Global Ecology

Cover Page......Page 1
Editorial Board......Page 3
Title page
......Page 4
ISBN 9780444536266......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List Of Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
PART A Global Ecology, The Biosphere and its Evolution......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Model......Page 17
Living Matter......Page 18
Further Reading......Page 19
Introduction......Page 20
World Human Population, Energy Food Demand, and Energy Consumption......Page 21
Anthropogenic Impact on the Global Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 22
Global Land Use: Agriculture and Urbanization......Page 24
Conclusion: Philosophy of the Biosphere......Page 25
Introduction......Page 26
Mars......Page 27
Mars Future......Page 28
Biogeocoenosis as an Elementary Unit of Biogeochemical Work in the Biosphere......Page 29
Biogeocoenosis......Page 30
Biogeocoenotic Process......Page 31
Biogeocoenosis and the Biosphere......Page 32
Reductionism and Holism......Page 33
Further Reading......Page 35
Introduction......Page 36
Concept of the Biosphere, Definition of Term, and Method of Analysis......Page 37
The System of Axioms......Page 38
The Future of the Concept: Noo¨sphere and the Modern Perspective......Page 39
Introduction......Page 40
Major Definitions......Page 41
Ecological Consequences of Deforestation......Page 42
Understanding the Extent of Deforestation and Degradation of Forests......Page 43
Estimation of Carbon Emissions......Page 44
Further Reading......Page 46
Introduction......Page 47
Studies on Indirect Effects of Nuclear War......Page 48
Rethinking the Unthinkable......Page 49
Behind and Beyond the Scenarios......Page 50
‘Nuclear Winter’ Modeling – A Sketch......Page 51
Final Remarks......Page 52
Further Reading......Page 53
Early Stage of Water Formation on Earth......Page 54
Seawater Formation and Origin of Life......Page 55
Factors Governing Water Regime Changes......Page 56
General Organic Features in the Phanerozoic......Page 57
Sea Level in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic......Page 60
Oceanic Water Regime in the Pleistocene......Page 61
Sea-Level Fluctuations in the Holocene......Page 65
Further Reading......Page 66
‘Prey–Predator’ System......Page 67
Strategy and Tactics of Prey–Predator Systems......Page 68
Evolution of Prey–Predator Systems......Page 69
Prey–Predator Systems as Food Web Components......Page 72
Introduction......Page 73
Organic Matter Degradation and Biogeochemical Cycling......Page 74
Transformations of Rocks and Minerals......Page 77
Metal and Metalloid Transformations......Page 79
Fungal Symbioses in Mineral Transformations......Page 80
Further Reading......Page 81
Gaia – Original Versions......Page 82
A Controversial Idea from the Beginning......Page 83
Where Is Gaian Science Headed?......Page 85
Introduction......Page 86
Physical Properties of Water......Page 87
Water and Climate......Page 88
Water Resources of the World......Page 90
Anthropopressure......Page 92
The Noosphere Concept......Page 93
Related Concepts......Page 94
Body and Soul......Page 95
Concepts......Page 96
Processes......Page 97
Structure......Page 98
Pedo-Memory......Page 99
Some Limiting Conditions......Page 100
Introduction......Page 101
General Principles of Life......Page 102
Life as a System......Page 104
Nature of Life: Mathematical, Physical, and Chemical Approaches......Page 105
Life Is a Way of Matter Self-Organization......Page 108
Further Reading......Page 112
Microlevels of the Life Organization......Page 113
Life as Ecological Phenomena......Page 117
History of Life......Page 120
Perspectives of Life......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 126
PART B Global Cycles, Balances and Flows......Page 128
Importance of Calcium to Ecosystems......Page 130
The Global Calcium Cycle......Page 131
Ecological Consequences of Anthropogenic Perturbations to the Calcium Cycle......Page 132
Further Reading......Page 135
Introduction......Page 136
Turnover of Carbon in the Biosphere......Page 137
Carbon Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 139
Comparison of Carbon Biogeochemical Processes in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 140
Carbon Dioxide Interactions in Air–Sea Water System......Page 141
Global Climate Changes and Critical Loads of Sulfur and Nitrogen in the European Ecosystems......Page 143
Summary......Page 145
Further Reading......Page 146
Global Energy Balance......Page 147
Global Entropy Budget......Page 149
Radiative Exchange......Page 151
Dynamics......Page 154
Global Energy Balance and Climate......Page 156
Ecosystems and the Global Energy Balance......Page 158
Incoming and Outgoing Radiations and the Planetary Energy Balance......Page 160
Transformation of Solar Energy Inside the EAS......Page 161
Albedo......Page 162
Energetics of Photosynthesis and Vegetation......Page 163
Efficiency of Vegetation......Page 164
Energy Transfers, Trophic Chains, and Trophic Networks......Page 165
Further Reading......Page 166
Entropy Flows in the EAS......Page 167
Entropy Storage of the Biota......Page 168
Change of Entropy in the Terrestrial Biota......Page 169
Biota Performs the Work......Page 170
Humans and Biota......Page 171
Entropy Balance in Elementary Ecosystems......Page 172
Agricultural (Agro-) Ecosystems......Page 173
Conclusion......Page 174
Information and Information Flows in the Biosphere......Page 175
Summary......Page 177
Why Is Iron Important to Phytoplankton?......Page 178
Iron Limitation and Iron-Enrichment Experiments......Page 179
Speciation and the Bioavailability Conundrum......Page 181
Global Geochemical Cycling......Page 183
Biological Cycling......Page 185
Global Biogeochemical Cycling......Page 190
Evolution of Biogeochemical Cycling......Page 193
Summary......Page 195
Introduction......Page 196
Corg-Cycle......Page 197
Phosphorus......Page 199
Iron Cycle......Page 200
Biologically Mediated Reactions......Page 201
Trophic Organization of Microbial Communities......Page 202
The Nitrogen Cycle......Page 203
Long-Term Global and Regional Trends in the Nitrogen Cycle......Page 204
Nitrogen Export by Rivers......Page 207
Land-Use Controls to Reduce N Enrichment to Surface Waters......Page 208
Introduction......Page 210
The Oxygen Budget......Page 211
The History of Atmospheric Oxygen......Page 212
The Role of Ozone......Page 213
The Production and Destruction of Ozone......Page 214
Human Effects on Ozone......Page 215
The Human-Intensified Phosphorus Cycles......Page 217
Ecological Impacts of Phosphorus Use......Page 223
Further Reading......Page 226
Solar Constant and Solar Spectrum......Page 227
Solar Radiation Flow in the Earth’s Surface–Atmosphere System......Page 228
The Nature of Terrestrial Radiation......Page 229
Annual Global Mean Radiation Balance......Page 230
Introduction......Page 231
Nuclear Weapons Tests as a Source......Page 232
Pathway of Radionuclides and Transport Processes in the Atmosphere......Page 233
Pathways of Radionuclides and Transport Processes in the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 234
Biogeochemical Cycles of Long-Lived Radionuclides......Page 237
Radioecological Effects of Radionuclides after the Chernobyl Accident......Page 238
Further Reading......Page 239
Sulfur Cycle......Page 240
Sulfur Oxidation......Page 241
Sulfate Reduction......Page 243
Fluxes of the Global Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle......Page 245
Summary......Page 246
Introduction......Page 247
Movement of Water between Stores......Page 248
Hydrological Processes......Page 249
Human Impacts......Page 250
Climate Change – Acceleration of Water Cycle......Page 251
Introduction......Page 252
POP Transport in the Northern Hemisphere......Page 253
Exposure Pathways of Dioxins and Dioxin- Like PCBs to Human......Page 255
Summary......Page 259
Relevant Website......Page 260
PART C Global Patterns and Processes......Page 262
Agricultural Lands......Page 264
Agricultural Inputs......Page 265
Agricultural Production......Page 268
Abandoned Agricultural Lands......Page 270
The Future of Agriculture......Page 272
Introduction......Page 273
The Metal Wheel – Material and Metal Ecology......Page 274
Product Design and Fundamental Recycling Optimization Models......Page 277
Recycling 1153 ELVs – From Theory to Practice......Page 281
Material and Metal Ecology......Page 285
Further Reading......Page 286
Methane Sources......Page 287
Conclusions......Page 288
Further Reading......Page 289
Global Ecology – Unique Perspectives from Space-Based Satellite Sensors/ Instruments......Page 290
Global Monitoring of Land Ecosystems......Page 293
Monitoring Global Oceanic Ecosystems, Coastal Zones, and Seas......Page 300
Atmosphere–Land–Ocean and Global Biogeochemical Transports......Page 303
Using Satellites Monitoring to Identify Ecological Niches Conducive to Disease Outbreaks......Page 306
Future Challenges......Page 308
Further Reading......Page 309
Relevant Websites......Page 310
The Ocean Currents, Climate, and Biosphere......Page 311
Past and Future Changes in Ocean Circulation......Page 314
Impact of Ocean Circulation Changes on Biosphere......Page 315
Further Reading......Page 316
Mean Global Precipitation Patterns......Page 317
The Antarctic......Page 322
Particular Precipitation Phenomena......Page 323
Meteorological Temperature Measurements......Page 324
Global Patterns of the SAT: Climatology......Page 325
Global Patterns of the SAT: Variability and Trends......Page 327
Summary......Page 328
Introduction and Definitions......Page 329
Past, Present, and Future of Urbanization......Page 330
Present and Future Dynamics of Urban Areas......Page 331
The City as a Specific Heterotrophic Ecosystem......Page 332
Environmental Effect of Urbanization and Ecological Footprint......Page 333
Carbon Balance in Urbanized Territories......Page 334
Introduction......Page 335
Parametrized Convection Model with Volatile Exchange......Page 336
The Weathering Process......Page 337
Weathering and the Global Carbon Cycle......Page 338
Biogenic Enhancement of Weathering......Page 340
Further Reading......Page 341
PART D Climate Change......Page 342
Carbon Budget Components......Page 344
Biosphere Response......Page 346
Further Reading......Page 347
Global Carbon Cycle and the Biosphere......Page 348
Coevolution of the Biosphere–Geosphere System......Page 352
Summary......Page 353
Introduction......Page 354
Pre-Quaternary Climates......Page 355
The Climate of the Last Millennium......Page 356
Further Reading......Page 358
History of the Concept of Coevolution of Biosphere and Climate......Page 359
The Carbon Biogeochemical Cycle......Page 360
What Regulates the Long-Term Climate?......Page 362
The Biotic Enhancement of Weathering and the Long-Term Carbon Cycle......Page 363
The Faint Young Sun Paradox and Its Solution......Page 365
The Temperature Constraint on Biologic Evolution......Page 366
From ‘Hothouse’ to ‘Icehouse’: The Increase in Diversity of Habitats for Life......Page 367
Introduction......Page 369
Observed Impacts on Ecosystems......Page 370
Vulnerability of Ecosystems to Future Change......Page 371
Further Reading......Page 374
PART E Ecological Stoichiometry......Page 376
Introduction......Page 378
Homeostasis and the Constraints of Mass Balance and Chemical Proportions......Page 379
The Biology of Elements......Page 380
Contrasting Homeostasis in Plants and Animals......Page 381
Stoichiometry of Limiting Elements......Page 383
Life Histories......Page 384
Nutrient Cycling, Flux, and Dynamics......Page 386
Animal Growth: Stoichiometry and Food Quality......Page 388
Complex System Dynamics Driven by Stoichiometry......Page 389
Large-Scale Stoichiometry......Page 392
Introduction......Page 393
Nutrient Limitation of Ecosystem Production......Page 394
Efficiency in Elemental Use......Page 395
Primary Producers and Consumers......Page 396
Large- Scale Implications of Ecological Stoichiometry......Page 400
Further Reading......Page 402
Introduction......Page 403
Diversity of Organismal Stoichiometry......Page 404
Elemental Composition and Biological Function......Page 405
Stoichiometry and Phenotypic Evolution......Page 410
Further Reading......Page 411
Organismal and Molecular Stoichiometry......Page 412
Acquisition of Nutrients......Page 414
Incorporation and Turnover of Elements......Page 416
Nutrient Release......Page 419
Further Reading......Page 420
Introduction......Page 421
Competition......Page 422
Commensalism......Page 425
Allelopathy......Page 426
Predator–Prey Interactions......Page 427
Community Assembly......Page 428
Physiological Variability in Stoichiometry......Page 429
Summary......Page 430
Introduction......Page 431
Essential Trace Elements......Page 432
Stoichiometric Relationships between Essential Trace Elements......Page 434
Uptake, Storage, and Efflux of Trace Elements......Page 437
Food Webs and Movement of Elements across Trophic Levels......Page 438
Further Reading......Page 440
A......Page 442
B......Page 445
C......Page 448
D......Page 451
E......Page 452
F......Page 455
G......Page 456
I......Page 458
L......Page 459
M......Page 460
N......Page 462
O......Page 464
P......Page 465
R......Page 468
S......Page 469
T......Page 472
W......Page 474
Z......Page 475