Global earth physics : a handbook of physical constants

AGU Reference Shelf 1......Page 1
Title: Global Earth Physics A handbook of Physical Constants......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
2. GRAVITY FIELD SHAPE AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE......Page 7
3. ORBITS AND THEIR ORIENTATIONS......Page 10
5. TIDES AND TIDAL FRICTION......Page 12
REFERENCES......Page 34
1. GRAVITATION POTENTIAL......Page 38
2. GEOID AND GRAVITY ANOMALIES......Page 39
3. TOPOGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LANDFORMS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 45
2. THE TIDAL POTENTIAL......Page 46
3. THE EARTH\'S TIDAL RESPONSE......Page 49
4. COMPLICATIONS......Page 50
5. LOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
2. MAGNETIC FIELD OBSERVATIONS......Page 53
2.2. Historical Data......Page 54
3. THE GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 55
APPENDIX: DATA SOURCES......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
2. INTRODUCTION......Page 72
3. PLATE TECTONIC DATA......Page 74
5. PLATE BOUNDARY ZONES......Page 75
6. PLATE RIGIDITY......Page 80
7. \"ABSOLUTE\" PLATE MOTION......Page 81
8. PLATE MOTION AND PLATE BOUNDARY ZONE DEFORMATION FROM SPACE GEODETICDATA......Page 84
10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 90
2. SPECIFICATION OF EARTH MODELS......Page 94
3. SOME SPHERICAL MODELS......Page 96
4. A TOUR THROUGH THE EARTH......Page 99
5. MODELS OF LARGE-SCALE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE......Page 102
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 108
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 110
2. FREE-OSCILLATION FREQUENCIES AND ATTENUATION RATES......Page 112
3. MODE SPLITTING AND COUPLING......Page 126
4. SUMMARY......Page 127
5. APPENDIX......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 130
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 132
2. CALCULATION SCHEMES FOR GENERATING TRAVELTIMES......Page 133
3. TRAVELTIME TABLES FOR SEISMIC PHASES......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 149
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 150
2. MARINE HEAT FLOW......Page 152
3. CONTINENTAL HEAT FLOW......Page 156
4. GEOTHERMS......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
2. SOLAR SYSTEM ABUNDANCES......Page 165
3. ASTEROIDS......Page 167
4. TERRESTRIAL PLANET COMPOSITIONS......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 193
1. ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AS AGEOPHYSICAL AND PETROLOGICAL PARAMETER......Page 196
3. DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL EXTERNAL SOURCE FIELDS......Page 197
4. GEOMAGNETIC DEEP SOUNDING USING POTENTIAL SEPARATION......Page 200
5. MAGNETOTELLURICS......Page 202
6. PRINCIPLE OF \"DEPTH SOUNDING\" METHODS......Page 203
8. ZERO WAVENUMBER APPROXIMATION......Page 204
10. HORIZONTAL MAGNETIC VARIATION PROFILING......Page 205
11. OVERVIEW OF RESULTS FROM NATURAL ELECTROMAGNETIC STUDIES......Page 206
REFERENCES......Page 210
1. EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE......Page 212
2. SEISMIC MOMENT......Page 213
3. TSUNAMI MAGNITUDE......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 219
2. OCEANIC CRUSTS......Page 220
3. CONTINENTAL CRUSTS......Page 223
4. SYNTHESIS......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 228
2.1 Apparent Polar Wander......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 243
2. NOMENCLATURE......Page 246
3. CENOZOIC AND LATE MESOZOIC......Page 247
4. MIDDLE JURASSIC THROUGH LATE PERMIAN......Page 261
5. PALEOZOIC......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 272
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 277
3. Rb-Sr SYSTEM......Page 279
4. La-Ba AND La-Ce SYSTEMS......Page 280
5. Sm-Nd SYSTEM......Page 281
6. Lu-Hf SYSTEM......Page 282
8. Th-Pb AND U-Pb SYSTEMS......Page 283
9. SUMMARY......Page 285
REFERENCES......Page 286
2. ABUNDANCE OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES......Page 289
3. DECAY MODES......Page 292
4. RADIOGENIC HEAT PRODUCTION......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 296
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES......Page 298
3. NATURAL ISOTOPIC VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN......Page 302
4. NATURAL VARIATIONS OF CARBON ISOTOPES......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 310
2. TECTONIC SETTING OF VOLCANOES......Page 314
4. METHODS OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF VOLCANIC GAS......Page 315
5. SOURCES WHICH PROVIDE LIMITED QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION......Page 316
7. VARIATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION OF VOLCANIC GAS......Page 317
8. COMPOSITION OF VOLCANIC EMANATIONS......Page 318
9. ESTIMATE OF SUBAERIAL VOLCANIC GAS COMPOSITION AND FLUX......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 321
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF THE TERRESTRIAL OCEANS......Page 326
2. COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERES OF THE EARTH AND OTHER PLANETS......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 345
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 352
3. CONVERSION ADVENTURES......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 361
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 362
2. DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENTS......Page 363
3 APPLICATION AND ANALYSIS OF EARTH ROTATION......Page 365
4 CONSTANTS AND MODELS UTILIZED IN EARTH ROTATION REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS......Page 369
5. The International Earth Rotation Service and Data Availability......Page 371
REFERENCES......Page 372
Subject Index......Page 375