Global Change and Local Places: Estimating, Understanding, and Reducing Greenhouse Gases

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Foreword......Page 15
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 21
PART ONE Global change in local places......Page 23
1 A grand query: how scale matters in global change research......Page 25
How scale matters......Page 26
Climate change: causes and consequences......Page 27
Scale in climate change: action and assessment......Page 32
Driving forces......Page 34
Emissions and land cover hange......Page 35
Climate change......Page 36
Impacts......Page 37
Responses......Page 38
Driving forces......Page 39
Climate change......Page 40
Responses......Page 41
Cities for climate protection......Page 42
Global Change and Local Places......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
The Global Change and Local Places approach......Page 49
The four localities......Page 50
Northwestern North Carolina......Page 51
Northwestern Ohio......Page 53
Central Pennsylvania......Page 54
The three modules......Page 56
Estimating local greenhouse gas emissions......Page 58
Exploring emission reduction and mitigation potentials......Page 59
Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from local areas......Page 60
Greenhouse gas emission inventory methodology......Page 61
Adapting greenhouse gas inventory methods to Global Change and Local Places......Page 64
Data sources for Global Change and Local Places greenhouse gas emission estimates......Page 65
Identifying the forces driving greenhouse gas emissions from local areas......Page 67
End user analysis......Page 68
Empirical decomposition......Page 69
The household survey......Page 70
Interviews with major emitters......Page 71
Evaluating capacities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from local areas......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
PART TWO Learning from localities......Page 77
Landscape, life, and livelihood......Page 79
Greenhouse gas emissions: surprisingly diverse......Page 82
Animal agriculture......Page 85
Natural gas......Page 86
Utilities......Page 87
Implications......Page 90
Local attitudes......Page 91
Interviews......Page 92
Household questionnaires......Page 93
Overall assessment of attitudes and implications......Page 94
Prospects are dominated by uncertainties......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 98
Landscape, life, and livelihood......Page 101
Greenhouse gas emissions: fossil fuels and forest resources......Page 104
Industrial biomass combustion......Page 108
Storing carbon in forests......Page 111
Driving greenhouse gas emissions: regional growth and change......Page 113
Major emitters......Page 118
Prospects......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
Landscape, life, and livelihood......Page 125
Greenhouse gas emissions decline from 1970 to 1990......Page 127
Technological innovations directed at emission reductions......Page 129
National and regional economic restructuring......Page 130
Transportation......Page 131
Utilities......Page 133
Agriculture......Page 134
Major emitters......Page 135
Household perspectives......Page 137
Mitigation pathways......Page 140
Prospects......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
Landscape, life, and livelihood......Page 144
Greenhouse gas emissions: carbon dioxide from coal burning......Page 147
Driving greenhouse gas emissions: heap, available coal......Page 148
Carbon dioxide from lime production (Alcaraz 1998)......Page 150
Greenhouse gas emissions at Penn State: the institutional view......Page 151
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: a region vulnerable to mitigation policy......Page 152
Horizontal......Page 153
Sovereignty......Page 155
Can coal be combusted differently?......Page 156
Prospects......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
PART THREE Beyond Kyoto I: greenhouse gas reduction in local places......Page 163
Fugitive emissions and global perspectives......Page 165
Why scales of emissions estimates matter......Page 166
Global Change and Local Places greenhouse gas inventory methods......Page 167
Cross-scale comparison of major greenhouse gases, 1990......Page 170
Cross-scale comparison of sources of 1990 greenhouse gas emissions......Page 172
United States and study area greenhouse warming potential trajectories, 1970–1990......Page 174
Places, emissions, and policies......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 179
8 Explaining Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Localities......Page 180
Tracing greenhouse gases from sources to users......Page 181
Empirical decomposition......Page 183
Major forces of change in greenhouse gas emissions......Page 187
Driving forces of greenhouse gases......Page 189
Locality emissions......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
Perceptions of climate change: thinking globally and mitigating locally?......Page 193
The view from the inside: major emitters......Page 194
Specific actions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions......Page 195
Who should be most responsible for greenhouse gas reductions?......Page 196
Household perceptions and responses......Page 197
Comparisons with national perceptions and responses......Page 199
Comparing local and national opinions......Page 200
Greenhouse gas emissions: knowledge of effects......Page 202
Relating concern and willingness to reduce greenhouse gas emissions......Page 206
Northwestern North Carolina......Page 208
Central Pennsylvania......Page 209
Prospects for emission reductions......Page 211
REFERENCES......Page 212
Local analogs for greenhouse gas mitigation......Page 214
Irrigation and groundwater depletion......Page 216
National and regional responses......Page 217
State and local responses......Page 218
Ogallala depletion and global warming mitigation......Page 220
North Carolina watershed protection......Page 221
Events leading to the Water Supply Watershed Protection Act......Page 222
The clean-up of Lake Erie......Page 224
International and national initiatives......Page 225
Local action......Page 226
The Lake Erie cleanup and global warming mitigation......Page 227
Coal in Central Pennsylvania......Page 228
Learning about mitigation from analogs......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 232
PART FOUR Beyond Kyoto II: greenhouse gas reduction potentials and strategies......Page 237
How much greenhouse gas emission reduction is needed?......Page 239
Prospects for emission reduction at a national scale......Page 241
Prospects for emission reduction at a global scale......Page 245
Assessing emission reduction potentials for localities......Page 246
Modeling emission reductions......Page 247
Local knowledge and opportunity......Page 249
Southwestern Kansas......Page 250
Northwestern North Carolina......Page 251
Central Pennsylvania......Page 252
An alternative view of local emission reduction potentials......Page 253
Scale and differences in emissions reduction opportunities......Page 255
Perspectives on prospects for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through local knowledge and opportunity......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 259
How do the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions and their driving forces differ at local scale?......Page 261
Can localities reduce their source contributions to global climate change?......Page 265
How and where does scale matter?......Page 270
How can the capacity to study global change and local places be improved?......Page 274
2. Look beyond the local......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
Index......Page 283