Global e-commerce: Impacts of National Environment and Policy

0521848229......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 9
Tables......Page 11
Boxes......Page 16
Notes on contributors......Page 17
Motivation......Page 25
Research approach......Page 28
1. Introduction......Page 29
4. Germany......Page 30
7. Taiwan......Page 31
9. Mexico......Page 32
Acknowledgments......Page 33
The UCI team......Page 35
References......Page 36
Introduction......Page 37
Diffusion of innovations......Page 39
Conceptual framework......Page 41
Survey......Page 43
Case studies......Page 44
Multinational corporations......Page 45
E-commerce movement......Page 47
International policies......Page 49
Environment......Page 51
Policy......Page 53
Drivers of e-commerce use......Page 54
Barriers to e-commerce use......Page 56
Extent of e-commerce use......Page 57
Diffusion of e-commerce uses among firms......Page 59
Diffusion of B2B and B2C e-commerce......Page 63
B2B and B2C in highly global and highly local firms......Page 66
Sectoral differences in B2B and B2C e-commerce......Page 68
Organizational performance......Page 71
Competitive environment......Page 74
Summary and conclusions......Page 75
Global trends......Page 76
Evolutionary diffusion......Page 77
National diversity in e-commerce......Page 78
Myth of US hegemony in e-commerce......Page 79
References......Page 80
Introduction......Page 86
The US model of e-commerce......Page 89
Research questions......Page 90
Environment......Page 91
Government policy......Page 94
Technology penetration......Page 97
Firm-level readiness......Page 98
IT investment......Page 100
Enterprise integration......Page 101
Drivers and barriers to e-commerce......Page 102
Drivers......Page 103
Diffusion of e-commerce......Page 105
B2C e-commerce......Page 108
B2B e-commerce......Page 110
Online sales and procurement......Page 112
Online services......Page 113
Distribution strategies......Page 116
Internet trading communities......Page 117
National impacts......Page 118
Sales impacts......Page 119
Efficiency impacts......Page 120
Firm competitiveness......Page 121
Impacts on number of suppliers and customers......Page 123
Conclusion......Page 124
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 132
France and its economy in context......Page 134
Environment......Page 136
Infrastructure......Page 137
Industry structure......Page 138
Government policy......Page 141
Household use of the Internet......Page 142
Business use of Internet technologies......Page 143
The French bias toward traditional technologies and standards......Page 144
The French “financial connection”......Page 146
Enterprise integration......Page 147
Drivers and barriers to e-commerce......Page 148
Drivers......Page 149
Barriers......Page 150
Diffusion of e-commerce......Page 153
Increased efficiency, rather than increasing sales......Page 155
Improved coordination in value networks......Page 157
Greater intensity of competition, without improved competitive position......Page 158
Conclusion......Page 159
References......Page 162
Introduction......Page 165
Information and communications infrastructure......Page 167
International orientation......Page 169
Technology adoption and innovation by large and small firms......Page 170
E-commerce policy......Page 171
Diffusion of e-commerce technologies......Page 172
IT investment and resources......Page 173
IT integration......Page 174
Drivers......Page 176
Barriers......Page 179
Firms’ usage of the Internet......Page 183
Channel strategies......Page 185
B2B vs. B2C e-commerce......Page 186
Mobile commerce......Page 187
The e-commerce industry......Page 189
Impacts of e-commerce......Page 190
Conclusion......Page 193
Sidebar on SME innovation......Page 194
References......Page 195
Introduction......Page 197
Environment and policy......Page 199
Manufacturing......Page 202
Banking and finance......Page 204
Establishment size......Page 205
IT investment......Page 206
Types of e-commerce technologies......Page 207
IT and web integration......Page 209
Drivers......Page 212
Barriers......Page 214
Online services......Page 216
Online sales......Page 218
Channel strategy......Page 220
Online procurement......Page 222
Upstream versus downstream......Page 223
Internet marketplaces......Page 225
Efficiency......Page 226
Commerce......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 231
Introduction......Page 233
Economic characteristics......Page 237
Government policy......Page 239
Finance......Page 242
Manufacturing......Page 243
Technology penetration......Page 244
Internet infrastructure......Page 245
Firm-level readiness......Page 246
IT investment......Page 248
Mobiles and the Internet......Page 249
Drivers......Page 251
Barriers......Page 253
Country-level pattern......Page 256
Firms’ uses of the Internet......Page 258
Online sales......Page 260
Online procurement......Page 262
Firm-level impacts......Page 263
Sales impacts......Page 264
Conclusion......Page 265
References......Page 268
Introduction......Page 271
ICT infrastructure and policies......Page 273
International competitive environment......Page 276
Business to consumer......Page 277
E-commerce use by sector......Page 278
Integration......Page 281
Drivers......Page 283
Barriers......Page 284
Security and privacy......Page 285
Legal protections for traders......Page 286
Other barriers......Page 287
Total e-commerce......Page 288
Diffusion by sector......Page 289
Channel strategies......Page 291
Impacts of e-commerce......Page 292
Discussion......Page 294
Conclusion......Page 295
References......Page 300
Introduction......Page 302
Background......Page 303
Brazil’s e-commerce context......Page 304
Theme 1. Financial sector leadership and path dependency......Page 305
Theme 2. Large vs. small firms: economies of scale and scope......Page 306
Theme 3. Global and local forces......Page 307
Globalization......Page 308
Adoption of e-commerce technologies......Page 309
Enterprise integration strategy......Page 311
Drivers......Page 313
Barriers......Page 315
Online sales......Page 318
Brazil’s e-commerce industry......Page 320
Industry structure......Page 322
Firm performance......Page 324
Conclusion......Page 325
Introduction......Page 330
Macroeconomic environment......Page 333
Industrial organization......Page 335
Manufacturing......Page 336
Distribution......Page 337
Government policy and private-sector promotion......Page 338
Country-level information infrastructure......Page 339
Firm-level use of e-commerce technologies......Page 340
Enterprise integration......Page 341
IT investment......Page 343
Drivers......Page 345
Barriers......Page 348
Country-level pattern......Page 351
Industry and firm level......Page 352
Nature of use across sectors......Page 354
Online sales by sector......Page 356
Online services......Page 358
National impacts......Page 360
Impacts at the firm and industry levels......Page 361
Conclusion......Page 364
References......Page 367
Introduction......Page 369
Focus of this chapter......Page 370
The process of e-commerce diffusion......Page 373
The technology–organization–environment framework......Page 374
Conceptual model......Page 375
The process of e-commerce diffusion......Page 376
Innovation attributes......Page 377
The context of e-commerce diffusion......Page 378
Cross-country effects: developed vs. developing countries......Page 380
Findings......Page 382
Contextual factors affecting e-commerce adoption......Page 387
Joint effects of contextual factors and innovation attributes......Page 388
Impact of global forces and national policies on e-commerce adoption......Page 389
Contextual factors affecting the process from e-commerce adoption to use......Page 391
A comparison of a developed country and a developing country......Page 392
Research stream III: from e-commerce use to impacts......Page 393
The relationship between e-commerce use and impacts......Page 395
Summary and conclusions......Page 397
The critical role of technology usage......Page 398
Global convergence at the firm level......Page 400
Cross-country differences......Page 401
Differential effects along the diffusion process......Page 404
References......Page 406
Instrument design......Page 409
Sampling method......Page 410
Response rates......Page 412
Introduction......Page 413
Respondent selection/filter......Page 414
Globalization of firm......Page 415
Globalization of markets/sourcing......Page 416
Access to intranet/extranet......Page 417
Access to EFT......Page 418
Uses of the Internet......Page 419
Drivers for Internet use......Page 420
Impacts of doing business online......Page 421
Online sales......Page 422
Online services......Page 423
Online procurement......Page 424
Enterprise application strategy......Page 425
Spending......Page 426
Appendix II GEC Survey measures by sector and size......Page 428
Appendix III GEC Survey measures by country......Page 437
Index......Page 453