Global Challenges in Maritime Security: An Introduction (Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications)

Global Challenges in Maritime Security
	978-3-030-34630-0_BookFrontMatter
		Acknowledgements
		Contents
		Contributors
		Abbreviations
		Chapter 1: Introducing Maritime Security: The Sea as a Geostrategic Space
			1.1 Introduction
			1.2 A Brief History of Maritime Security
			1.3 The Sea as a Geostrategic Space
			1.4 Maritime Security as a Field of Study
			1.5 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 2: Oceans and Blue Economies
			2.1 Introduction
			2.2 Background to the Terms Ocean Economy, ‘Blue Economy’ and ‘Ocean Governance’
			2.3 Maritime Safety and Security within Sustainable Ocean Economy / Blue Economy Governance Processes
			2.4 Case Study: South Africa’s Operation Phakisa’s ‘Unlocking the Ocean Economy’ – Oceans Phakisa
			References
		Chapter 3: Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing as a Maritime Security Concern
			3.1 Introduction to IUU Fishing: Concept and Context
			3.2 Security Implications
				3.2.1 Impacts on Human Communities
				3.2.2 Operational Synergies with Crime
			3.3 Regulatory Deficiencies and IUU Fishing
			3.4 Brief Overview of Emerging Practices
			3.5 Multilateral Cooperation and Securitisation
				3.5.1 Enhancing Security via Regional Resource Management Fora
				3.5.2 Enhancing Security Through Port Cooperation
			3.6 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 4: Smuggling and Trafficking of Illicit Goods by Sea
			4.1 Introduction: Illicit Trade in the Contemporary World
			4.2 What Is Smuggling and Trafficking?
				4.2.1 Trafficking – Absolute Contraband
				4.2.2 Smuggling – Relative Contraband
			4.3 Factors Influencing Trafficking and Smuggling Activity
				4.3.1 Globalisation and Opening of Markets
				4.3.2 The Attraction of the Sea
				4.3.3 Land and Sea Nexus
			4.4 Responding to Trafficking and Smuggling: Cooperation
			4.5 International Law Applicable to Trafficking and Smuggling at Sea
				4.5.1 United Nations Convention on Transnational Organised Crime of 2000 and Protocols (UNTOC)
					4.5.1.1 Defining Organised Crime and Organised Criminal Groups
					4.5.1.2 Applying UNTOC to Smuggling and Trafficking at Sea
				4.5.2 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (UNCLOS)
					4.5.2.1 Jurisdiction
					4.5.2.2 Maritime Zones
					4.5.2.3 UNCLOS Article 86: High Seas
				4.5.3 Other Instruments Applicable to Smuggling and Trafficking
			4.6 Case Study: Heroin Trafficking in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO)
				4.6.1 Modus Operandi
			4.7 International Legal Framework Applicable to Drug Trafficking
				4.7.1 UNCLOS
				4.7.2 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988
			4.8 The Response in Practice
				4.8.1 Law Enforcement
				4.8.2 Prosecution
				4.8.3 Suppressing Demand, Eradicating Supply and Harm Reduction Efforts
			4.9 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 5: Migration, Seafarers and the Humanitarian-Security-Economic Regimes Complex at Sea
			5.1 Introduction
			5.2 The Normative Dilemma of Discussing Migration as a Maritime Security Challenge
			5.3 Humanitarian-Security-Economic Regimes Complex
				5.3.1 The Humanitarian Regime at Sea
				5.3.2 The Security Regime and Its Interplay with Humanitarianism at Sea
				5.3.3 The Economic Regime in Commercial Shipping
			5.4 Seafarers and the Humanitarian-Security-Economic Regimes Complex in the Mediterranean Sea
			5.5 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 6: Maritime Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea
			6.1 Introduction
			6.2 Maritime Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: Theory and Practice
				6.2.1 The Legal Context
				6.2.2 Modus Operandi
				6.2.3 Causes of Piracy
				6.2.4 Costs of Piracy
			6.3 Southeast Asia: A Case Study
				6.3.1 Origins
				6.3.2 What Does Piracy in Southeast Asia Look Like?
				6.3.3 How Is Southeast Asian Piracy Being Combatted?
			6.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 7: Maritime Boundaries and Maritime Security
			7.1 Introduction
			7.2 Maritime Zones and Maritime Boundaries: Definition, Delimitation and Disputes
				7.2.1 Definition of Maritime Zones
				7.2.2 Delimitation of Maritime Space Between States
				7.2.3 Disputes Over Maritime Boundaries
			7.3 Unsettled and Disputed Maritime Boundaries and Maritime Security
			7.4 Case Study: Somalia and Kenya
			7.5 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 8: Cybersecurity at Sea
			8.1 Introduction
			8.2 Defining the Framework for Analysis
				8.2.1 What Is Cybersecurity?
				8.2.2 What the Maritime Industry Consists Of?
				8.2.3 Securitising the Cyberspace
			8.3 Is the Maritime Industry a High-Value Cyber Target?
			8.4 Case Studies and Lessons Learned
				8.4.1 Clarksons
				8.4.2 A.P. Moller Maersk
				8.4.3 Port of Antwerp
				8.4.4 Maritime Off-Shore Drilling Unit
			8.5 Fostering the Maritime Industry
				8.5.1 Vulnerabilities and Disruptions
					8.5.1.1 Identifying the Risk
				8.5.2 Risk Assessment and Management, Risk Mitigation and Business Continuity Plan
			8.6 Conclusion
			Annex A (Table 8.2)
			References
		Chapter 9: Maritime Terrorism
			9.1 Introduction
			9.2 Maritime Terrorism: Theory and Practice
				9.2.1 What Is Terrorism?
				9.2.2 What Is Maritime Terrorism?
				9.2.3 Consequences of Maritime Terrorism
				9.2.4 The Nexus Between Piracy and Maritime Terrorism
				9.2.5 Measures to Address Maritime Terrorism
			9.3 The Cases of the Achille Lauro and the USS Cole: Two Case Studies
				9.3.1 The Achille Lauro
				9.3.2 The USS Cole
			9.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 10: Port Security
			10.1 Introduction
			10.2 Port Security Threats
			10.3 Cyber Threats
			10.4 Organisational Risk Sources
			10.5 Network-Related Risks
			10.6 Port Security Risk Mitigating Strategies
				10.6.1 ISPS Code
				10.6.2 Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA)
				10.6.3 Container Security Initiative (CSI)
				10.6.4 C-TPAT, Customs-Trade Partnership against Terrorism
				10.6.5 European Union Authorised Economic Operator
				10.6.6 ISO 28000, Supply Chain Security
			10.7 Case Study: Cybersecurity Attacks in the Port of Antwerp
			10.8 Cybersecurity in Ports
			References
		Chapter 11: The Successes and Struggles of Multilateralism: African Maritime Security and Strategy
			11.1 Introduction
				11.1.1 The Success and the Struggle of Multilateralism
				11.1.2 The United Nations, Multilateral Cooperation and Maritime Security
			11.2 Multilateral Cooperation in the Fight Against Piracy
			11.3 Defining Maritime Security
			11.4 Why Is Africa Important?
			11.5 The African Union and the Implementation of the 2050 AIMS
			11.6 Additional AU Multilateral Tools for Promoting African Interests?
			11.7 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 12: The Role of Navies in the Contemporary Era
			12.1 Introduction
			12.2 Contemporary Navies: Changing Roles and Responsibilities
			12.3 Navies in the Contemporary Era
			12.4 Maritime Security: Mapping Security, Actorness and Warfighting
			12.5 Sri Lanka
				12.5.1 The Sri Lanka Civil War
				12.5.2 Post-Civil War
			12.6 The Gulf of Guinea
				12.6.1 Maritime Security Challenges in the Gulf of Guinea
				12.6.2 Maritime Security Actors in the Gulf of Guinea
				12.6.3 Regional Maritime Security Actions
				12.6.4 Capacity Building in the GoG
			12.7 Summary and Conclusions
			References
		Chapter 13: Non-state Actors in the Maritime Domain: Non-state Responses to Maritime Security Challenges
			13.1 Introduction
			13.2 Part I: Non-state Actors in (Maritime) Security Governance
				13.2.1 Economic, Political and Social Changes in the Post-Cold War
				13.2.2 Emerging Maritime Security Threats
			13.3 Part II: Non-state Actors in the Maritime Domain: Case Studies
				13.3.1 PMSCs and Anti-piracy Services
					13.3.1.1 PMSC Anti-piracy Services
				13.3.2 NGOs in the Maritime Sphere and SAR Operations in the Mediterranean
					13.3.2.1 NGO SAR Operations in the (Central) Mediterranean
			13.4 Conclusion
			References
		Chapter 14: Connecting the Dots: Implications of the Intertwined Global Challenges to Maritime Security
			14.1 Introduction
			14.2 The Importance of Transnational Maritime Crime Governance
			14.3 The Territoriality of Maritime Security
			14.4 The Nexus Between Maritime Security and the Blue Economy
			14.5 The Importance of Non-state Actors
			14.6 The Role of Technology in Securing the Maritime Domain
			14.7 Policy Implications: Maritime Domain Awareness Is Key
			14.8 Maritime Security: Looking Ahead
			References
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