Global Physical Climatology

Global Physical Climatology ......Page 3
Copyright Page ......Page 4
Contents ......Page 5
Preface ......Page 9
1.1 Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land Surface ......Page 13
1.2 Atmospheric Temperature ......Page 14
1.3 Atmospheric Composition ......Page 20
1.4 Hydrostatic Balance ......Page 21
1.5 Atmospheric Humidity ......Page 23
1.6 The World Ocean ......Page 24
1.7 The Cryosphere ......Page 26
1.8 The Land Surface ......Page 27
Exercises ......Page 29
2.2 The Solar System ......Page 30
2.3 Energy Balance of Earth ......Page 33
2.4 Emission Temperature of a Planet ......Page 36
2.5 Greenhouse Effect ......Page 38
2.6 Global Radiative Flux Enery Balance ......Page 39
2.7 Distribution of Insolation ......Page 40
2.8 The Energy Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere ......Page 44
2.9 Poleward Energy Flux ......Page 46
Exercises ......Page 51
3.1 Photons and Minority Constituents ......Page 52
3.3 Description of Radiative Energy ......Page 53
3.4 Plancks Law of Blackbody Emission ......Page 55
3.5 Selective Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases ......Page 56
3.6 The LambertBouguetBeer Law: Formulation of Flux Absorption ......Page 64
3.7 Infrared Radiative Transfer Equation: Absorption and Emission ......Page 67
3.8 Heuristic Model of Radiative Equilibrium ......Page 73
3.9 Clouds and Radiation ......Page 75
3.10 RadiativeConvective Equilibrium Temperature Profiles ......Page 78
3.11 A Simple Model for the Net Radiative Effect of Cloudiness ......Page 84
3.12 Observed Role of Clouds in the Energy Balance of Earth ......Page 87
Exercises ......Page 91
4.2 The Surface Energy Budget ......Page 93
4.3 Storage of Heat in the Surface ......Page 95
4.4 Radiative Heating of the Surface ......Page 99
4.5 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer ......Page 104
4.6 Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes in the Boundary Layer ......Page 111
4.7 Variation of Energy Balance Components with Latitude ......Page 115
4.8 Diurnal Variation of the Surface Energy Balance ......Page 118
4.9 Seasonal Variation of the Energy Balance of Land Areas ......Page 121
4.10 Surface Energy Flux Components over the Oceans ......Page 123
Exercises ......Page 126
5.1 Water. Essential to Climate and Life ......Page 127
5.2 The Water Balance ......Page 129
5.3 Surface Water Storage and Runoff ......Page 132
5.4 Precipitation and Dewfall ......Page 133
5.5 Evaporation and Transpiration ......Page 134
5.6 Modeling the Land Surface Water Balance ......Page 139
5.7 Annual Variation of the Terrestrial Water Balance ......Page 142
Exercises ......Page 146
6.2 Energy Balance of the Atmosphere ......Page 148
6.3 Atmospheric Motions and the Meridional Transpor of Energy ......Page 150
6.4 The Angular-Momentum Balance ......Page 162
6.5 Large-Scale Circulation Patterns and Climate ......Page 167
Exercises ......Page 181
7.1 Cauldron of Climate ......Page 183
7.2 Properties of Seawater ......Page 184
7.3 The Mixed Layer ......Page 188
7.4 The Wind-Driven Circulation ......Page 192
7.5 Theories for Wind-Driven Circulations ......Page 200
7.6 The Deep Thermohaline Circulation ......Page 205
7.7 Transport of Energy in the Ocean ......Page 209
7.8 Mechanisms of Tranport in the Ocean ......Page 211
Exercises ......Page 214
8.1 Past Is Prologue ......Page 216
8.2 The Instrumental Record ......Page 217
8.4 Natural Recording Systems: The Paleoclimatic Record ......Page 219
8.5 A Brief Survey of Earths Climate History ......Page 223
8.6 Uses of Paleoclimatic Data ......Page 237
Exercises ......Page 239
9.1 Fools Experiments ......Page 241
9.2 Objective Measures of Climate Sensitivity and Feedback ......Page 242
9.3 Basic Radiative Feedback Processes ......Page 243
9.4 Ice Albedo Feedback ......Page 246
9.5 Dynamical Feedbacks and Meridional Enargy Transport ......Page 255
9.6 Longwave and Evaporation Feedbacks in the Surface Energy Balance ......Page 257
9.8 Biogeochemical Feedbacks ......Page 261
Exercises ......Page 265
10.2 Historical Development of Climate Models ......Page 266
10.3 The Atmospheric Component ......Page 269
10.4 The Land Component ......Page 276
10.5 The Ocean Component ......Page 277
10.6 Validation of Climate Model Simulations ......Page 282
10.7 Sensitivity Estimates from Climate Models with Mixed-Layer Oceans ......Page 289
10.8 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Processes and the Thermohaline Circulation ......Page 292
Exercises ......Page 296
11.2 Solar Luminosity Variations ......Page 298
11.3 Natural Aerosols and Climate ......Page 303
11.4 Volcanic Eruptions and Stratospheric Aerosols ......Page 306
11.5 The Orbital Parameter Theory of Ice Ages ......Page 312
11.6 Modeling of Ice Age Climates ......Page 324
Exercises ......Page 329
12.2 Humans and the Greenhouse Effect ......Page 331
12.3 Anthropogenic Aerosols and Atmospheric Sulfur ......Page 339
12.5 Equilibrium Climate Changes ......Page 342
12.6 Time-Dependent Climate Changes ......Page 349
12.7 Comparison with Observed Temperature Trends ......Page 352
12.8 Sea Level Changes ......Page 354
Exercises ......Page 356
Appendix A: Calculation of Insolation under Current Conditions ......Page 359
Appendix B: The ClausiusClapeyron Relation ......Page 362
Appendix C: The First Law of Thermodynamics, Lapese Rate and Potential Temperature ......Page 364
Appendix D: Derivation of Simple Radiative Flux Equations ......Page 368
Appendix E: Symbol Definitions ......Page 372
Appendix F: Systme Internationale(SI) Units ......Page 381
Appendix G: Useful Numerical Values ......Page 385
Appendix H: Answers to Selected Exercises ......Page 387
Glossary ......Page 389
References ......Page 399
Index ......Page 411
International Geophysics Series ......Page 421