 Commercialization aspects
	8.8 GLs in animal nutrition
	8.9 Conclusions
	References
9 . Sulforaphane and sulforaphene: two potential anticancer compounds from glucosinolates
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Discovery and existence of sulforaphane and sulforaphene
	9.3 Analysis and recovery of sulforaphane and sulforaphene
	9.4 Procedures and analysis data
	9.5 Purification
		9.5.1 Macroporous resin
		9.5.2 Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography
		9.5.3 High-speed countercurrent chromatography
	9.6 Anticarcinogenic activity of sulforaphane and sulforaphene
		9.6.1 In vitro inhibition of cancer cells
		9.6.2 The anticarcinogenic mechanism of sulforaphane and sulforaphene
		9.6.3 Acute toxicity testing in mice
		9.6.4 Pharmacokinetics in mice
		9.6.5 In vivo anticancer effects of sulforaphene
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
Index
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