Global Degradation of Soil and Water Resources: Regional Assessment and Strategies

Preface
Contents
Book_CON_Heading
Introduction—Overview of Global Soil and Water Stress
	Introduction of the First Authors
1 Probabilistic Land Use Allocation in the Global Soil Erosion Modelling
	Abstract
	References
2 Soil Erosion and Its Impacts on Greenhouse Gases
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Climate Change and the Soil Erosion Risks
	2.3 Fate of Carbon Transported by Erosional Processes
	2.4 Burial of Sediment-Laden SOC
	2.5 Erosion-Induced Gaseous Emissions
	2.6 Forms of Soil Organic Carbon and Decomposition During Erosion
	2.7 Wind Erosion and CO2 Emissions
	2.8 Implications to Carbon Budgeting and Modelling
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3 Assessing Multiple, Concurrent and Interactive Land and Soil Degradation Processes
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 How Scarce are Productive Land Resources
	3.3 Common Forms of Degradation
	3.4 Soil Degradation Lies at the Core of Land Degradation
	3.5 Concurrent, Overlapping and Interactive Degradation Processes
	3.6 Documentation of Concurrent, Interactive Degradation Processes
	3.7 Illustrative Case Studies
		3.7.1 Multiple Impacts of Land Clearing
		3.7.2 Soil Erodibility-Salinity-Sodicity Interactions
		3.7.3 Multiple Impacts of Soil Erosion
	3.8 Challenges and Strategies for Assessing Multiple and Interactive Degradation Processes and Impacts
	3.9 Important Steps
	3.10 Summary
	References
African Region
	Introduction of the First Authors
4 Agricultural Soil and Water Conservation Issues in East Africa
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Characteristics of East African Region
		4.2.1 Climate and Agro-Ecological Zones
		4.2.2 Soil Type Diversity and Agricultural Particularities
		4.2.3 Agricultural Water Resource Status
	4.3 Agricultural Soil Management Issues in East Africa
		4.3.1 Soil Threats and Land Degradateion
		4.3.2 Salinization and Desertification
		4.3.3 Social Barriers and Demographic Constraints
	4.4 Agricultural Water Management Issues in East Africa
		4.4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Temporal and Spatial Rainfall Distribution
		4.4.2 Dry Spell and Droughts
		4.4.3 Water Limit and Irrigation Infrast-Ructure Deficiency
	4.5 Agricultural Soil and Water Conservation in East Africa
		4.5.1 Initiatives in Soil Fertility Management
		4.5.2 Existence of Alternative Agronomic Practices
		4.5.3 Improvement of Agricultural Irrigation Infrastructures
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 Institutional and Technical Efforts for the Soil and Water Conservation in North Africa
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Institutional Efforts of SWC in North Africa
	5.3 Soil Erosion in North Africa
		5.3.1 Water Erosion
		5.3.2 Wind Erosion
	5.4 Soil Conservation Methods Against Water Erosion
		5.4.1 Reforestation
		5.4.2 Agronomic Practices
		5.4.3 Mechanical Structures
		5.4.4 Gully Erosion Control
	5.5 Integrated Watershed Management: A New Approach
	5.6 Technics of Wind Erosion Control
	5.7 Conclusions
	References
6 Sustainable Use of Soil and Water Resources to Combat Degradation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Water Resources in Egypt
	6.3 Land and Soil Resources
	6.4 The Nile Valley and Delta Zone (About 33,000 km2)
	6.5 North Coastal Zone
	6.6 Inland Sinai and Eastern Desert Zone
	6.7 The Western Desert Zone (About 671,000 km2)
	6.8 Agro-Ecological Zones of Egypt
	6.9 Old Land
	6.10 New Land
	6.11 Rain Fed Areas
	6.12 Major Pressures on Land Resources in Egypt
	6.13 Urbanization
	6.14 Soil Salinity and Water Logging
	6.15 Soil Fertility Depletion
	6.16 Pollution
	6.17 Land Physical Degradation
	6.18 Soil Erosion
	6.19 Sand Dunes
	6.20 Cost Assessment of Land Degradation
	6.21 Egypt Efforts to Combat Land Degradation
	6.22 First Trend
	6.23 Second Trend
	6.24 Legislations
	References
American Region
	Introduction of the First Authors
7 Long-Term Effects of Different Agricultural Soil Use and Management Systems on Soil Degradation in Uruguay
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Model Estimations of Soil Erosion and SOC Content
	7.3 Experimental Results on Rotations and Tillage Systems Previously Reviewed
	7.4 Review of Information After 2004
		7.4.1 “Old Rotations” Experiment in Exp. Station INIA-La Estanzuela
		7.4.2 Forage Production Rotations in Exp. Unit INIA-Palo a Pique
		7.4.3 Rotations and Tillage Intensity Interaction Experiment in Exp. Station EEMAC-Fac. Of Agronomy, Udelar
	7.5 Crop Productivity Under Different Soil Use and Management Systems
	7.6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
8 Assessment of the Utility of the Diffusion Model for Facilitating Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Production Systems in North America
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Organization of Chapter
	8.3 The Diffusion Theoretical Perspective
	8.4 Application of the Diffusion Model
	8.5 Theoretical Perspectives Guiding Recent Research
	8.6 Discussion
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
9 Eight Decades of USDA Soil and Water Conservation Policies and Programs
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Historical Trends in Soil and Water Conservation Policy: Voluntary Incentive Approaches
	9.3 A Shift in Conservation Policy: Disincentives
	9.4 Future Considerations and Policy Implications
		9.4.1 Centralized Policy Approaches
		9.4.2 Decentralized Policy Approaches
		9.4.3 Hybrid Policy Approaches
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Market Approaches for Addressing Soil and Water Resources Problems
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Agriculture is a Source of Ecosystem Services
	10.3 Markets for Ecosystem Services
		10.3.1 Emissions Trading Markets
		10.3.2 Linked Markets
	10.4 Lessons Learned
		10.4.1 Issue: Performance of Management Practices
		10.4.2 Issue: Quality Assurance (Standards and Certification)
		10.4.3 Issue: Additionality
		10.4.4 Issue: Cost of Information
		10.4.5 Issue: Bringing Together Buyers and Sellers
		10.4.6 Issue: Coordinating Conservation Programs with Markets
	10.5 Market-Like Mechanisms
	10.6 Conclusions
	References
11 Desertification in Argentina: The Causes and Effects on Human Beings
	Abstract
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology Used for Land Degradation Assessment in Argentina
		11.2.1 The Steps of the Assessment Used at the National Level Were as Follows
		11.2.2 Characterization of the Study Areas
		11.2.3 Land Use Units
		11.2.4 Soil, Vegetation and Water Resource Degradation
		11.2.5 Working Frameworks: Driving Forces, Pressures, State, Impacts and Responses (DPSIR), Ecosystem Services (ES) and Sustainable Livelihoods (Fig. 11.10)
	11.3 Results and Discussion
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
Asian Region
	Introduction of the First Authors
12 Characterization of Soil and Water Resources in Yemen
	12.1 General Background of Yemen Socio-economic Development
	12.2 Geographic Sitting
		12.2.1 Location, Population and General Topographic Features
		12.2.2 Physiographic Regions
		12.2.3 Geology
		12.2.4 Climate
		12.2.5 Vegetation Cover and Plant Species
	12.3 Soil Resources
		12.3.1 Introduction
		12.3.2 History and Status of Soil Survey Programs in Yemen
		12.3.3 The Updating National Soil Map
		12.3.4 Soil Parent Material
		12.3.5 Soil Properties
		12.3.6 Soil Classification
	12.4 Land Degradation
	12.5 Agricultural Land Use
	12.6 Water Resources
		12.6.1 Surface Water
		12.6.2 Groundwater
		12.6.3 Causes of the Water Crisis
	References
13 Soil Erosion Environment Background and Its Spatial Distribution in China
	13.1 Environment Background of Soil Erosion in China
		13.1.1 Landform and Soil Erosion in China
		13.1.2 Climate and Soil Erosion in China
		13.1.3 Soil Environment and Soil Erosion in China
		13.1.4 Vegetation and Soil Erosion in China
		13.1.5 Impacts of Human Activities on Soil Erosion in China
	13.2 Spatial Distribution of Soil Erosion in China
		13.2.1 Eastern Soil Erosion Region by Water (I)
		13.2.2 Northwestern Soil Erosion Region by Wind (II)
		13.2.3 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Soil Erosion Region by Freeze–thaw (III)
	References
14 Water Erosion and Its Control in China
	14.1 Changes in Water Erosion
		14.1.1 Soil Erosion Surveys in China
		14.1.2 Current Status of Water Erosion
		14.1.3 Changes in Water Erosion Since the 1990s
	14.2 Water Erosion Control
		14.2.1 Soil and Water Conservation Measures in China
		14.2.2 Soil Conservation Measures in Provinces
	14.3 Water Erosion and Its Control Across Regions
		14.3.1 Black Soil Region of Northeastern China
		14.3.2 Earth-Rocky Mountain Region of Northern China
		14.3.3 Loess Plateau in Northwestern China
		14.3.4 Red Soil Region of Southern China
		14.3.5 Purple Soil Region of Southwestern China
		14.3.6 Karst Region of Southwestern China
	References
15 Aeolian Desertification Status and Its Control in China
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Aeolian Desertification Category
		15.2.1 Index and System of Aeolian Desertification Category
		15.2.2 Synthetic Indicator System of Aeolian Desertification Monitoring by Remote Sensing
	15.3 Range and Types of Aeolian Desertification in China
	15.4 The Spatial Characteristics of Aeolian Desertification in China
		15.4.1 Regional Differences
		15.4.2 Spatial Distribution
	15.5 The Temporal Characteristics of Aeolian Desertification in China
		15.5.1 Temporal Distribution
		15.5.2 Temporal Change
	15.6 Measures to Control Aeolian Desertification
		15.6.1 Vegetative Method
		15.6.2 Mechanical Method
		15.6.3 Chemical Method
		15.6.4 Combination of Different Measures
	15.7 Rehabilitation Patterns of Aeolian Desertification Lands in China
		15.7.1 Rehabilitation Pattern in Semi-Arid Region
		15.7.2 Rehabilitation Pattern in Arid Region
	15.8 Summary
	References
16 The Landslide/Debris Flow and Control Technology in China
	16.1 Distribution Law and Characters of Landslide/Debris Flow in China
		16.1.1 Mountain Hazards in China
		16.1.2 Distribution of Landslides and Debris Flows
	16.2 Formation Condition and Mechanism
		16.2.1 Formation Condition of Hazards
		16.2.2 Formation Mechanism
	16.3 Disaster Prevention
		16.3.1 Monitoring and Early Warning System on Landslide and Debris Flow
		16.3.2 Engineering Countermeasures of Landslide and Debris Flow
	References
17 Soil and Water Conservation Policies Change in the Yellow River Basin, China
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 The Yellow River Basin (YRB)
		17.2.1 General Condition
		17.2.2 Soil Erosion and Sediment Load
	17.3 Law and Policy on Soil and Water Conservation
		17.3.1 Law and Policy on Soil and Water Conservation
		17.3.2 The Stages of Policy
	17.4 The Policy Evolution in Each Stage Through a DPSIR Framework
		17.4.1 DPSIR Framework
		17.4.2 Data for Policy Change Analysis
		17.4.3 The Change of Policy With DPSIR Framework
		17.4.4 Policy Responses in Different Stages
	17.5 Achievements and Perspectives of Soil and Water Conservation in YRB
		17.5.1 Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation
		17.5.2 Perspectives of Soil and Water Conservation in YRB
	References
18 Degradation Hazards and Conservation Approaches for Hillslope Farming in Taiwan, China
	18.1 Introduction
		18.1.1 The Setting and Environment
		18.1.2 Soil and Water Conservation Challenges
	18.2 Hillslope Utilization Management and Policies
		18.2.1 Slopeland Capability Classification Strategy
		18.2.2 Appropriate Soil and Water Conservation Practices
	18.3 Integrated Watershed Conservation and Restoration
	18.4 Rural Villages Rejuvenation
		18.4.1 Motivating Local People
		18.4.2 Successful Case Studies
	18.5 Future Vision
	References
19 Soil Conservation Practices and Efforts Made to Combat Desertification in the United Arab Emirates
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Moisture and Temperature Regimes of the Emirate Soils
		19.2.1 Aridic and Torric (L. Aridus, Dry, and L. Torridus, Hot and Dry) Soil Moisture Regimes
		19.2.2 Hyperthermic is the Soil Temperature Regime
	19.3 Importance of Soils
	19.4 Soils of the United Arab Emirates
		19.4.1 Aquisalids
		19.4.2 Calcigypsids
		19.4.3 Haplocalcids
		19.4.4 Haplocambids
		19.4.5 Haplogypsids
		19.4.6 Haplosalids
		19.4.7 Petrocalcids
		19.4.8 Petrogypsids
		19.4.9 Torriorthents
		19.4.10 Torripsamments
	19.5 Indicators of Land Degradation and Desertification
	19.6 Evaluation of Soil Movement Mechanisms Through Particle Size Analyses
	19.7 The Major Causes of Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation Practices
		19.7.1 Coastal Protection Efforts Through Mangrove Establishment
		19.7.2 Land Degradation and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
		19.7.3 United Arab Emirates Efforts to Comply UNCCD
	19.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
	Acknowledgements
	References
20 Land Degradation in Iran
	20.1 An Introduction to General Situation of Iran
	20.2 Nature of Main Soil and Water Resources Issues in Iran
		20.2.1 Erosion and Sediment-Related Issues
		20.2.2 Water Issues
		20.2.3 Land Use Change
		20.2.4 Overgrazing
		20.2.5 Soil Salinity
		20.2.6 Forest Fire
		20.2.7 Flooding
		20.2.8 Wetland Loss
	20.3 Magnitude of Main Soil and Water Resources Issues in Iran
		20.3.1 Magnitude of Erosion and Sediment-Related Issues
		20.3.2 Magnitude of Water Issues
		20.3.3 Magnitude of Land Use Change
		20.3.4 Magnitude of Overgrazing
		20.3.5 Magnitude of Soil Salinity
		20.3.6 Magnitude of Forest Fire
		20.3.7 Magnitude of Flooding
		20.3.8 Magnitude of Wetland Loss
	20.4 Hot Spots of Land Degradation in Iran
	20.5 Environmental Impacts of Land Degradation in Iran
		20.5.1 Environmental Impacts of Erosion and Sediment-Related Issues
		20.5.2 Environmental Impacts of Water Issues
		20.5.3 Environmental Impacts of Land Use Change
		20.5.4 Environmental Impacts of Overgrazing
		20.5.5 Environmental Impacts of Soil Salinity
		20.5.6 Environmental Impacts of Forest Fire
		20.5.7 Environmental Impacts of Flooding
		20.5.8 Environmental Impacts of Wetland Loss
	20.6 Conservation Efforts to Control Land Degradation in Iran
	References
European Region
	Introduction of the First Authors
21 Soil Erosion in Europe: From Policy Developments to Models, Indicators and New Research Challenges
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 European Policy Context
	21.3 Methodology and Model Description
	21.4 Results
		21.4.1 Spatial and Temporal Analysis of the Soil Erosion 2016 Assessment
		21.4.2 Assessment in Agricultural Lands and Soil Erosion Indicator
	21.5 Scenario Analysis: The Effect of Land Use Change and Climate Change
	21.6 Erosion Integration with Sediment Transport
	21.7 Erosion Integration with Soil Organic Carbon
	21.8 Global Assessment of Soil Erosion
	21.9 Concluding Remarks
	References
22 Soil Protection Policies in the European Union
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Background
		22.2.1 Environmental Policy Making in Europe
		22.2.2 Legislating on Soil Protection in Europe
	22.3 EU Policies for Soil Protection
		22.3.1 Overarching Policies
		22.3.2 Agriculture and Forestry
		22.3.3 Industrial (Point Source) Contamination of Land
		22.3.4 Diffuse Pollution and Water Management
		22.3.5 Nature Protection, Land Use Planning and Soil Sealing
		22.3.6 Climate and Energy Policy
	22.4 Conclusion
	References
23 Soil Conservation Programmes and Policies in England and Wales
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Soil Degradation Issues in England and Wales
		23.2.1 Processes Involved
		23.2.2 Impacts of Soil Degradation on Soil Functions and the Delivery of Ecosystem Goods and Services
	23.3 Programmes and Policies to Manage Soil Degradation in England and Wales
		23.3.1 Policy Background
		23.3.2 Policy Instruments For Soil Conservation
		23.3.3 Codes of Practice Related to Soil Conservation
		23.3.4 Certification Schemes Referring to Soil Conservation
	23.4 Discussion and Analysis
	23.5 Conclusions
	References
24 Integrating Soil, Water and Biodiversity Policies: A Case Study from Scotland
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Theoretical Background
		24.2.1 The Meaning of Policy, Integration and Environmental Management
		24.2.2 Analytical Framework for Policy Integration
	24.3 Methods and Materials
		24.3.1 Environmental Policy in Scotland
		24.3.2 Methodology
	24.4 Results
		24.4.1 References to Soil, Water and Biodiversity Objectives
		24.4.2 Objectives and Types of Policy Instruments for Soil, Water and Biodiversity
		24.4.3 Conceptual, Operational and Implementation Integration
	24.5 Discussion and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix A
	Appendix B
	References
25 Soil Erosion and Flooding in Bulgaria-Risk Assessment and Prevention Measures
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Background
		25.2.1 Soil Erosion
		25.2.2 Floods
	25.3 Material and Methods
		25.3.1 Soil Erosion
		25.3.2 Floods
	25.4 Results and Discussion
		25.4.1 Soil Erosion
		25.4.2 Floods
	25.5 Conclusion
	References
26 Natural and Socio-Economic Effects of Erosion and Its Control in Serbia
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Natural Factors of Erosion Processes and Torrential Floods
	26.3 Socio-Economic Aspects of Erosion Processes and Torrential Floods
		26.3.1 Population Growth in Serbia and Worldwide
		26.3.2 Migrations
		26.3.3 Migrations in Serbia
		26.3.4 Anthropogenic Factors of Torrential Floods and Erosion Processes
		26.3.5 Serbian Contribution to the WOCAT: Cooperation Between People and Porečje Company in the Region of the Mt. Kukavica
	26.4 Sustainable Management of Land Resources-Prevention of Torrential Floods and Erosion Processes
		26.4.1 Participation of the Community in the Natural Resources Management —Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM)
		26.4.2 Production Model from the Aspect of Land Resources Protection
	26.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
27 Erosion Control and Torrential Flood Management by Checking Dam Construction in Serbia
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 History of the Check Dam and Torrent Mitigation Strategy in Europe
	27.3 Construction of Check Dams in Serbia
	27.4 The Structural Analysis of the Check Dam Designs
	27.5 Effects of Classical Check Dams
	27.6 New (Modern) Check Dams
		27.6.1 Deposit (Settling Basin) Check Dam by Prof. Rosić
		27.6.2 Construction of Check Dams for Bed Load Management
	27.7 Recommendation for Check Dam Construction in Serbia
	27.8 Conclusion
	References
28 Soil Erosion and Torrent Control in Western Balkan Countries
	28.1 Introduction and Background
	28.2 Aims, Objectives and Methodology
	28.3 Factors that Contribute to Erosion and Torrents in the WBC
		28.3.1 Relief and Hydrography
		28.3.2 Climate
		28.3.3 Land Cover/Use
	28.4 Erosion and Torrents in the Western Balkan Countries
		28.4.1 Erosion in WBC
		28.4.2 Torrents and Torrent Floods in the WBC
	28.5 Erosion and Torrent Control in the Western Balkan Countries
		28.5.1 Erosion and Torrent Control Per Country
		28.5.2 Comparison of Erosion and Torrent Control Works Between Countries
	28.6 Conclusion
	References
29 Identification of Soil Resources Problems in European Russia
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Soil Erosion on the Agricultural Lands the European Russia
		29.2.1 History of Agriculture and Water Soil Erosion on European Part of Russia
		29.2.2 The Contemporary Sheet and Rill Erosion in the European Russia
		29.2.3 Gully Erosion in the European Russia
		29.2.4 Transformation of Land Use After the USSR Collapse
	29.3 The Desertification Issue in Russia: Main Drivers and Tendencies
		29.3.1 Peculiarities of Desertification Assessment in Russian Federation
		29.3.2 Desertification Mapping
		29.3.3 Causes and Trends in Land Degradation
		29.3.4 Social and Economic Consequences of Desertification
		29.3.5 Zoning of Desertification
	29.4 Soil Pollution
		29.4.1 Chemical and Biological Soil Pollution
		29.4.2 Radioactive Soil Pollution
	29.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
30 Soil Erosion on the Agricultural Lands of the Asian Part of Russia (Siberia): Processes, Intensity and Areal Distribution
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Conditions of the Soil Erosion Development in Siberia
		30.2.1 Relief
		30.2.2 Climate
		30.2.3 Soils
		30.2.4 Vegetation
	30.3 Processes of Slope Wash
		30.3.1 Rate of Soils Loss on Slopes with Natural Steppe Vegetation
		30.3.2 The Intensity of Soil Loss from by Snowmelt Runoff in Western Siberia
		30.3.3 The Intensity of Soil Loss from Arable and Pasture Lands of Eastern Siberia
	30.4 Territorial Distribution of Soil Erosion
		30.4.1 Erosion Hazard of Rains
		30.4.2 Anti-Erosion Stability of Soils
		30.4.3 Erosion Potential of the Relief
		30.4.4 Soil Protection Properties of Agrocenoses
		30.4.5 Erosion-Hazardous Lands in the South of Eastern Siberia
	30.5 Trends in Erosion Processes
	30.6 Gully Erosion
	30.7 Soil Deflation in Siberia
	30.8 Erosion Zoning of Siberia
	References
31 Ecological Consequences of Soil Degradation and Water Pollution in the Asian Part of Russia (Siberia)
	31.1 Ecological State of Soils in the South
	31.2 Agrogenic and Post-Agrogenic Transformation of Soils of Tunka Depression (South-Western Baikal Region)
	31.3 Ecological Consequences of Water Pollution in the Asian Part of Russia
		31.3.1 Sedimentation and Degradation of Small Rivers
	31.4 Soil-Protective Research and Activities in the South of Siberia
	References
32 Soil Erosion on Agricultural Lands in the Russian Far East Region
	32.1 Factors Contributing to Soil Erosion in the Russian Far East
	32.2 Erosional Zoning of the Far East
	32.3 Distribution and Intensity of Erosion Processes
		32.3.1 The Amuro-Zeysky Province
		32.3.2 The Amuro-Sakhalin Province
		32.3.3 The Near-Pacific Province
	32.4 Influence of Soils Loss on Their Fertility
	32.5 Ecological Consequences of Soil Degradation and Water Pollution
	References
Australian Region
	Introduction of the First Authors
33 Issues and Challenges in the Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use of Highly Disturbed Lands Associated with Mining Activities in Australia
	33.1 Introduction
		33.1.1 Acidic, Neutral and Saline Discharges
		33.1.2 Definition of Restoration Towards an End Land Use
	33.2 Types and Extent of Land Disturbance
	33.3 Case Studies
		33.3.1 Restoration of Ecosystem After Bauxite Mining
		33.3.2 Designing Postmining Landscapes Following Open-Cut Coalmining that Minimise Erosion Risk and Discharges on the Receiving Environment
	33.4 Summary
	References
34 Issues and Challenges in the Sustainable Use of Soil and Water Resources in Australian Agricultural Lands
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Soil Acidification
		34.2.1 Susceptible Agricultural Sectors and Trends in Soil Acidification
		34.2.2 Impacts of Soil Acidification
	34.3 Soil Organic Matter Decline
		34.3.1 Soil Organic C
		34.3.2 Nutrient Depletion
		34.3.3 Impacts of Loss of Soil Organic Matter: Soil Structural Decline
		34.3.4 Management Options to Restore Soil Organic Matter
	34.4 Degradation Associated with Salinity and Sodicity
		34.4.1 Definitions of Saline, Sodic and Saline-Sodic Soils
		34.4.2 Changing Land Use and Degradation Through Soil Salinization and Sodification
		34.4.3 The Extent and Impact of Salinity and Sodicity in Rangeland and Cropping Lands
		34.4.4 Management and Rehabilitation of Salinity and Sodicity
	34.5 Wind Erosion
		34.5.1 Dust Storm Index (DSI)
		34.5.2 Factors Leading to Reduced DSI
	34.6 Soil Erosion by Water
		34.6.1 Australia’s Response to Degradation Associated with Water Erosion
		34.6.2 GBR Case Study
	34.7 Technical Knowledge Base
	34.8 Executive Summary
	References