Global Climate Change and Human Health: From Science to Practice

Global Climate Change and Human Health: From Science to Practice
	Contents
	Dedication
	Introduction
	Acknowledgments
	The Editors
	The Contributors
	Part 1: Our Changing Planet: Emergent Risks for Human Health
		Chapter 1: Primer on Climate Science
			Scientific Consensus
			Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Scientific Theory
			Energy Balance
				Greenhouse Gases
				The Greenhouse Effect
				Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential
				Residence Time of GHG and Climate Change Commitment
				Solar Radiation Cycles
				Summary
			Evidence of a Changing Climate
				Temperature
				Diurnal Temperature Cycles
				Seasonal Temperature Cycles
				Urban Heat Island
				Hydrological Cycle
				Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, and Ocean Acidification
				Summary
			Climate Models
				Climate Projections, Uncertainty, and Climate Feedbacks
				Summary
			Projected Future Climate Changes
				Increasing Temperatures
				Extreme Heat Events
				Hydrological Cycle
				Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, Ocean Acidification, Glacial Extent, and Snow Cover
			Conclusion
		Chapter 2: Extreme Weather Events: The Role of Public Health in Disaster Risk Reduction as a Means for Climate Change Adaptation
			Disasters Caused by Extreme Weather Events
			Scope of the Problem
			Public Health Impact of Extreme Weather Disasters
				Mortality due to Extreme Weather Disasters
				Morbidity due to Extreme Weather Disasters
			Managing the Public Health Risk of Extreme Weather Disasters
				Disaster Risk
				Principles of Disaster Risk Management
				Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
				Sustainable Development and Resilience to Extreme Weather Events
				Building Public Health Resilience in Sustainable Communities
			Conclusion
		Chapter 3: Extreme and Changing Meteorological Conditions on the Human Health Condition
			Social, Environmental, and Individual Factors within Well-Known Climate-Related Health Risks
				Extreme Heat
				Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Events
				Water Quality
				Vector-Borne Disease
			Case Study
				Social Vulnerability
				Physical Vulnerability
				Identifying Risk
			Conclusion
	Part 2: The Health Consequences of Climate Change
		Chapter 4: Changes in Hydrology and Its Impacts on Waterborne Disease
			Changes in Hydrology due to Climate Change
				Water Temperature
				Precipitation
				Droughts
				Flooding
			Waterborne Pathogens
				Campylobacter
				Salmonella
				Cryptosporidium
				Norovirus
				Vibrio (Noncholera)
			Other Infectious Diseases
			Adaptation Strategies
			Conclusion
		Chapter 5: Ozone, Oppressive Air Masses, and Degraded Air Quality
			Climate Change and Air Quality
				Effects of Rising Temperatures
				Meteorological Variables
				Transport of Air Pollution
				Chemical Transformation
				Cloud Formation and Deposition of Air Pollutants
				Ground-Level Ozone
				Particulates: Sources and Health Effects
				Mold and Fungi
			Air Pollution–Vulnerable Populations
				Double-Whammy for People with Asthma
			Future Projections of Climate Change’s Effects on Air Pollution
			Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Associated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution
				Triple Wins: Cutting Carbon Pollution and Air Pollution, and Improving Community Health
			Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability
			Conclusion
		Chapter 6: Effects of Climate Change on Noninfectious Waterborne Threats
			Harmful Algal Blooms
				Freshwater cyanobacteria
				Marine Algae
			Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms
			Conclusion
		Chapter 7: Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective
			Direct Consequences
				Aerobiology
				Plants and Fungi
				Contact Dermatitis
				Toxicology
				Physical Contact
			Indirect Consequences
				Food and Nutrition
				Pharmacology
				Pesticide Use
			Uncertainties and Research Priorities
				Aerobiology
			Conclusion
		Chapter 8: Climate and Its Impacts on Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
			Malaria
				Etiology
				Linkages to the Climate
				Malaria in the African Highlands
			The Recent Expansion of Dengue
				Etiology
				Linkages to the Climate
			The Sudden Emergence of West Nile Virus–Associated Illnesses
				Etiology
				Linkages to the Climate
			Lyme Disease in the United States
				Etiology
				Linkages to the Climate
			Rabies in Wild Carnivores and Bats
				Etiology
				Linkages to the Climate
			Conclusion
		Chapter 9: Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change to Food Security, Safety, and Nutrition
			Climate Change and Food Security: Impacts on Availability, Stability, Access, and Food Utilization
				Climate Change Impacts on Food Availability: Food Production and Trade
			Climate Change Impacts on Food Stability and Access
				Climate Change and Food Utilization
			Climate Change and Food Safety
				Microbiological Food Contamination and Associated Food-Borne Diseases
				Food Contamination with Biotoxins
				Environmental Contaminants and Chemical Residues in the Food Chain
			Agriculture Impacts on Climate Change
			Biofuel Production Challenges for Food Security and Nutrition
			Climate Change and Undernutrition
				Pathways through Which Climate Change Af ects Nutrition
			Nutrition-Sensitive Climate Change Adaptation
				Direct Nutrition Interventions to Build Resilience to Climate Change Impacts
				Sustainable, Climate-Resilient, and Nutrition-Sensitive Agricultural Development
				Access to Maternal and Child Care, Reproductive Health Services, Safe Water and Sanitation Systems, and Adequate, Safe Food
				Social Protection Schemes That Have Proven Ef ective in Addressing Undernutrition and Building Resilience
				Empowerment and Social Participation within Climate- Resilient and Nutrition-Sensitive Community-Based Development
				Nutrition-Sensitive Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
			Nutrition-Sensitive Climate Change Mitigation
			Implications of Dietary Patterns to Climate and Nutrition
			Cobenefits of Sustainable Food Production, Sustainable Food Consumption, and Food Waste Reduction
			Policy Coherence and Good Governance for Climate Change and Nutrition
			Conclusion
		Chapter 10: Climate Change and Population Mental Health
			Mechanisms
				Natural Disasters
				Forced Migration
				Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict
				Physical Health
			A Disproportionate Burden
			Conclusion
	Part 3: The Public Health Approach to Climate Change
		Chapter 11: Improving the Surveillance of Climate-Sensitive Diseases
			Environmental Monitoring
			Health Surveillance for Climate Risks
				The SUPREME System in Québec, Canada
				The Experience of the Brazilian Climate and Health Observatory
			Risk Mapping Approaches
				Syndromic Surveillance for the Analysis of Extreme Weather Events in France
			Pollens and Allergies
			Decision Making from Surveillance Information
				Help in Health Emergency Management
			Effectiveness of Prevention and Adaptation Measures
			Identification and Ranking of Hazardous Situations
			Communication
			Future Improvements to Be Promoted
			Conclusion
		Chapter 12: Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: A Practical Approach
			What Health Issues Should a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Cover?
			What Other Nonclimate Factors Should Be Considered?
			Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
				Framing and Scoping the Assessment
				Understanding the Current Situation
			Understanding Future Impacts on Health
			Identifying and Prioritizing Health Adaptation Measures
			Integration, Implementation, and Iteration
			Conclusion
		Chapter 13: Climate Change Health Impact Projections: Looking into the Future
			A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projections
				Modeling
				Modeling Climate Change Health Impacts
			Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model
				Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature
				Characterization of Risk
			Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection
			Conclusion
		Chapter 14: Community-Based Sentinel Surveillance as an Innovative Tool to Measure the Health Ef ects of Climate Change in Remote Alaska
			The Public Health Context: Sentinel Surveillance and Community-Based Research in Public Health
				Sentinel Surveillance
				Challenges to Clinically Based Surveillance Systems
				Studies Employing This Methodology
			Climate and Health in the Far North
				What Is the Arctic? What Is the Circumpolar North?
				Vulnerability in the Circumpolar North
				Public Health in Alaska
				Alaska’s Distinct Ecoregions
			What We Did and Why
				The Study Approach
				Community Vulnerability Self-Assessments
			Findings, Reporting Back to the Community, and Adaptation Plans
				Findings by Region
			Conclusion
		Chapter 15: Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change
			Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice
				Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
				Air Quality, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
			Heat Waves, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
			Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice
				Evacuation
				Impacts
				Recovery
			Indigenous Rights and Climate Change
			Summary and Recommendations
				Summary
				Recommendations
			Conclusion
		Chapter 16: Climate Change Communication
			Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principles of Climate Change Communication
			Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change
			Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Health
			Conclusion
	Part 4: Taking Action: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Governance
		Chapter 17: International Perspective on Climate Change Adaptation
			Historical Perspective
			Framework for Adaptation
			Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options
			National Adaptation Programmes of Action and National Adaptation Plans
			Adaptation Options
				Incremental Adaptation: Improving Health System Functions
				Transitional Adaptation
				Costs of Adaptation or Inaction
				Cobenefits of Health Adaptation Strategies
			Conclusion
		Chapter 18: Health Cobenei ts of Climate Mitigation Strategies
			Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation Strategies, and Cobenefits
				Transportation and Land Use
				Agriculture Systems
				Electricity and Energy Production
				Buildings
				Urban Greening
				Market Mechanisms
				Women’s Rights, Population Growth, and Consumption
			Conclusion
		Chapter 19: Mitigation: International Institutions and Global Governance
			The Climate Threat for Human Health
			Climate Change Governance
			UNFCCC and Health
			Beyond the UNFCCC Process
				The IPCC
				Other UN Bodies
				Regional and Plurilateral Organizations
			Public Health Governance
			Clinical Correlations
				Recent US Government Activities on Climate and Health
			Disaster Relief/Migration: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
			Way Forward
			Conclusion
		Chapter 20: Climate Change and the Right to Health
			What Is the Right to Health?
			Climate Change and Its Impact on the Right to Health
			Human Rights–Based Approaches to Climate Change
			Conclusion
	Index
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